Suchergebnisse

This article argues that in order to understand how international human rights agreements (HRAs) work, scholars need to turn their attention to rights that are not definitional to democracy. When rights practices diverge from treaty rules, but the domestic enforcement mechanisms that give such agreements their bite are robust, how do governments behave? The study explores this question by examining a core treaty that prohibits child labor. When domestic enforcement is likely, states where many children work are often deterred from ratifying. Nevertheless, those that do ratify experience significant child labor improvements. By contrast, in non-democracies, ratification is a promise that is easily made but seldom kept.

The official end of Angola's decades‐long civil war in 2002 presented the government with an opportunity to channel its attention and resources into confronting the nation's profound social challenges. Principal among these is the need to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS while also supporting those already living with the virus. While the civil conflict hampered national and cross‐border mobility, and consequently slowed the rate of HIV/AIDS transmission, the post‐war situation could now lead to a rapid increase in infections, rising to the devastating proportions already decimating the populations in its neighbouring countries. A key strategy for mitigating the impact of HIV/AIDS that has already yielded some positive results is the use of human rights mechanisms to protect those living with the virus. This article first analyses the context in which the epidemic has begun to spread at an increased rate since the end of Angola's civil war. It then explores how the existing international, regional, and domestic human rights instruments to which Angola has adhered guarantee to protect people living with HIV/AIDS and, if enforced more consistently and comprehensively, will prove to be powerful tools in confronting the epidemic.

Abstract: Islam offers eternal universal message, namely justice, equality, respect and humanity. This universal message is the holy Sunnah of the Prophet. Due to the advanced information and technology, the current problems of mankind increasingly appear. The problem can be viewed positively if everyone understands completely the universal message of prophethood by always stand in the social-humanity. This articleis intended to examine the issue of human rights and Islamic law as an effort to end the dichotomy between Islam and humanitarian problems. It employed descriptive qualitative study that concern with a conceptual disputes. The findings showed that the dichotomy between the concept of human rights and Islamic law must be completed in terms of equality and humanity. Humanitarian affairs are a common action regardless of any interests, religion, politics, culture and even knowledge. If the harmony and understanding between the concept of humanity in the religious or tauhid framework is absence, the understanding of humanity must be freed from all forms of identity interest. Islamic law and human rights are two matters that support each other. Islam respects human rights and vice versa. The religious view must be universal as the views of human rights should also be universal. Each restricted view narrows the relationship. كان الإسلام يحمل رسالة عالمية وهي العدالة والمساواة والاحترام والإنسانية. ملخص:وهذه الرسالة العالمية في الواقع من السنة النبوية المقدسة. ولكن الآن هناك مشكلات متنوعة يواجهها الإنسان فى عصر المعلومات والتكنولوجيات. وهذه المشكلات يمكن أن تكون إيجابية إذا كان الإنسان يفهم حقوق الرسالة النبوية العالمية التي تميل دائما إلى مجال الاجتماعية-الإنسانية. تبحث هذا البحث فى دراسة قضية حقوق الإنسان والشريعة الإسلامية كالمحاولة لإنهاء التناقض بين الشريعة والإنسانية. هذه المقالة من البحث النظري باستخدام الدراسة النوعية الوصفية. وخلاصة هذه المقالة أن ليس هناك التناقض بين مفهوم حقوق الإنسان والشريعة الإسلامية لأن أهدافها متساوية وهي العدالة والمساواة والإنسانية. ومن الممكن حل المشكلات الإنسانية تحت رعاية الشريعة الإسلامية والإنسانية بدون النظر إلى أية دين، وسياسة، وثقافة، ومعرفة. وإذا كان هناك التناقض بين مفهوم الإنسانية والشريعة الإسلامية فيجب أن تقدّم الإنسانية براءة من أية علاقة الهوية. إن الشريعة الإسلامية وحقوق الإنسان فى الحقيقة أمران يدعمان بعضهما بعضا. الإسلام يحترم حقوق الإنسان وكذلك العكس. ويجب أن تكون الفكرة الدينية عالمية وكذلك آراء حقوق الإنسان فينبغي أن تكون عالمية أيضا. الفكرة الضيقة لكل منها ستحمل إلى العلاقة الضيقة بينها. Abstrak: Islam membawa pesan universal yang abadi, yakni, keadilan, persamaan, penghargaan dan kemanusiaan. Pesan universal inilah sebenarnya Sunnah Nabi yang suci. Namun problem terkini umat manusia begitu variatif, degan semakin majunya informasi dan teknologi. Problem tersebut bisa menjadi positif jika semua orang benar-benar memahami pesan universal kenabian dengan selalu memihak kepada sosial-kemanusiaan. Artikel ini berupaya mengkaji problem HAM dan hukum Islam sebagai salah satu upaya untuk mengakhiri dikotomi antara Islam dan problem kemanusiaan. Artikel ini merupakan kajian konseptual, dengan jenis kajian kualitatif deskriptif. Kesimpulan dari kajian ini yaitu, dikotomi antara konsep HAM dan hukum Islam haruslah dituntaskan, kedunya pada satu ujung tujuan, yakni keadilan, kesetaraan dan kemanusiaan. Urusan kemanusiaan adalah urusan bersama tanpa memandang kepentingan apapun, baik agama, politik, budaya, bahkan pengetahuan. Jika tidak adanya keharmonisan dan kesepahaman antara konsep kemanusiaan dalam bingkai keagamaan atau tauhid maka pemahaman tentang kemanusiaan haruslah dibebaskan dari segala bentuk kepentingan identitas. Hukum Islam dan HAM adalah dua hal yang saling mendukung. Islam menghargai HAM begitupun sebaliknya. Pandangan agama haruslah bersifat universal sebagaimana pandangan mengenai HAM juga sebaiknya bersifat universal. Pandangan masing-masing yang sempit akan menyempitkan hubungan keduanya pula. Keywords: international human right, Islamic law, humanity

This paper responds to the defences of "culture" and "development" rights as justifications for exceptionalism in human rights obligations in Southeast Asia, particularly against the context of the passage of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Charter. Under the new ASEAN Charter, Member States have the general obligation to abide by the Organizational Principles of "adherence to the rule of law, good governance, the principles of democracy and constitutional government", as well as "respect for fundamental freedoms, the promotion and protection of human rights, and the promotion of social justice". More importantly, it is now the specific obligation of ASEAN Member States to "take all necessary measures, including the enactment of appropriate domestic legislation, to effectively implement the provisions of the Charter and to comply with all obligations of membership", including the above-stated Organizational Principles. The paper shows the normative, conceptual, and empirical weaknesses of the "culture" and "development" justifications for creating exceptions to the observance and protection of core human rights norms. Assessing the right to culture as an exception to human rights observance, the paper asserts the ideological imprecision of the "right to culture" as an exception to human rights observance, noting that the porous definition of "culture" should not be equally valued in its assertion against core human rights norms which form part of general international law (e.g. jus cogens prohibitions, crimes against humanity, war crimes, egregious violations of human rights, obligations erga omnes) and which can be modified only by a subsequent norm of the same character. The cultural exception also suffers from teleological incoherence, since the protection of core human rights norms bears a greater immediacy and proximity to human dignity and personhood – a fundamental value that should be more conceptually valuable than the porous construct of culture. Turning to the "right to development" as an exception to human rights observance, the paper contends that there is empirical uncertainty and/or indeterminacy in the concept of "development" that undermines its legal-philosophical value as an exception to human rights observance. Moreover, contrary to the assertions of development exceptionalism to human rights observance, there is no linearity in the claim that human rights protection "impedes" development. Rather, as shown in recent economic analysis, there is a stronger claim for human rights protection as a necessary precondition for development. Further reinforcing these refutations of "culture" and "development" justifications for human rights exceptionalism is, however, the emergence of a customary international law norm rejecting impunity for serious violations of human rights (specifically, civil and political rights), which has gained recognition from the forty-year independent practice (primarily seen in treaty ratifications and implementation) of Southeast Asian states. Despite variances in the degree of ASEAN Member States' practices, there is at least consistent opinio juris that redress for serious human rights violations should not be met with non liquet in remedial processes, whether domestic or international. The passage of the ASEAN Charter therefore marks a convergence of ASEAN towards "universalizing" core human rights norms as now seen in its Organizational Principles and the new requirements of ASEAN membership obligations. ; peerReviewed

This article examines Philippine social work under martial law. The article begins with an account of the assault on human rights under the Marcos regime. It then outlines the response of the mainstream professional community to the challenges under martial law and the implications for contemporary social work practice.

Access to detailed, up-to-date and available bioinformatics databases has been identified by the Commission of the European Union as a pillar for the harvesting of the potential of life-sciences and biotechnology. Unconditional access to research data, however, is squarely at odds with the primary interest of every scientist to be the first to make a discovery. This classical dilemma is specifically pressing in the data-driven field of biomedical research, where data-quantity has become a quality on its own, where speed matters and patients can't wait. The dilemma urges a consideration of the principle, the practice and the law regarding access for academic researchers to unpublished research data. The consideration will include the presentation of the outcome of a global and a national survey among biomedical researchers on the accessibility of 'their' research data. The principled arguments pro unconditional access and the laws and practical considerations contra unconditional access offer conflicting perspectives and the resulting situation is compounded by the uncertainty created by the European database-right as to who holds legal title to the databases. Therefore, it is explored whether the two opposing concerns - unconditional access vs. legitimate restrictions - can be accommodated by the adoption and implementation of a general policy for access to biomedical data that greases the wheels of (European) research.

Abstract Access to detailed, up-to-date and available bioinformatics databases has been identified by the Commission of the European Union as a pillar for the harvesting of the potential of life-sciences and biotechnology. Unconditional access to research data, however, is squarely at odds with the primary interest of every scientist to be the first to make a discovery. This classical dilemma is specifically pressing in the data-driven field of biomedical research, where data-quantity has become a quality on its own, where speed matters and patients can't wait. The dilemma urges a consideration of the principle, the practice and the law regarding access for academic researchers to unpublished research data. The consideration will include the presentation of the outcome of a global and a national survey among biomedical researchers on the accessibility of 'their' research data. The principled arguments pro unconditional access and the laws and practical considerations contra unconditional access offer conflicting perspectives and the resulting situation is compounded by the uncertainty created by the European database-right as to who holds legal title to the databases. Therefore, it is explored whether the two opposing concerns - unconditional access vs. legitimate restrictions - can be accommodated by the adoption and implementation of a general policy for access to biomedical data that greases the wheels of (European) research.