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International audience ; Stock-options represent nowadays a widespread profit-sharing system among the executives and managers. And yet,accoutancy so far has kept ignoring this form of payment. Therefore, a reform which should soon oblige the companies to take into account the cost of the future exercice of options. Tthe future regulations reveal however a most-important stake: the capturing the accounting model by a particar category of share-holders. ; Les stock-options représentent un système d'intéressement que la comptabilité n'a cessé jusqu'à présent d'ignorer. Aussi, la nouvelle norme IFRS 2 publiée par l'IASB oblige désormais les groupes à comptabiliser le coût lié à l'exercice futur des options. Cette réglementation révèle toutefois un phénomène des plus marquants actuellement : l'influence grandissante de l'actionnaire sur l'échiquier politique de l'entreprise.

Most studies of parliamentary elections only examine specific parts of the electoral process -- generally either voter behavior, or party behavior in the post-election, coalition-formation process. However, there are substantive gains to be made by considering the election process as a whole: considering voting behavior & coalition formation together allows us to determine not only how individual characteristics influence vote choice, but how the distribution of these characteristics influences the distribution of executive authority. Combining models of voting behavior & models of coalition formation in a single empirical study can yield a more complete understanding of the link between individual voter behavior & resulting governing coalitions. This approach is demonstrated with an application to the Dutch 1994 parliamentary election. 5 Tables, 36 References. [Copyright 2004 Elsevier Ltd.]

Present research on minor party performance consists largely of single-country studies or pooled studies including a raft of widely varying electoral systems. This study examines the topic from a cross-national perspective, but is limited to democratic polities with single-member districts and first-past-the-post rules. An original dataset is compiled including 217 elections drawn from 37 countries and several historical eras. Five political-institutional factors are explored: (1) federalism, (2) presidentialism, (3) electoral system institutionalization, (4) party organization, and (5) electoral volatility. The evidence suggests that major party hegemony is more complete in polities with unitary constitutions, parliamentary executives, long-enduring electoral systems, strong party organization and low electoral volatility.

The U.S.-South Korea Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty was entered into by the signatory countries following World War II and governs the actions of corporations operating in a foreign country. One provision of the Treaty allows foreign corporations in the United States to choose executives "of their choice," arguably without regard to the statutory protections that the United States affords in the hiring process. In this Note, the Author contends that the U.S.-South Korea Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty results in discrimination against women in the United States because South Korean employers tend to choose South Korean men to fill particular positions. To address this discrimination, the Author proposes that the United States either abolish the U.S.-South Korea Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty or, alternatively, replace it with a bilateral investment treaty.

The paper investigates the effects of checks and balances on corruption. Within a presidential system, effective separation of powers is achieved under divided government, with the executive and legislative branches being controlled by different political parties. When government is unified, no effective separation exists even within a presidential system, but, we argue, can be partially restored by having an accountable judiciary. Our empirical findings show that divided government and elected, rather than appointed, state supreme court judges are associated with lower corruption and, furthermore, that the effect of an accountable judiciary is stronger under unified government, where government cannot control itself. The effect of an accountable judiciary seems to be driven primarily by judges chosen through direct elections, rather than those exposed to a retention vote following appointment.

International audience ; Stock-options represent nowadays a widespread profit-sharing system among the executives and managers. And yet,accoutancy so far has kept ignoring this form of payment. Therefore, a reform which should soon oblige the companies to take into account the cost of the future exercice of options. Tthe future regulations reveal however a most-important stake: the capturing the accounting model by a particar category of share-holders. ; Les stock-options représentent un système d'intéressement que la comptabilité n'a cessé jusqu'à présent d'ignorer. Aussi, la nouvelle norme IFRS 2 publiée par l'IASB oblige désormais les groupes à comptabiliser le coût lié à l'exercice futur des options. Cette réglementation révèle toutefois un phénomène des plus marquants actuellement : l'influence grandissante de l'actionnaire sur l'échiquier politique de l'entreprise.