Suchergebnisse

The effects of climate change on strategic sectors of local economies have become a priority for governments, scientists and academics in recent decades. In this sense, the objective of the present study was to estimate the relationship of dryland rice yields with climatic and economic variables. For this, the ordinary least squares method was applied, using a database corresponding to the period 1990 to 2016 of the rice producing area called Llanos in Colombia. Among the results it is highlighted that the maximum temperature has significant effects, while deficits or excess rainfall have a negative impact on rice yield. Likewise, cultural tasks such as preparing the land have adverse effects on rice yield, while the use of fertilizers positively affects them. Finally, it is concluded that the impacts of climate change on production yields will depend on the magnitude of the change in climate variables, as well as adaptation strategies that lead to the development of good agricultural practices and efficient use of resources. ; Los efectos del cambio climático sobre sectores estratégicos de las economías locales se han convertido en una prioridad de los gobiernos, científicos y académicos en las últimas décadas. En este sentido, el objetivo del presente estudio consistió en estimar la relación de los rendimientos del arroz secano con variables de tipo climáticas y económicas. Para esto, se aplicó el método de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios, utilizando una base de datos correspondiente al periodo 1990 a 2016 de la zona productora de arroz denominada Llanos en Colombia. Entre los resultados se destaca que la temperatura máxima tiene efectos significativos, mientras que déficits o exceso de las precipitaciones tienen un impacto negativo en el rendimiento del arroz. Asimismo, labores culturales como la preparación del terreno presenta efectos adversos sobre el rendimiento del arroz, mientras que el uso de fertilizantes los afecta positivamente. Finalmente, se concluye que los impactos del cambio climático sobre los rendimientos de la producción dependerán de la magnitud del cambio de las variables climáticas, así como las estrategias de adaptación que conduzcan al desarrollo de buenas prácticas agrícolas y uso eficiente de los recursos.

Given the environmental footprints of the conventional agriculture, it is imperative to test and validate alternative production systems, with lower environmental impacts to mitigate and adapt our production systems. In this study, we identified six production systems, four in Italy and two in Denmark, to assess the environmental footprint for comparison among the production systems and additionally with conventional production systems. SimaPro 8.4 software was used to carry out the life cycle impact assessment. Among other indicators, three significantly important indicators, namely global warming potential, acidification, and eutrophication, were used as the proxy for life cycle impact assessment. In Italy, the production systems compared were silvopastoral, organic, traditional, and conventional olive production systems, whereas in Denmark, combined food and energy production system was compared with the conventional wheat production system. Among the six production systems, conventional wheat production system in Denmark accounted for highest global warming potential, acidification, and eutrophication. In Italy, global warming potential was highest in traditional agroforestry and lowest in the silvopastoral system whereas acidification and eutrophication were lowest in the traditional production system with high acidification effects from the silvopastoral system. In Italy, machinery use contributed the highest greenhouse gas emissions in silvopastoral and organic production systems, while the large contribution to greenhouse gas emissions from fertilizer was recorded in the traditional and conventional production systems. In Denmark, the combined food and energy system had lower environmental impacts compared to the conventional wheat production system according to the three indicators. For both systems in Denmark, the main contribution to greenhouse gas emission was due to fertilizer and manure application. The study showed that integrated food and non-food systems are more environmentally friendly and less polluting compared to the conventional wheat production system in Denmark with use of chemical fertilizers and irrigation. The study can contribute to informed decision making by the land managers and policy makers for promotion of environmentally friendly food and non-food production practices, to meet the European Union targets of providing biomass-based materials and energy to contribute to the bio-based economy in Europe and beyond.

Purpose of the study: This paper aims to elaborate on how the institutional logic of public housing provision transforms from the old logic into the new logic. By encapsulating tacit-knowledge from the shift, this study focuses on how to explicate a model of multi-criteria decision-making for executing official residence projects in Indonesia. This research also aims to recuperate the future of the public residency field. Methodology: The methodology employed was a mixed method. The qualitative method was firstly applied by utilizing semi-structured interviews to build a decision-making model. Later, a quantitative method was implemented to improve the consistency of the model by using the Analytical Hierarchy Process protocols. Thirteen project representatives and ten decision-makers were being involved as the main informants. Google Sheets web-based software was applied for analyzing survey results by making use of a mathematical model for the Analytical Hierarchy Process. Main Findings: The result indicates that land not used as paddy field, fair house price, safe from flood location, serene ambiance, and developer experience has played a significant part in affecting buying decisions for residency projects. To carry out the new method, the total scores of the AHP calculation should be above 50. Otherwise, the government shall opt for the old mechanism. Applications of this study: The paper contributes to the public sector accounting field in the area of asset management and public housing procurement. The paper also gives a strong basis for the field to make use of the model of Indonesia's public housing provision. The government can adopt the research framework for choosing the new model or the old one. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study might be the only one of its kind. The research was using a multi-method to achieve the objectives. To generate a multi-criteria decision-making model, grounded data of excessive interviews were abstracted. Then the abstracted tacit-knowledge was tested with AHP to provide a consistent model.

The Natives Peoples of northern Salta daily confront to social and environmental problems derived from historical extractivist processes. Poverty, malnutrition, racism and territorial dispossession are conditions that describe the life context of indigenous populations. The policies and measures adopted by the government of Mauricio Macri in favor of the expansion of the agricultural frontier and the growth of agricultural productivity generated the multiplication of conflicts and resistance around the ownership and use of the territories. In this framework, a group of indigenous communities gathered around radio communication to resist and put in tension the commercial conception of the land, the use and depredation of nature. ; Los pueblos originarios del norte de Salta se enfrentan cotidianamente a problemáticas sociales y ambientales derivadas de históricos procesos extractivistas. La pobreza, la desnutrición, el racismo y despojo territorial son condiciones que describen el contexto de vida de las poblaciones originarias. Las polí­ticas y medidas adoptadas por el gobierno de Mauricio Macri a favor de la expansión de la frontera agropecuaria y del crecimiento de la productividad agrí­cola generaron la multiplicación de conflictos y resistencias en torno a la propiedad y utilización de los territorios. En ese marco, un conjunto de comunidades indí­genas se congregó alrededor de la comunicación radial para resistir y poner en tensión la concepción comercial de la tierra, el uso y depredación de la naturaleza. ; Os povos nativos do norte de Salta enfrentam diariamente problemas sociais e ambientais derivados de históricos processos extrativistas. A pobreza, a desnutrição, o racismo e a despossessão territorial são condições que descrevem o contexto de vida das populações nativas. As polí­ticas e medidas adotadas pelo governo de Mauricio Macri em favor da expansão da fronteira agropecuária e do crescimento da produtividade agrí­cola geraram a multiplicação de conflitos e resistências em torno da propriedade e da utilização dos territórios. Neste contexto, um grupo de comunidades indí­genas se reuniu em torno da comunicação via rádio para resistir e colocar sob tensão a concepção comercial da terra, o uso e a depredação da natureza.

The Iberian Peninsula has a long history of fire, as the Central Mountain System, from the Estrela massif in Portugal to the Ayllón massif in Spain, is a major fire-prone area. Despite being part of the same natural region, there are different environmental, political and socio-economic contexts at either end, which might have led to distinct human causes of wildfires and associated fire regimes. The hypothesis for this research lies in the historical long-term relationship between wildfire risks and fire use practices within a context of landscape dynamics. In addition to conducting an analysis of the statistical period, a spatial and temporal multiscale approach was taken by reconstructing the historical record of pre-statistical fires and land management history at both ends of the Central Mountain System. The main result is the different structural causes of wildland fires at either end of the Central Mountain System, with human factors being more important than environmental factors in determining the fire regimes in both contexts. The study shows that the development of the fire regime was non-linear in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, due to broader local human context factors which led to a shift in fire-use practices. ; La Península Ibérica cuenta con una larga historia de incendios forestales. Es el caso del Sistema Central, desde la Sierra de Estrela en Portugal a la Sierra de Ayllón en España, aunque las causas humanas y el régimen de incendios difieren en función del contexto ambiental, político y socioeconómico en uno y otro extremo de la cordillera. La validación de la hipótesis de trabajo, sobre la relación histórica entre el riesgo de incendios y el uso del fuego en las actividades humanas, se ha llevado a partir de la reconstrucción del registro histórico de incendios forestales y de la gestión del territorio, y mediante el análisis multiescalar espacio-temporal de los incendios históricos y estadísticos. Como principal resultado se han identificado las causas estructurales de incendios ...

This paper studies China's weakening in its attractiveness to foreign capital, especially since its implementation of new corporate income tax law in year 2008, which phased out the former preferential tax treatments for foreign invested enterprises and the placed-based favourable tax policies for various special tax zones. Empirical evidence and the major factors causing this weakening in attracting foreign investment are discussed. This paper also studies the major tax measures, fiscal measures and non-tax measures adopted by China central and regional governments, which are aimed to improve China's competitiveness in attracting foreign capital. The major contribution of this paper is its discussion on China's good practice of making use of nonta Xmeasures to attract foreign capital, which is effective in avoiding harmful international ta Xcompetition. The other contribution of this paper is the discussion on the economic foundation (i.e. China's comparative strength and state ownership of lands) which makes these non-tax measures feasible. China's good practice of adopting non-tax measures and making use of its comparative strength is of reference value to other capital importing countries in the world. ; W artykule przeanalizowano kwestie związane z osłabieniem atrakcyjności Chin z perspektywy zagranicznego kapitału, po wprowadzeniu w 2008 r. nowych regulacji dotyczących podatku dochodowego od osób prawnych, które zlikwidowały wcześniejsze preferencje podatkowe dla zagranicznych inwestorów oraz wprowadziły korzystne instrumenty polityki podatkowej dla różnych rodzajów specjalnych stref podatkowych. W artykule przedstawiono empiryczne dowody i główne czynniki powodujące osłabienie przyciągania inwestycji zagranicznych. Przeanalizowano w nim także główne narzędzia podatkowe i środki pozapodatkowe przyjęte przez chiński rząd centralny i władze regionalne, których celem jest poprawa konkurencyjności Chin w zakresie przyciągania zagranicznego kapitału. Głównym wkładem tego artykułu jest dyskusja na temat dobrych praktyk Chin w zakresie wykorzystywania środków niepodatkowych w celu przyciągnięcia kapitału zagranicznego, co skutecznie zapobiega szkodliwej międzynarodowej konkurencji podatkowej. Innym wkładem tego artykułu jest dyskusja na temat podstaw ekonomicznych (tj. chińskiej siły porównawczej i własności państwowej gruntów), dzięki którym te środki pozapłacowe są wykonalne. Dobra praktyka Chin w zakresie przyjmowania środków niepodatkowych i wykorzystywania ich siły porównawczej ma wartość odniesienia dla innych krajów importujących kapitał na świecie.

The Oki Islands are composed of four inhabited islands (Dogo, Nishinoshima, Nakanoshima, and Chiburijima) and 38 uninhabited islands located 40 kilometers (24 miles) north of Japan's Honshu Coast. In recent years, the islands have experienced a decrease in the population and changes in tourist preferences that have affected local business. In 2014, the town decided to reduce its reliance on imported diesel fuel for energy production and explore green energy options for meeting local demand. To respond to the changing economy of the islands, the local Oki Islands government, along with the Shimane Prefecture and federal governments, have formulated the Green Complex (GC) project (also known as Midori no Kombinat). This plan's objective is to create a network of small- to medium-sized businesses on the island that will utilize the islands' local biomass resources to develop the economy, create jobs, and reduce the island's reliance on imported fossil fuels. This report analyzes the availability of biomasses resources and how those resources can be utilized to enhance the quality of life on the islands. The research demonstrates that the GC project can generate employment on the islands and increase levels of economic activity. The study concludes that there is enough wood biomass to support green industries on the island; approximately 87 percent of Dogo Island is covered in forests which can support significant new industries using wood biomass as an input. The use of biomass on the island is more efficient than exporting the wood chips due to the cost of marine transport. Using the biomass for a large-scale power plant is economically feasible. Regarding pellet stoves, the study concluded that financial subsidies are necessary as a prerequisite to a viable industry, because pellet stoves are costlier for citizens than alternate stoves or maintaining existing equipment. Other opportunities exist for economic revitalization beyond the biomass industries, particularly in ecotourism. Complex and opaque ownership of land impedes the use of this resource. The final chapter reports recommendations regarding forest and ecotourism entrepreneurship. ; Government of Japan; Hiroshima University; Doshisha University of Kyoto; Institute for Innovation, Creativity and Capital (IC2). ; Public Affairs

This paper studies China's weakening in its attractiveness to foreign capital, especially since its implementation of new corporate income tax law in year 2008, which phased out the former preferential tax treatments for foreign invested enterprises and the placed-based favourable tax policies for various special tax zones. Empirical evidence and the major factors causing this weakening in attracting foreign investment are discussed. This paper also studies the major tax measures, fiscal measures and non-tax measures adopted by China central and regional governments, which are aimed to improve China's competitiveness in attracting foreign capital. The major contribution of this paper is its discussion on China's good practice of making use of nonta Xmeasures to attract foreign capital, which is effective in avoiding harmful international ta Xcompetition. The other contribution of this paper is the discussion on the economic foundation (i.e. China's comparative strength and state ownership of lands) which makes these non-tax measures feasible. China's good practice of adopting non-tax measures and making use of its comparative strength is of reference value to other capital importing countries in the world. ; W artykule przeanalizowano kwestie związane z osłabieniem atrakcyjności Chin z perspektywy zagranicznego kapitału, po wprowadzeniu w 2008 r. nowych regulacji dotyczących podatku dochodowego od osób prawnych, które zlikwidowały wcześniejsze preferencje podatkowe dla zagranicznych inwestorów oraz wprowadziły korzystne instrumenty polityki podatkowej dla różnych rodzajów specjalnych stref podatkowych. W artykule przedstawiono empiryczne dowody i główne czynniki powodujące osłabienie przyciągania inwestycji zagranicznych. Przeanalizowano w nim także główne narzędzia podatkowe i środki pozapodatkowe przyjęte przez chiński rząd centralny i władze regionalne, których celem jest poprawa konkurencyjności Chin w zakresie przyciągania zagranicznego kapitału. Głównym wkładem tego artykułu jest dyskusja na temat dobrych praktyk Chin w zakresie wykorzystywania środków niepodatkowych w celu przyciągnięcia kapitału zagranicznego, co skutecznie zapobiega szkodliwej międzynarodowej konkurencji podatkowej. Innym wkładem tego artykułu jest dyskusja na temat podstaw ekonomicznych (tj. chińskiej siły porównawczej i własności państwowej gruntów), dzięki którym te środki pozapłacowe są wykonalne. Dobra praktyka Chin w zakresie przyjmowania środków niepodatkowych i wykorzystywania ich siły porównawczej ma wartość odniesienia dla innych krajów importujących kapitał na świecie.

Worldwide there have been many attempts to implement community-based conservation to gain a more inclusive protection of biological diversity. Reducing human pressures on ecosystems is necessary for favorable ecological outcomes of protected areas, but conservation initiatives that rely on strict enforcement without local support are vulnerable to rule-violations, public protests and a reduced political commitment. The Norwegian government decided in 2009 to employ a community-based conservation strategy for protected areas in Norway, and in this thesis I explore whether the reform has led to less local resistance towards conservation and reduced threats to biodiversity. Included are four studies that shed light on this main research question. In this thesis, I investigate the strictness level of the current conservation policy and the local acceptance of spatially restricting resource use. I evaluate the impact of the Norwegian community-based conservation reform on the local decisions to regulate use, and analyze the views of conservation among local stakeholders. This thesis shows that community-based conservation has accommodated local needs through a less strict conservation practice on private land. The local residents living near the protected areas seemed to accept the idea of restricting residential and industrial development inside protected areas, whereas a large proportion of key local stakeholders were less supportive of prioritizing conservation over economic development. The reform includes two governance bodies that are trusted by stakeholders holding different views of conservation, which suggests that local protected area boards along with stakeholder advisory councils could be in a good position to reconcile contrasting views of conservation. The overall liberal conservation policy and practice makes it reasonable to question the impact protected areas have on reducing threats to biodiversity. The pressure for human activities is high in mountain areas and combined with a more lenient conservation practice this could reduce protected area effectiveness. Therefore I suggest that more attention should be devoted to the impact protected areas have on reducing human activities that pose a threat to biodiversity, compared with a situation without protection.

The aim of the study was to find out the misinterpretation in the East Kalimantan Government in the gubernatorial letter number: 593/5102 / BP-II / VI / 2012 concerning the reasons for refusing to provide recommendations for the guarantee of Underwriting Rights on Building Use Rights over the Government's East Kalimantan Management Rights. The research method used normative research (Statue Approach, legal concept analysis and Case Approach. The results of the study indicate the occurrence of misinterpretations in the Letter of the Governor of East Kalimantan Number: 593/5102 / BP-II / VI / 2012, in which the East Kalimantan Government as the Management Right holder refused to provide written recommendations or approval to the Building Use Rights owners, namely Housing residents Korpri Samarinda based on the provisions of Law Number 1 of 2004 concerning State Treasury in Article 49 paragraph (5) which states that "State / Regional Property is prohibited from being mortgaged or used as collateral for obtaining loans" is inappropriate. Because what the residents of the Samarinda Korpri Housing want to pledge is that the building is not the land where the building is a private property, keeping in mind the principle of horizontal separation in the Indonesian agrarian law. Tujuan Penelitian adalah mengetahui kesalahan tafsir di dalam Pemerintah Kalimantan Timur dalam surat gubernur nomor : 593/5102/BP-II/VI/2012 mengenai alasan menolak memberikan rekomendasi guna penjaminan Hak Tanggungan atas Hak Guna Bangunan diatas Hak Pengelolaan milik pemerintah Kalimantan Timur. Metode penelitian menggunakan metode penelitian normatif (The Statue Approach), pendekatan analisa konsep hukum (Analitical & Conseptual Approach), dan pendekatan kasus (Case Approach). Hasil penelitian menunjukan Terjadinya salah tafsir di dalam Surat Gubernur Kalimantan Timur Nomor: 593/5102/BP-II/VI/2012, yang mana Pemerintah Kalimantan Timur sebagai pemegang Hak Pengelolaan menolak untuk memberikan rekomendasi atau persetujuan tertulis terhadap pemilik Hak Guna Bangunan yaitu warga Perumahan Korpri Samarinda dengan berdasar dalam ketentuan Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2004 tentang Perbendaharaan Negara adalah kurang tepat. Karena yang ingin diagunkan oleh warga Perumahan Korpri Samarinda adalah bangunannya yang merupakan hak milik pribadi, dengan mengingat asas pemisahan horizontal yang berlaku dalam hukum agraria Indonesia.

The Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve (CMER) located in Acre, Brazil in the southwest Amazon is a powerful symbol of the rubber tapper social movement. Created in 1990, the Reserve is named after rubber tapper and union leader Francisco "Chico" Mendes, who was assassinated by ranchers in 1988. The concept of the extractive reserve, a type of sustainable-use protected area, was conceived by rubber tappers to secure land rights and to protect the forests from which they derived their livelihoods. Thirty years since its creation, non-timber forest product (NTFP) extraction maintains a critical role in CMER resident livelihoods, but it is now one of multiple and dynamic trajectories of income generating activities in the CMER. The state government has promoted sustainable development policies aimed at productive and multiple use of forests, including community-based timber management (CBTM). Concomitantly, the scale and scope of small-scale cattle ranching reflecting a growing "cowboy culture" pervasive in Eastern Acre is growing. These forces have brought sociocultural changes to the reserve as CMER residents engage these intertwined trajectories to improve their livelihoods. This article explores the trajectories of multiple development strategies in the CMER. We do this by revisiting and expanding on the principal themes of research of the co-authors – NTFP extraction, cattle ranching, and CBTM. Increasingly diverse CMER households demand multiple pathways to improve livelihoods, and these trajectories have created new economic opportunities for reserve residents. Although the NTFP sector has experienced some success in market development and valued-added initiatives, investments have not produced a sustainable and diversified extractive sector. Cattle ranching and CBTM have provided economic benefits to reserve residents' livelihoods, but they have also created internal tensions across the social movement and governments agencies. A strategic vision is required that brings diverse government, non-government and reserve residents together and articulates how these dynamic, linked, and sometimes conflicting trajectories can synergize within a balanced, diversified livelihood framework to ensure long-term sustainability of the CMER.

International audience ; The social expectation for more sustainable livestock farming systems is growing. However, multidisciplinary approaches to assess the sustainability of pig farming systems are not sufficiently addressed. Twenty-five farms of local pig breed's production in France (Noir de Bigorre chain – Gascon breed) were evaluated altogether in terms of environmental impacts (EN), economic sustainability (EC) and animal welfare (AW), using multiple factor analysis (MFA) and hierarchical clustering (HC). The first dimension of MFA (22.7% the total variance) was mainly associated to the EN (r=0.56) and AW (r=0.52), while the second (20.8% of the total variance) was linked to EC (r=0.41). The HC resulted in the identification of four groups: Group 1 comprised farrow-to-finish farms, with a farmer aged between 20-30 years-old, characterized by high EN, high dietary crude protein (CP) of fattening feeds and feed conversion ratio (FCR), low AW, and usually low EC. It could be described as 'sustainability unfavourable', with an overall inefficient management of the farm, when the high FCR could be a result of the high feed waste. Group 2, composed by 75% of feeder-to-finish farms, was characterized by high transferability, high land occupation (LO), and low AW. It could be described as 'AW unfavourable and Transferability favourable'; maybe due to the high LO, animals were raised with lower level of care. Group 3 comprised farrow-to-finish farms managed by a man, and characterized by high EC, high number of sows and low EN per ha. It could be described as 'EC and EN favourable', described by high farm size and good management practices. Group 4, characterized by high AW and low EN, could be described as 'AW and EN favourable', with more attention to AW and lower surface available to pig production. The use of an integrated evaluation highlights different profiles of farmers which are associated with various results in the different themes considered. Based on complementary themes, it provides a broader representation of the sustainability of pig farming systems than the use of one theme. Funded by European Union's H2020 RIA program (grant agreement no. 634476).

The social expectation for more sustainable livestock farming systems is growing. However, multidisciplinary approaches to assess the sustainability of pig farming systems are not sufficiently addressed. Twenty-five farms of local pig breed's production in France (Noir de Bigorre chain – Gascon breed) were evaluated altogether in terms of environmental impacts (EN), economic sustainability (EC) and animal welfare (AW), using multiple factor analysis (MFA) and hierarchical clustering (HC). The first dimension of MFA (22.7% the total variance) was mainly associated to the EN (r=0.56) and AW (r=0.52), while the second (20.8% of the total variance) was linked to EC (r=0.41). The HC resulted in the identification of four groups: Group 1 comprised farrow-to-finish farms, with a farmer aged between 20-30 years-old, characterized by high EN, high dietary crude protein (CP) of fattening feeds and feed conversion ratio (FCR), low AW, and usually low EC. It could be described as 'sustainability unfavourable', with an overall inefficient management of the farm, when the high FCR could be a result of the high feed waste. Group 2, composed by 75% of feeder-to-finish farms, was characterized by high transferability, high land occupation (LO), and low AW. It could be described as 'AW unfavourable and Transferability favourable'; maybe due to the high LO, animals were raised with lower level of care. Group 3 comprised farrow-to-finish farms managed by a man, and characterized by high EC, high number of sows and low EN per ha. It could be described as 'EC and EN favourable', described by high farm size and good management practices. Group 4, characterized by high AW and low EN, could be described as 'AW and EN favourable', with more attention to AW and lower surface available to pig production. The use of an integrated evaluation highlights different profiles of farmers which are associated with various results in the different themes considered. Based on complementary themes, it provides a broader representation of the sustainability of pig farming systems than the use of one theme. Funded by European Union's H2020 RIA program (grant agreement no. 634476).

As in other countries, also in Germany there has been large political effort to increase mothers' labor participation through child care provisions. However, it is an open question whether the latest child care reforms of 2013 are successful in this sense. While the introduction of a home care allowance, the so called "Betreuungsgeld", for families not using public child care for their children aged one and two years was expected to have negative effects, the introduced legal claim for public child care for children of the same age group should increase the use of public child care and therefore speed up the mothers' return to work after child birth. For the analysis we use the German socio-economic panel (GSOEP) and apply a multivariate analysis within the framework of a two-step difference-in-difference approach. Against expectations, results indicate that the reform had no negative effects on labor market participation of migrant mothers in the short run. Effects for the whole sample and for native mothers turn out to be significant positive. The government's motivation for the "Betreuungsgeld" was to compensate families for not claiming publicly supported child care (Reform part 1) and to support women to reenter the labor market quickly after having given birth (Reform part 2). In the short run the government seems to have reached both aims. ; Wie andere Länder ist auch Deutschland bemüht, die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation von Müttern durch ein erhöhtes Angebot öffentlicher Kinderbetreuung zu steigern. Ob die letzten Kinderbetreuungsreformen von 2013 in dieser Hinsicht erfolgreich sind, ist eine offene Frage. Während von dem eingeführten Betreuungsgeld für Familien, die für ihre Kinder im Alter von 1-2 Jahren keine öffentliche Kinderbetreuung nutzen, negative Effekte zu erwarten sind, sollte der seit 2013 geltende Rechtsanspruch auf öffentliche Betreuung für Kinder des gleichen Alters zu einem Anstieg der Nutzung öffentlicher Kinderbetreuung führen und somit die Rückkehr der Mütter in Beschäftigung beschleunigen. Für die Untersuchung nutzen wir das sozio-ökonomische Panel (SOEP) und führen eine multivariate Analyse im Rahmen eines zweistufigen "Difference-in-Difference-Ansatz" durch. Entgegen der Erwartungen finden wir für Mütter, die nach Deutschland migriert sind, in der kurzen Frist keine negativen Effekte der beiden Reformen auf das Arbeitsangebot. Für die gesamte Stichprobe sowie für deutsche Mütter ergeben sich signifikant positive Arbeitsmarktpartizipationseffekte für beide Reformteile zusammen. Ziele der Bundesregierung waren es, Familien dafür zu kompensieren keine öffentliche Kinderbetreuung für ihre jungen Kinder zu nutzen (1. Reformteil) sowie Mütter bei der Rückkehr in den Arbeitsmarkt nach der Geburt des Kindes zu unterstützen (2. Reformteil). In der kurzen Frist scheinen beide Ziele erfüllt worden zu sein.

In the European Union, the USA and other developed countries of the world the ashes of power plants are considered as technogenic raw materials for many industries, which are utilized to 92 % in a dry form; their systems of pneumatic ash handling are an integral part of technological process of coal-fired TPPs. In Ukraine the systems of hydraulic ash removal are applied and, as a consequence, ashes lose the consumer worth concerning such use, and its accumulation in ash dumps leads to land allotment problems, pollution of soil, ponds, atmosphere, pollination of territories, and possibility of catastrophic aftereffects from breakthrough of protections dams, which solution is the disposal of ash in dry form. The article presents a comparative analysis of the known systems of pneumatic ash handling (on the density phase, nature of the transportation, method of creating a pressure difference in a pipeline),the recommendations are given on the choice of equipment and technologies, which have obtained the positive approbation in the world. Their use in the coal-fired TPPs of Ukraine will allow to the maximum dispose of the ash as a valuable product, to obtain a profit from sales, and to solve problems of environmental protection. ; В Європейському союзі, США та інших розвинутих країнах світу зола електростанцій розглядається як техногенна сировина для багатьох галузей промисловості, яка утилізується до 92% в сухому вигляді, їх системи пневмозоловидалення є невід'ємною складовою технологічного процесу вугільних ТЕС. В Україні застосовуються системи гідрозоловидалення, і як наслідок, зола втрачає свої споживчі цінності щодо такого використання, а її накопичення на золовідвалах приводить до проблем землевідведення, забруднення грунту, водойм, атмосфери, запилення територій, можливості катастрофічних наслідків від прориву огородження дамб, рішенням яких є утилізація золи в сухому вигляді. В статті наведено порівняльний аналіз відомих систем пневмозоловидалення (за фазою щільності, характером транспортування, способу створення в трубопроводі різниці тиску), надано рекомендації щодо вибору обладнання та технологій, які отримали позитивну апробацію в світі. Їх використання на вугільних ТЕС України дозволить максимально утилізувати золу як цінний продукт, отримати прибуток від збуту, вирішувати проблеми охорони навколишнього середовища.