Suchergebnisse

ABSTRAK Penetapan harga/variasi biaya merupakan salah satu langkah strategis yang harus ditempuh karena mengacu kepada biaya yang dikeluarkan, baik biaya marjinal maupun biaya total, termasuk biaya tidak langsung (overhead cost). Operasi sectio caesaria (SC) adalah salah satu tindakan yang paling umum dilakukan di ruang operasi yang juga membutuhkan perencanaan biaya layanan yang matang, sehingga dengan penetapan harga yang sesuai rumah sakit dapat beraktifitas tanpa mengurangi mutu layanan. Tulisan ini bertujuan melihat beda biaya SC di Indonesia berdasarkan kelas/tingkatan rumah sakit serta kepemilikan rumah sakit, apakah rumah sakit tersebut milik pemerintah atau private/swasta serta kelas atau kamar perawatan. Tujuan lain dari tulisan ini adalah melihat beda proporsi biaya yang terjadi di komponen biaya SC. Metode yang digunakan dalam tulisan ini adalah perbandingan data atau study literatur dari 20 rumah sakit yang ada diperpustakaan UI, dan untuk bisa membandingkan data-data tersebut dan menghindari selisih inflasi maka perlu dilakukan penyekarangan data yang diambil atau dipresent valuekan (PV). Kasus SC yang dipilih adalah kasus SC biasa tanpa emergensi dan penyulit. Terdapat interval/variasi yang cukup lebar biaya pelayanan dan proporsi komponen biaya (Jasa pelayanan, akomodasi, pemeriksaan medis dan obat, ATK serta BHP) baik rumah sakit pemerintah maupun swasta diberbagai tipe rumah sakit. Peran manajemen rumah sakit menentukan tarif/harga pelayanan merupakan salah satu kunci keberhasilan dalam strategi pemasaran rumah sakit, diperkuat dari penelitian dari banyak negara lain. Rumah sakit yang proporsi komponen biaya pelayanannya tidak sesuai dengan aturan yang ada agar segera melakukan revisi agar tidak terjadi gangguan pelayanan di rumah sakit, apalagi sejak UHC dicanangkan pemerintah. Marketing, Sectio Caesaria, Variasi Kelas Rumah Sakit, Proporsi Biaya. ABSTRACT Pricing / variation of costs is one of the strategic steps that must be taken because it refers to costs incurred, both marginal and total costs, including indirect costs (overhead costs). Cesarean section (SC) surgery is one of the most common actions performed in the operating room which also requires careful planning of service costs, so that the appropriate price setting for the hospital can do activities without reducing service quality. This paper aims to look at the different costs of SC in Indonesia based on the class / level of the hospital and hospital ownership, whether the hospital is owned by the government or private / private as well as classes or treatment rooms. Another purpose of this paper is to look at the different proportions of costs that occur in the SC cost component. The method used in this paper is a comparison of data or literature studies from 20 hospitals in the UI library, and to be able to compare these data and avoid the difference in inflation, it is necessary to do the data collection or presentation of valuation (PV). The case of SC chosen was a normal case of SC without emergency and complication. There are intervals / variations that are quite wide service costs and the proportion of cost components (services, accommodation, medical and drug examinations, stationery and BHP) in both public and private hospitals in various types of hospitals. The role of hospital management in determining service rates / prices is one of the keys to success in hospital marketing strategies, reinforced from research from many other countries. Hospitals whose proportion of service cost components are not in accordance with existing regulations so that they immediately revise so that there is no disruption in hospital services, especially since the UHC was declared by the government. Marketing, Sectio Caesaria, Hospital Class Variation, Cost Proportion.

Transcurridos veinticinco años del inicio de la cooperación formal transfronteriza en Europa, con la puesta en marcha de la Iniciativa Comunitaria Interreg (1990), el presente análisis exploratorio plantea un modelo de análisis de la cooperación de "segunda generación" a través del estudio de la experiencia de la Red Ibérica de Entidades Transfronterizas (RIET), que desarrolla su actividad en el espacio de frontera de España y Portugal. El caso de la RIET nos permite constatar la construcción de un modelo de cooperación ampliado (formal-informal) y reforzado (isopoliteia y sympoliteia), denominado Europolis, basado en prácticas de gobernanza transfronteriza local, que contempla los procesos de cooperación transfronteriza desde ópticas de diversidad y flexibilidad. Para analizar el modelo se toma como ejemplo la construcción de la isopoliteia y la sympoliteia practicada por las ligas de ciudades en la Grecia clásica, y se aplica a la realidad de las redes de ciudades que ponen en marcha proyectos en las fronteras interiores de la Unión Europea, en nuestro caso, la RIET. Para ello, se estudia su path dependence desde el neoinstitucionalismo histórico, además de su influencia en la definición de problemas públicos transfonterizos y en la posterior conformación de las agendas públicas de las Cumbres Ibéricas, que España y Portugal celebraron los años 2013 y 2014. ; After twenty five years of cross-border formal cooperation in Europe with origins in the landmark launch of the Communitarian Initiative Interreg (1990), this exploratory analysis offers a model for the study of "second generation" cooperation based on the experience of the Red Ibérica de Entidades Transfronterizas (RIET) that operates in the border space between Spain and Portugal. The case of RIET enables the observation of a model of widened (formal-informal) and reinforced (isopoliteia and sympoliteia) cooperation. Under the name of Europolis, it is based on practices of cross-border local governance that address the processes of cross-border cooperation from diversity and flexibility standpoints. For the examination of the model, the construction of the isopoliteia and sympoliteia put in practice by the leagues of classical Greek cities is taken as an example; and, in turn, applied to the realities of the cities' networks that boost the development of projects across the European Union's inner borders ―in our case, the RIET. To this end, their path-dependence is explored from a historical neo-institutionalist perspective, as well as their influence in the definition of cross-border public issues and the political agendas of the Iberian Summits, which brought Spain and Portugal together in the years 2013 and 2014. ; Depois de vinte cinco anos do início da cooperação transfronteiriça formal na Europa, com o lançamento da Iniciativa Comunitária Interreg (1990), esta análise exploratória apresenta um modelo de análise da cooperação de "segunda geração", através do estudo da experiência da Rede Ibérica Entidades Transfronteiriças (RIET), que opera na zona fronteiriça entre Espanha e Portugal. O caso da RIET nos permite observar a construção de um modelo de cooperação ampliado (formal‐informal) e reforçado (isopoliteia e sympoliteia), chamado Europolis, com base em práticas de governança local transfronteiriça, que inclui os processos de cooperação transfronteiriça na perspectiva de diversidade e flexibilidade. Para analisar o modelo é tomado como um exemplo a construção da isopoliteia e da sympoliteia praticada pelas ligas de cidades na Grécia clássica, e se aplica à realidade das redes de cidades que implementam projetos nas fronteiras internas da União Europeia, no nosso caso, a RIET. Para esse fim, estuda‐se seu path dependence na ótica do institucionalismo histórico, além de sua influência sobre a definição de problemas públicos transfronteiriços e a subsequente formação de agendas públicas das Cúpulas Ibéricas, que Espanha e Portugal celebraram nos anos de 2013 e 2014.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is the major driver for the globalization of the international economy and a stimulus and essential for the national economic growth of the countries. In this sense, international trade and FDI flows stand out as the fastest growing economic activities in the global environment over the last two decades. As isolated transition countries, Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) and Turkey have lagged behind their Western European counterparts. Hence, the process of integration into the European Union (EU) and liberalization of their trade and payment regimes since the 1990s have been paramount economic objectives for these countries. Accordingly, the perception of FDI changed to become an essential engine for the process of economic, political, and social transformation and integration into the EU. Despite the acceleration of FDI policies aimed at converting Turkey and the CEE region into an ideal destination for future investments, the distribution of FDI across countries is still uneven and disparate in terms of both level and growth. Thus, main objective of this thesis is to provide a detailed examination of the FDIs with respect to their determinants into the Turkey and CEECs. In conclusion, we have proved that FDI inflows into Turkey are responsive to the sector specific variables such as turnover indices and energy prices whereas they are unresponsive to the exchange rate level and its volatility. Furthermore, we have confirmed for the first time that the main determinants of FDI components such as; equity capital, reinvested earnings and company loans into the CEECs and Turkey vary with respect to each component's unique requirements. As a result, policy recommendations of this study to the FDI policy makers are to treat the total FDI as multidimensional rather than monolithic and to adjust the policy variables properly based on the desired volume of each component inflow. Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment, Exchange rate volatility, Manufacturing sector, Equity capital, Reinvested earnings, Intra-company loans. ; ÖZ Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar (DYY), dünya ekonomilerin küreselleşmesinde en önemli belirleyici olmakla beraber, milli ekonomik büyümede de gerekli olup teşvik edici bir nitelik taşır. Dolayısıyla, uluslararası ticaret ve DYY'ler son 20 yılın en hızlı büyüyen küresel ekonomik aktivitesi olarak göze çarpmaktadır. Ekonomik kalkınmada Batı Avrupa ülkelerinin çok gerisinde kalan, Doğu Avrupa Ülkeleri (DAÜ) ve Türkiye'nin en önemli ekonomik hedefleri arasında Avrupa Birliğine (AB) üyelik ve uluslararası ticaret ve ödeme sistemlerinin liberalleştirilmesi gelmektedir. Dolayısıyla, bu ülkeler 1990' lardan berri DYY'leri, AB'ne üyelik sürecinde en önemli araçlardan biri olarak görmeye başlamıştır. DAÜ ve Türkiye'yi ideal bir yatırım yeri olarak göstermek için uygulanan yeni DYY politikalarına rağmen bu ülkelerde DYY'lerin hem düzey hem de büyüme olarak bakıldığında adaletsiz ve dağınık olduğu görülmektedir. Bu tezin amacı, DAÜ ve Türkiye'ye gelen DYY'ların ana belirleyicilerini detaylı bir şekilde incelemek ve gelecekteki DYY politikalarına ışık tutmaktır. Sonuç olarak, Türkiye'ye gelen DYY'lerin sektörel belirleyicilere ve enerji fiyatlarına duyarlıyken, döviz kuru ve kur oynaklığına duyarsız olduğu saptanmıştır. Bununla beraber, bu tezde, DAÜ ve Türkiye'ye gelen DYY'ların bileşenlerinin (öz sermaye, yabancı şirket kazançları ve şirketler arası borçlar) belirleyicilerinin her bir bileşenin kendi gereksinimlerine göre farklılıklar gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma, DYY'larla alakalı politika yapıcılara DYY'ların bileşenlerini dikkate alarak, politik değişkenleri istenilen bileşeni çekecek şekilde uyarlamasını tavsiye etmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar, Döviz Kuru Oynaklığı, İmalat Sektörü, Öz Sermaye, Yabancı şirket kazançları, Şirketler arası borçlar. ; Doctor of Philosophy in Economics. Thesis (Ph.D.)--Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Business and Economics, Dept. of Economics, 2015. Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cem Eşref Payaslıoğlu.

Die vorliegende Arbeit analysiert die strafvollzuglichen Zielsetzungen des Strafvollzugsgesetzes, um dann zu prüfen, ob sie die Architektur der Anstaltsbauten umsetzt. Oberstes Ziel ist es dabei, einen Überblick über die bestehende Situation zu geben, nicht aber, die Geschichte zu beschreiben oder eine ideale Zukunftsvorstellung zu malen. Zudem soll diese Arbeit einen Beitrag zur Verbesserung des Strafvollzugs liefern, nicht zuletzt auch im Hinblick auf die Föderalismusreform in Deutschland und die damit verbundene Übertragung der Gesetzgebungszuständigkeit für den Strafvollzug auf die Länder. Die Untersuchung gliedert sich in zwei Teile. Im ersten Teil erfolgt eine Auseinandersetzung mit den theoretischen Fundamenten des Strafvollzugs in Geschichte und Gegenwart als Basis für die im zweiten Teil sich anschließende Darstellung der baulichen Praxis in Umsetzung des Strafvollzugsgesetzes unter Heranziehung von Beispielen aus den Vergleichsländern England und Frankreich. Das erste Kapitel widmet sich der Geschichte des Strafvollzugs. Durch den Überblick über die Entwicklung der Idee von der Gefängnisstrafe als Leibesstrafe zur Ausformung der heutigen Freiheitsstrafe soll die Grundlage für das Verständnis des Strafvollzugsrechts, wie es sich aktuell präsentiert, geschaffen werden. Auch die architektonische Umsetzung der Vollzugsideologien kann – abgesehen davon, dass heute noch Strafvollzug in Anstalten durchgeführt wird, die bereits Zeugnis geben von seiner Vergangenheit – nicht ohne den historischen Zusammenhang nachvollzogen werden. Interessant erscheint hierbei insbesondere auch der zutage tretende Einfluss der jeweiligen Finanzlage auf den Reformeifer im Vollzugswesen. Im Anschluss daran ist es das Ziel des zweiten Kapitels, einen Überblick über die aktuelle Situation des Vollzugs in den einzelnen Staaten zu verschaffen. So werden die verschiedenen vorherrschenden Vollzugssysteme der Länder vor- sowie die Organisation in verschiedene Anstaltsarten beziehungsweise -abteilungen dargestellt, aber auch ein Überblick über die Anzahl von Anstalten und Insassen gegeben, um zu zeigen, welchen Stellenwert das Vollzugswesen aufgrund seiner praktischen Relevanz einnimmt. Der Gefängnisbau ist ohne die ihm zugrundeliegenden Ideologien nicht umfassend zu verstehen. Nachdem mit einem Überblick über die Geschichte und den Status quo des Vollzugswesens die Basis für die eigentliche Begutachtung geschaffen wurde, stellt das dritte Kapitel daher die Zielsetzungen des Strafvollzugs zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts in den drei zu vergleichenden Ländern wertend dar. Desgleichen erfolgen eine Analyse bestehender Zielkonflikte sowie etwaiger Diskrepanzen zwischen Recht und Realität. Im vierten Kapitel erfolgt schließlich die Beschreibung des Einflusses von internationalen Vereinbarungen, die sich auf nationales Strafvollzugsrecht beziehungsweise auf die Praxis auswirken können oder müssen. Das fünfte Kapitel rundet den ersten Teil der Arbeit ab. Es dient der Darstellung der gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen des Vollzugsbaus in Deutschland, England und Frankreich und verdeutlicht die Möglichkeit, die Anstaltsarchitektur in Deutschland am Beispiel Hessen unter Heranziehung von Modelltypen aus England und Frankreich fortzuentwickeln. Im zweiten Teil erfolgt schließlich eine Schilderung der besonderen Gegebenheiten im Vollzug, die bauliche Auswirkungen haben können oder sollten. Gegenstand sind zunächst die Justizvollzugsanstalten für den regulären Vollzug der Freiheitsstrafe an Männern. Sie werden nach Standort und äußerem Erscheinungsbild sowie nach ihrer Gesamtkonzeption untersucht. Schließlich erfolgt die Darstellung der Ergebnisse zu den einzelnen Bereichen (Wohnbereich, Arbeit und Freizeit, Besuchsbereich sowie die übrigen Vollzugseinrichtungen). Die Besonderheiten der übrigen Anstaltstypen bestimmen den Inhalt des zwölften Kapitels. Den Gegenstand der Untersuchung bilden hier die Anstalten des offenen Vollzugs, der Frauenvollzug, die sozialtherapeutischen Einrichtungen sowie in einem Exkurs die Einrichtungen für den Vollzug der Sicherungsverwahrung. Das dreizehnte Kapitel schließlich befasst sich mit baulichen Besonderheiten, die sich aufgrund bestimmter Situationen oder spezieller Gefangenengruppen, wie etwa Senioren oder langstrafigen Gefangenen, ergeben. Das vierzehnte Kapitel widmet sich der Vollzugsprivatisierung, die gerade in Deutschland einen Aufschwung erlebt. Es stellt die rechtlichen Möglichkeiten und die Praxis in den verschiedenen Ländern vor und untersucht den Einfluss einer Privatisierung auf die bauliche Umsetzung des Vollzugsziels. Die Schlussbetrachtung soll schließlich die Ergebnisse der Arbeit zusammenfassen und auf die wichtigsten Errungenschaften und Probleme des Strafvollzugs hinweisen. Sie lässt dabei insbesondere auch Raum für eine Gegenüberstellung der ermittelten Realität mit dem Bild des Strafvollzugs in der Öffentlichkeit. ; This Paper analyses the aims of the German Penal Law in order to examine if they are translated into the architecture of the prisons. The result shall be an overview of today's situation and to contribute to the improvement of the penal system. The examination has been split into two parts. Part One is reserved for the analyses of the theoretical foundations of the penal system in history and until today. In this connection attention is paid to Germany as well as to England and France. Part Two describes the modern prison architecture and how it should be like referring to the results presented in Part One, and also referring to political influences. Examples from prison architecture in England and France show possibilities of improvements which are yet unknown in Germany. Structure of the Paper: Chapter 1: History of the penal system Chapter 2: Today's penal systems of Germany, England and France in Comparison Chapter 3: Aims of the penal systems Chapter 4: International influence on national penal law Chapter 5: The legal foundations of prison architecture Chapter 6: Location and façade Chapter 7: Plan and organisation of the Prison Chapter 8: The living quarters Chapter 9: The work and leisure quarters Chapter 10: The visits section Chapter 11: Further sections Chapter 12: Specific characteristics of certain categories of prisons Chapter 13: Prison inmates with special needs Chapter 14: Privatisation of prisons Chapter 15: Summary and valuation of the results

This edited collection brings together an impressive array of authors from the world of international trade, the environment and public health. Each of them is eminently well-placed to bring their own particular expertise to bear on the issue at hand, and to do so in a knowledgeable and stimulating manner. This Research Handbook is a must for anyone interested in these overlapping fields of law and policy whether as a basis for learning or as a resource for further research. Mary Footer, University of Nottingham School of Law, UKThis fantastic collection of essays explores the multiple intersections between trade and environment in the WTO. The contributions by leading scholars are theoretically engaged whilst practical in their focus. It is a "must read" for those concerned to ensure that trade liberalisation does not stand in the way of sustainable development, including urgently needed action to mitigate the risks and consequences of climate change. Joanne Scott, University College London, UKGeert Van Calster and Denise Prévost have managed to induce virtually all the great experts on health, environment and WTO law to contribute to their Research Handbook on these subjects. The result is undoubtedly an excellent volume that should adorn the bookcase of any and all interested in the important problem of the relation between international rule-making and regulatory autonomy of states in this area of international economic law. Pieter Jan Kuijper, University of Amsterdam, The NetherlandsThis Handbook provides state-of-the-art analysis by leading authors on the links between the international trade regime and health and environment concerns concerns that make up an increasing proportion of WTO dispute settlement.Research Handbook on Environment, Health and the WTO surveys fields as diverse as climate change mitigation, non-communicable diseases, nanotechnology and public health care. The volume brings to the fore the debates and complexities surrounding these issues and their implications for the international trading system.The Handbook begins in Part I with a survey of general issues that sets a context for the more specific sectorial studies. Part II considers the most pressing issues within health regulation and trade law, whilst Part III is devoted to environmental regulation and its interface with trade law. Part IV looks specifically at aspects of the dispute settlement process and in particular standard of review, and the book concludes in Part V with a consideration of the impact of trade measures on the health and environment regimes of emerging economies.This comprehensive yet concise Handbook will appeal to academics and researchers in international trade law and environmental law, as well as trade law practitioners

Participation in physical activity, Physical Education (PE) and sport has been recognised as a powerful learning tool for education, providing a universal language for contributing to valuable life principles. Values-based education implies that learners are educated about the aspects determining their behaviour. Values-based PE, physical activities and sport have the potential to transcend diversity and achieve cohesion, promote tolerance and trust and affirm respect between individuals and communities. The goal of PE can be to contribute to the acceptance of the infinite qualities of South Africa's diversity and to claim the country's diversity as a source of strength that forms a bond of a common set of values. There has been a global change in the interaction of learners with their environment; their lives are shaped by forces that do not necessarily assist them to learn and apply values. A PE programme infused with the values of Olympism and Ubuntuism can offer an investment in individual and societal improvement as the co-evolutionary interaction of these values and how they affect each learner can add to the celebration of human diversity. The question this study set out to answer was how can PE be used as a tool to teach values. Thus, the study aimed to inform the development of a values-based PE programme for the intermediate schooling phase. This qualitative study, from a constructivist paradigm, has enhanced the understanding of individuals' cultures, beliefs and values, human experiences and situations. Purposeful sampling, of 10 intermediate phase teachers from five different public primary schools sought information-rich cases. The theoretical perspectives of the experiential learning theory were applied to teaching PE during in-service PE teacher training workshops. The process was documented by collecting data from multiple sources. Participatory action research was used, determining how data were collected, analysed and presented on an ongoing, cyclical basis. This study developed material for the intermediate phase PE curriculum that underpins the values of Olympism and Ubuntuism as core values, which were modelled by teachers and guided their work. The PE programme included key elements of and aligned with the study aims of the subject Life Skills. The outcomes of using PE as a tool to teach values propose recommendations to the Department of Basic Education of South Africa, to improve and implement a quality PE curriculum that is applicable to practice and that will optimise the chances of meeting National Curriculum Statement standards. Further research is recommended on the rest of the intermediate phase PE curriculum over the entire year, which includes other movement phenomena infused with values.

Данная статья содержит в себе описание одного из периодических изданий для детей и подростков послевоенного Челябинска "Уральские огоньки". После Великой Отечественной войны Советскому Союзу было необходимо не только восстановить индустрию, но также изменить мировоззрение населения. Одним из основных инструментов для этого была печать. Она действовала путем прямого вербального и визуального посыла. Период с 1948 по 1959 годы стал временем подготовки новой книжной реформы, характеристики которой во многом показывают, как постепенно шло преобразование издательского положения в городе. Деятельность ЮУКИ (Южно-Уральского книжного издательства) начинает регулярно подвергаться жесткой регламентации со стороны Госкомиздата РСФСР и местной партийной номенклатуры. Идеологический контроль и административная система управления ограничивали творческие возможности и экономический потенциал издательства. Доля заказных изданий достигала 40%. Детский альманах "Уральские огоньки", как печатный источник информации, играл роль инструмента изменения мировоззрения аудитории, задавал ему необходимое власти направление. Все освещенные в нем темы складывались в следующие образы реальности. Жизнь после войны - это новое ее открытие, основная заслуга в этом принадлежит вождю и армии. Нужно трудиться со всеми, на своем поприще, чтобы сохранить ее счастливой и свободной. Подростку и ребенку предлагали роль усердного помощника взрослым, активного участника в жизни школы, пионерии, своего родного края. ; This article contains description of "Ural's little lights" - one of the periodicals for children and teenagers of postwar Chelyabinsk. After the great Patriotic war, the Soviet Union needed not only rehabilitation of industry, but also transformation of population's ideology. The print press was one of basic means for this modification. It acted by way of direct verbal and visual message. The period from 1948 to 1959 was the time of preparation of new book's reform, the characteristics of which largely show progressive realization of the transformation of the publishing situation in the city. Work of SUBPH (South-Ural book publishing house) regularly became to be subject to strict regulation from Goskomizdat the Russian Federation and the local party nomenclature. Ideological control and administrative control system limited creativity and economic potential of the publishing house. Share of made-to-order editions reached 40%. Children's almanac "Ural little lights", as the printing information source, played the role of a tool of transformation of ideology of the audience and set the direction required for government. All themes, which were included in this almanac, introduced the following images of reality. Life after war is a new opening, the main merit in it belongs to the leader and the army. You need to work with everyone in them sphere to keep Soviet life happy and free. The teenagers and the children were offered the role of an industrious helper to adult, active participant in the life of the school, pioneers, and their native land.

Yanbing Zeng,1 Weiqian Xu,1 Lele Chen,2 Fan Chen,3 Ya Fang1 1State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of Fujian Province University, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China; 2School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; 3Xiang'An Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Ya FangSchool of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Nan Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of ChinaTel +86 592-2880636Fax +86 592-2880639Email fangya@xmu.edu.cnIntroduction: Patients often seek healthcare at general hospitals rather than at community healthcare centres (CHCs) which leads to inefficiency of health services. The primary healthcare reform developed by Xiamen has proven to break through the barriers of hierarchical diagnosis and treatment. The influencing factors of health-seeking behaviours of patients in the Xiamen reform, however, are unclear.Objective: This study aimed to assess patients' healthcare-seeking preferences and CHCs utilization, and identify influencing factors among patients affected by the Xiamen reform.Methods: A cross-sectional study composed of 2200 individuals with hypertension or diabetes was conducted in association with Xiamen's reform. The choice of health institutions was used to measure health-seeking preference. The probability and frequency of outpatient service use were used to measure CHC utilization. The social ecological model and two-part model were employed to examine influencing factors.Results: As high as 72.5% of the subjects, including those who were under 60 years old, had low education level, with long disease duration, good self-report health and low household income expressed a preference for CHC (P< 0.05). Also, participants who had good-condition CHCs (χ2=6.736, P=0.010), joined in three-in-one chronic disease management (χ2=81.615, P< 0.01) and were insured by medical insurance (χ2=21.142, P< 0.01) significantly preferred to visit CHCs for treatment. In addition, patients who had a preference for CHC utilized many more CHCs (P< 0.01). Analysis of influencing factors found that education, self-reported health, smoking, household income, condition of the CHC, whether the patient had joined the healthcare reform and whether the patient had medical insurance were important factors affecting health-seeking preference and CHC utilization (P< 0.05).Conclusion: The Xiamen healthcare reform made some achievements in improving CHC utilization. However, certain challenges remain. The government should further strengthen CHCs, deepen and expand healthcare reform, and make efforts to guide reasonable healthcare-seeking behaviour and improve the efficiency of primary health systems.Keywords: health-seeking preference, community health services utilization, social ecological determinants, chronic diseases, primary care reform

Ziyi Yang,1 Yi Jiang,2– 4 Min Wang,5 Huan Zeng2– 4 1The First Clinical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China; 2School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China; 3Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China; 4Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China; 5North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, People's Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Huan ZengPostal Address: School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of ChinaTel/Fax + 86 23 65714388Email huanzeng@cqmu.edu.cnPurpose: China is facing various societal pressures owing to its rapidly aging population. In order to provide evidence-based suggestions to promote elderly care, this study investigated the community-based elderly care centres (CBECCs) in Chongqing of China, focusing on the site selections, physical environment, facilities, and operation.Methods: All CBECCs in a district of Chongqing were analysed via a single-stage cluster sampling survey design. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data.Results: A total of 69 CBECCs (60 government-run and 9 collective-run centres) were identified and analysed. Most site selections were reasonable. CBECCs that were located inside of apartment complexes with entrance guards, not located on main roads, and near a market were more popular. Only 4 (13.3%) CBECCs that were not located on the ground floor were equipped with elevators. A small number of CBECCs were near a noise pollution (10.1%) or far from a medical institution (11.6%). Nearly half (42.7%) of CBECCs only had an indoor area of < 200 m2. Nearly all CBECCs had sufficient ventilation, natural lighting, and sufficient floor-to-floor height. 51.5% and 88.4% of the CBECCs fully met the criteria of 'four rooms and one canteen' and 'eight functional zones', but no significant difference was found in terms of the number of people served per month between the CBECCs that met the criteria and those that did not. A quarter of the CBECCs were operated by part-time staff. Only half provided home services (54.5%). The median of average number of people they served every month was 100 (interquartile range = 10– 300).Conclusion: Certain problems existed in the current CBECCs. Better elderly care especially calls for adequate elevator establishment, sufficient indoor and outdoor space, appropriate facilities and service, qualified managers and caregivers. A feasible and evidence-based plan to optimize the physical environment and facilities, functional layout and service provision is crucial to improve the CBECC service.Keywords: community-based elderly care centre, site selection, physical environment, facilities, cross-sectional survey, China

This article presents the results of studies on the daily history of the Soviet period of our state during the difficult times of World War II. The work considers the southern region of the USSR, the territory of the Krasnodar Territory (the city of Krasnodar and the village of Pavlovskaya.) Some local families left the Kuban at the beginning of the war and left, for example, to evacuate. Others were forced to stay, during the occupation of the region and its capital by the Nazi troops in 1942-1943 they were in the Kuban, in Krasnodar. This article is based on both previously unpublished memoirs of city residents collected by the authors (memoirs by Razinskaya S.A., Zhigir E.G., Morozova E.V., Yesayan M.A.) and published as personal memoirs and diaries (Khudoley I.I., Chalenko K.N.). For the first time, on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the Victory of our country in World War II, an attempt was made to put into scientific circulation these materials, telling about the pre-occupation period of the Territory and the city of Krasnodar, as well as directly the time of the occupation of the southern region by fascist invaders. It is concluded that the stories of ordinary people – eyewitnesses to important historical events, the so-called narrative sources (oral and recorded memoirs, letters, diaries and school essays) provide historians with invaluable material to restore the picture of everyday life of the military historical era.There is no conflict of interests. ; В данной статье представлены результаты исследований по истории повседневности советского периода нашего государства в непростое время Великой Отечественной войны. В работе рассмотрен южный регион СССР, территория Краснодарского края (город Краснодар и станица Павловская.) Некоторые местные семьи в начале войны покинули Кубань и уехали, например, в эвакуацию. Другие вынуждены были остаться, во время оккупации края и его столицы немецко-фашистскими войсками в 1942-1943 годах находились на Кубани, в Краснодаре. В основу данной статьи легли, как неопубликованные ранее воспоминания жителей города, собранные авторами (воспоминания Разинской С.А., Жигир Е.Г., Морозова Е.В., Есаян М. А.), так и опубликованные, в качестве личных воспоминаний и дневников (Худолей И.И., Чаленко К.Н.). Впервые к 75-летию Победы нашей страны в Великой Отечественной войне произведена попытка ввести в научный оборот эти материалы, повествующие о предоккупационном периоде в истории края и города Краснодара, а также непосредственно времени оккупации южного региона фашистскими захватчиками. Сделан вывод о том, что рассказы простых людей – очевидцев важных исторических событий, так называемые нарративные источники (устные и записанные воспоминания, письма, дневники и школьные сочинения) дают историкам неоценимый материал по восстановлению картины повседневной жизни военной исторической эпохи.Конфликт интересов отсутствуетю.

The issue of education and training of gifted children is relevant in Ukrainenowadays. It seems that this problem occurred before the pedagogy only recently.If we carefully peer into the past, we will find a solution to this issue, and at othertimes and in other countries. One such teaching and educational institutions in theXIX century was the Lyceum, located in Tsarskoye Selo. The names of his pupilsworld–famous Pushkin, Leo, Kiichelbecker, Danzas, Korf and many others.Therefore, the aim of the article is to study the teaching process in the `establishment of conditions, which contributed to the development of talented andextraordinary people. Lyceum in Tsarskoye Selo was opened as a training andeducational institution of a new type of school for gifted children. Thisestablishment is preparing for the civil service is widely educated people who havedefended human rights and spread the world like the present heritage of humanity.The Lyceum of the charter were the following requirements: restaurant – closedtype, training course was divided into two, each in 3 years, training program wasequal to a university course, vacation once a year, on June 1, a meeting with theparents – the holidays, the first issue had a period since 1811 to 1817 years (at thistime of Alexander Pushkin and others studied at the Lyceum).In the ranks of theLyceum in the first year it was decided, after the exams, 38 boys of 10–13 years.Within 6 years of lyceum students studied mathematics, natural science,philosophy, law, economics, literature, art, German, French, Latin, Russian, logic,history, geography, religion, drawing, painting, military business; engaged indancing, gymnastics, horseback riding, fencing, swimming and others. The task ofthe institution for gifted children: Promote the development of the individuality ofeach, develop:– The talents and abilities of each,– Critical thinking, creativeattitude to reality and life. A sense of self–awareness and responsibility, self–reliance, self–esteem, firmness of spirit, love for the motherland, aesthetic tastes,the ability to stand up for justice, truth, honor, dignity. The basic principles oftraining and education are: the principle of humanism, democracy, the nature ofcompliance, harmonization, the principle of disclosure of positive mutualindependence and activity, awareness, strength, and systematic sequence offreethinking. The main types of education: intellectual, aesthetic, moral, physical,patriotic. Lyceum slogan – "For the common good". ; В статье рассматриваются особенности педагогического процесса вучебно–воспитательном заведении для талантливых детей, которыйработал по программе университете в Х1Х столетии. Это заведениенаходилось в Царском Селе и называлось лицеем. Именно в этом лицее училсяА.Пушкин. ; У статті розглядаються особливості педагогічного процесу унавчально–виховному закладі для обдарованих дітей, який працював запрограмою університету у Х1Х сторіччі. Цей заклад мав назву ліцею, буврозташований у Царському Селі. Саме у цьому ліцеї навчався О.Пушкин.

To survive in a tough competitive environment universities must reduce costs while improving the quality of education. The best economic effect can be obtained only by the improvement of business processes at a university vertically and horizontally at the same time. Having calculated the strategic vector of the higher education system development as a whole, the Ministry of Education and Science set a task of reducing the number of administrative and support staff to state-owned high schools. However, this is possible only on the basis of improved productivity and changes in the organizational structure of universities. The most promising direction is to establish teaching and research departments capable of achieving a synergistic organizational and managerial effect by integrating human resources of several departments. This direction is followed by leading Russian universities, including Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation. The paper describes a methodology to produce a matrix of core labor processes and functions of the teaching and support staff within the core business processes of a department. It is proved that the organizational and technical component in the operation of the teaching and support staff of the department is increasing; therefore many employees of the teaching and support staff logically move to a new job status of a manager. One of the Standard Operations Procedures is provided as an example. The key provisions of the paper have a heuristic potential to improve the business model of an innovative university and the quality of strategic human resource forecasting. ; Для выживания в жесткой конкурентной борьбе университеты обязаны сокращать расходы, повышая при этом качество образования. Наиболее значимый экономический эффект может быть получен только вследствие совершенствования бизнес-процессов вуза одновременно как по вертикали, так и по горизонтали. Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации, рассчитав вектор стратегического развития системы высшего образования в целом, поставило перед государственными вузами задачу сокращения численности административно-хозяйственного и вспомогательного персонала. Однако такое возможно только на основе повышения производительности его труда и изменения организационной структуры вузов. Наиболее перспективным направлением является создание учебно-научных департаментов, которые способны, интегрируя кадровый потенциал ряда кафедр, добиться синергетического организационно-управленческого эффекта. По этому пути идут ведущие российские университеты, в том числе и Финансовый университет при Правительстве Российской Федерации. В статье представлена методика составления Матрицы основных трудовых процессов и функций учебно-вспомогательного персонала в рамках основных бизнес-процессов кафедры, доказано возрастание организационно-технической составляющей в трудовой функции учебно-вспомогательного персонала кафедры, что логично обусловливает переход многих сотрудников учебно-вспомогательного персонала в новый должностной статус менеджера, приведен пример одного из разработанных Регламентов по выполнению трудовых операций. Основные положения статьи обладают эвристическим потенциалом для совершенствования бизнес-модели инновационного вуза, повышения качества стратегического кадрового прогнозирования.

Для выживания в жесткой конкурентной борьбе университеты обязаны сокращать расходы, повышая при этом качество образования. Наиболее значимый экономический эффект может быть получен только вследствие совершенствования бизнес-процессов вуза одновременно как по вертикали, так и по горизонтали. Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации, рассчитав вектор стратегического развития системы высшего образования в целом, поставило перед государственными вузами задачу сокращения численности административно-хозяйственного и вспомогательного персонала. Однако такое возможно только на основе повышения производительности его труда и изменения организационной структуры вузов. Наиболее перспективным направлением является создание учебно-научных департаментов, которые способны, интегрируя кадровый потенциал ряда кафедр, добиться синергетического организационно-управленческого эффекта. По этому пути идут ведущие российские университеты, в том числе и Финансовый университет при Правительстве Российской Федерации. В статье представлена методика составления Матрицы основных трудовых процессов и функций учебно-вспомогательного персонала в рамках основных бизнес-процессов кафедры, доказано возрастание организационно-технической составляющей в трудовой функции учебно-вспомогательного персонала кафедры, что логично обусловливает переход многих сотрудников учебно-вспомогательного персонала в новый должностной статус менеджера, приведен пример одного из разработанных Регламентов по выполнению трудовых операций. Основные положения статьи обладают эвристическим потенциалом для совершенствования бизнес-модели инновационного вуза, повышения качества стратегического кадрового прогнозирования. ; To survive in a tough competitive environment universities must reduce costs while improving the quality of education. The best economic effect can be obtained only by the improvement of business processes at a university vertically and horizontally at the same time. Having calculated the strategic vector of the higher education system development as a whole, the Ministry of Education and Science set a task of reducing the number of administrative and support staff to state-owned high schools. However, this is possible only on the basis of improved productivity and changes in the organizational structure of universities. The most promising direction is to establish teaching and research departments capable of achieving a synergistic organizational and managerial effect by integrating human resources of several departments. This direction is followed by leading Russian universities, including Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation. The paper describes a methodology to produce a matrix of core labor processes and functions of the teaching and support staff within the core business processes of a department. It is proved that the organizational and technical component in the operation of the teaching and support staff of the department is increasing; therefore many employees of the teaching and support staff logically move to a new job status of a manager. One of the Standard Operations Procedures is provided as an example. The key provisions of the paper have a heuristic potential to improve the business model of an innovative university and the quality of strategic human resource forecasting.

Необходимым условием становления эффективной экономики, конкурентоспособного процветающего государства признается поиск и развитие уникальности каждого субъекта образовательного процесса, нацеленность на максимально эффективную деятельность с учетом общечеловеческих ценностей. Эти особенности предопределили управленческую антибюрократическую революцию в мире: на смену бюрократическим иерархическим организациям приходят холонические организации, способные к самообучению и адаптации. Поэтому в российской образовательной системе созданы новые Федеральные государственные стандарты (ФГОС). В их основание положены идеи компетентностно ориентированного образования, которое призвано обеспечить выпускнику успешную адаптацию в холонических организационных системах информационного общества.В современном социуме возникает потребность в учителях-проектировщиках, владеющих научными основами организации процесса обучения физике, способных придать ему личностно-ориентированный характер. Умение проектировать блоки уроков, прогнозировать и обеспечивать эффективность интеллектуального развития учеников в неоднородном коллективе становится важным элементом в педагогическом арсенале современного учителя физики. Помимо фундаментальной предметной подготовки студенты, будущие учителя физики, должны обладать совокупностью интеллектуальных и личностных качеств, обеспечивающих возможности для эффективного взаимодействия, новаторства, коммуникации, лидерства.Новые требования ФГОС детерминируют поиск адекватной системы управления интеллектуальным развитием студентов. В статье описывается авторская концепция управления интеллектуальным развитием студентов при обучении физике в педагогических вузах на классификационной основе с выделениемзаказчиков образования, стратегических целей, концептуальных идей, теоретических конструктов, групп принципов, моделей и ресурсов управления. ; A necessary condition for the formation of an efficient economy, competitive prosperous nation recognized search and development of uniqueness, each subject of the educational process, focus on the most effective activity with regard to human values. these features have predetermined management anti-bureaucratic revolution in the world to replace the bureaucratic hierarchical organizations come holonic organization, capable of self-learning and adaptation. therefore, in the russian educational system, created new federal government standards (geF). these ideas laid the foundation competence-oriented education, which is intended to ensure a successful adaptation to graduate holonic organizational-dimensional systems of the information society. in today's society there is a need for teachers, designers, owning the scientific principles of organization of the process of teaching physics, able to give it a personality-oriented character. ability to design blocks of lessons, forecast and ensure the effectiveness of intellectual development of students in a heterogeneous team becomes an important element in the pedagogical arsenal of modern physics teacher. apart from the fundamental objective of training students, future physics teacher must have a set of intellectual and personal qualities, provides opportunities for effective cooperation, pioneer work, communication, leadership. the new requirements dictate geF search for an adequate system of intellectual development of students.the article describes the author's concept of control of the intellectual development of students in teaching physics in pedagogical high schools on the basis of the classification with the release of customer education, the strategic goals and conceptual ideas, theoretical constructs, groups the principles, models and resource of control.

На основе трудов Э. Ганса и Ф. Савиньи 1810–1820 гг. в статье проанализированы основные вопросы исследовательской повестки исторической и философской школ права, а именно – понимание права, роли нации в формировании права, роль истории в формировании права, сравнение в праве, проблема отбора правового материала, правовая наука в системе наук и роль римского права в познании права. Ганс – представитель философски ориентированной правовой науки, в то время как доктрина Савиньи направлена на точное представление источников права, таким образом она принимает антифилософскую установку. Учение о нации составляет магистральные линии взаимодействия Ганса и Савиньи. Тем не менее Ганс, следуя гегелевской философии права, полагает, что мировой дух является неограниченной судебной инстанцией, стоящей над нациями, нация же служит носителем мирового духа. Для Савиньи право создается исключительно духом народа и правовой материал порождается сущностью нации и ее истории. Гансовская универсальная история права противостоит историзму Савиньи. По мнению Ганса, сравнение необходимо для поиска истины, однако у Савиньи – для идентификации национальной традиции. Автор исследует классификацию Ганса для различных отраслей знаний о праве и позицию Савиньи о праве как специальной науке для юристов. В статье сделан вывод о том, что концепции Ганса и Савиньи имеют много точек соприкосновения, но их наследие имеет разный эвристический потенциал для истории политико-правовой мысли. ; Based on E. Gans and F. Savigny's works of 1810s and 1820s, the article analyses main issues, which were discussed by Historical and Philosophical School of Jurisprudence, namely, understanding of law; the role of nation in forming the law; the role of history in forming the law; comparison in law; selection of legal material; the place of jurisprudence in the system of sciences; the role of Roman law in the understanding of law. Gans represents philosophically oriented jurisprudence, while Savigny's doctrine aims at the precise presentation of legal sources, thus obtaining anti-philosophical stance. Theory on nation represents the arterial line of collaboration between Gans and Savigny. Nevertheless, following Hegel's philosophy of law, Gans supposes that the World Spirit is an absolute judicial instance dominating over nations, while nation is a carrier of the World Spirit. For Savigny, solely Spirit of the Peoples creates law, and legal material is produced by the essence of nation and its history. Gans' universal history of law opposes Savigny's historicism. According to Gans, comparison is needed for the search of truth; according to Savigny – for identification of the national tradition. The author examines Gans' classification of different branches of jurisprudence, as well as Savigny's viewpoint on the jurisprudence as a special science for lawyers. The article concludes that Gans' and Savigny's conceptions have much in common; yet, their heritage has different heuristic potential for history of political-judicial thought.