Suchergebnisse

La importancia del paisaje asume no solo el valor como medio de goce y disfrute social sino también como medio de comunicación, identidad, pertenencia, e imagen de destino, al tiempo que como instrumento de comprensión e interpretación al constituirse en expresión y testimonio territorial; constituye así un recurso de utilidad científica y técnica. Las principales cuestiones conceptuales sobre el paisaje, se destacan los vacíos o ambigüedades epistémicas, la influencia de los sesgos disciplinares científicos, los dilemas oncológicos que plantea la relación sociedad-naturaleza, la expectativa por la consideración de una concepción holística. Entre otras cuestiones significativas se advierten además las dificultades de actuación interdisciplinar y de interacción con el sujeto social en tanto protagonista central en el uso y disfrute del sistema paisajístico. En este sentido el trabajo que se expone aspira a concebir la construcción de una actuación interdisciplinar eficaz superadora de la mirada omni-disciplinar específica de la ciencia, al tiempo que inclusiva de las complejas percepciones sociales, en superación de la brecha entre las ciencias del paisaje y las percepciones de la sociedad. El objetivo general del trabajo aspira a construir una base conceptual y un sistema de actuación interdisciplinar susceptible de constituir un aporte generalizable al tiempo que sustento adaptable para la elaboración de estudios y acciones de intervención sobre el sistema paisajístico de destinos turísticos que articule actuación científica y sistema perceptivo de la sociedad local y de la comunidad visitante, ambos sujetos de protagonismo en el uso y disfrute del Paisaje. La metodología ha implicado la recolección, ordenamiento, colección, análisis y evaluación del devenir de conceptos, enfoques y pensamientos de autores o científicos a partir de documentos y publicaciones científicas acreditadas. El análisis y evaluación ha operado sobre la base de criterios de selección conceptual tales como: pertinencia, amplitud de abordaje, precisión, coherencia, consistencia, grado de generalización/especificidad y síntesis, entre los criterios más destacados. No obstante los valiosos aportes ponderados en la conceptualización específica de cada dimensión -que explican por sí su aporte a la totalidad sistémica del paisaje-, es la dimensión sistémica, en sus acepciones global y extendida, la que reúne los conceptos que mejor se aproximan a la comprehensión de su relación dialéctica y articulada con las dimensiones del territorio. Dentro de la acepción extendida de la dimensión sistémica se destacan con valoración más alta unos 15 conceptos clave que se exponen in extenso en el trabajo completo y que dan cuenta de aspectos conceptuales convergentes hacia una concepción sistémica que articula las dimensiones social, físico-ecológica - económica - identitaria (histórica, simbólica, cultural) - política - perceptual - entre otras dimensiones identificadas a lo largo de la investigación. Atribuir entidad científica al paisaje implica asumir el reto y desafío de articular un cuerpo conceptual y disciplinar que contemple las condiciones de monismo, polisemanticidad y multivalencia. No obstante su necesaria consideración, las experiencias interdisciplinarias aún adolecen de limitaciones teórico-conceptuales y técnico-metodológicas de interacción que deben ser superadas. En este sentido el trabajo expone las principales dificultades y recomendaciones de actuación interdisciplinar y de necesaria articulación con la sociedad en tanto sujeto de uso y disfrute del paisaje. ; The importance of landscape value assumes not only as a means of social enjoyment but also as a means of communication, identity, belonging, and destination image, while as a tool for understanding and interpreting the expression and testimony become territorial, is and a useful resource science and technology. The main conceptual issues on the landscape, highlighting gaps or ambiguities epistemic biases influence scientific discipline, oncology dilemmas posed by the relationship between society and nature, the expectation of a holistic consideration. Among other significant issues are noted well the difficulties of interdisciplinary activity and social interaction with the subject as the central protagonist in the use and enjoyment of the landscape system. In this sense the work shown aspires to conceive building effective interdisciplinary action overcomes the specific look of omni-science discipline, while inclusive of complex social perceptions, in bridging the gap between science landscape and perceptions of society. The aim of this paper aims at building a conceptual basis and a system of disciplinary action which may constitute a contribution generalizable while adaptable to support the development of intervention studies and actions on the landscape system of tourist destinations that links scientific and system performance perception of the local community and visitors, both subjects of importance in the use and enjoyment of the landscape. The methodology has involved the collection, sorting, collection, analysis and assessment of the evolution of concepts, approaches and thoughts of authors and scientists from reputable scientific papers and publications. The analysis and evaluation has operated on the basis of conceptual selection criteria such as relevance, breadth of approach, accuracy, consistency, consistency, degree of generalization / specificity and synthesis, criteria highlights. Otherwise the valuable contributions weighted specific conceptualization of each dimension self explaining their contribution to systemic whole-landscape, is the systemic dimension, in its global and extended meanings, which brings together the concepts best approach the comprehension of its dialectical relationship and articulated with the dimensions of the territory. Within the extended sense of the systemic dimension stand out with higher valuation about key concepts set out in full in the complete job and realize conceptual converging towards a systemic approach that articulates the social, physical and ecological - economic - identity (historical, symbolic, cultural) - politics - perceptual - among other dimensions identified through research. Attributing scientific entity to take on the challenge involves landscape and challenge of articulating a conceptual and disciplinary body which covers the conditions of monism and multivalency. But its necessary consideration, interdisciplinary experiences have limitations still theoretical-conceptual-methodological and technical interaction that must be overcome. In this sense, the paper presents the main challenges and recommendations for action and necessary interdisciplinary articulation with society as a subject to use and enjoy the scenery. ; Fil: Dosso, Ricardo. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales; Argentina.

El origen del auge económico de 1983 a 1989 se encuentra en el mecanismo de déficit del tesoro norteamericano, que alcanzó la cifra de 134 billones de dólares en 1982; 230,8 billones en 1983, manteniéndose en este escalón hasta 1989 (237.8 billones); este déficit se habían elevado en la década de los 70 en torno a los 50 billones de dólares anuales, lo que llevó a un amplio movimiento por la contención de los gastos o por el aumento de los impuestos en el país. Reagan eliminó la segunda hipótesis (llegando inclusive a reducir los impuestos sobre el capital y las rentas elevadas) y realizó cortes en los presupuestos, solamente de los gastos sociales, bajo la presión del establishment de investigación y desarrollo militar dedicado a la tecnología; aumentaron drásticamente los gastos militares y en particular aquellos relacionados con investigaciones de las tecnologías de punta que se sintetizaron en la iniciativa de la defensa estratégica, la ridícula guerra de las galaxias que se convirtió en objeto de crítica de las mayores autoridades científicas del país por su inviabilidad y por el desperdicio de recursos que representaba y aún representa. De alguna manera, podemos comparar la guerra de las galaxias con el papel económico que Keynes atribuía a las pirámides egipcias: un enorme gasto estatal para generar empleo y renta y permitir así el funcionamiento de la economía. El diagnóstico neoliberal coincide en que una de las causas inmediatas de la crisis económica de América latina se encuentra en la recesión internacional de los años ochenta, en especial por la combinación de caídas acentuadas en los precios de las exportaciones y agudas alzas en la tasas de interés reales en el mercado internacional, lo que provocó un cuantioso déficit en las cuentas externas de la región. La actual corriente de pensamiento denominada neoestructuralismo afirma, en lo fundamental, que los problemas económicos principales y la condición de subdesarrollados que aún prevalece en los países latinoamericanos no se debe tanto a distorsiones inducidas por la política económica sino que, más bien, son de origen histórico y de índole endógena y estructural. A juicio de Rosales (1988), una muestra palpable de esta * Economista, profesor investigador del Grupo de realidad subyace en tres características cruciales de la economía latinoamericana de fines de los años ochenta: a) la vigencia de un patrón de inserción externa que, dadas las tendencias del comercio y el sistema financiero internacional, conduce a una especificación empobrecedora; b) el predominio de factor productivo desarticulado, vulnerable y muy heterogéneo y concentrador del progreso técnico, incapaz de absorber productivamente el aumento de la fuerza de trabajo; y c) la persistencia de una distribución de ingreso muy concentrada y excluyente, que evidencia la incapacidad del sistema para disminuir la pobreza.El presente documento se presenta en tres partes, iniciando por un acercamiento al modelo que hoy conocemos como neoliberal; para posteriormente hacer un intento de comparar el modelo neoestructuralista con el modelo neoliberal, teniendo como hecho presente que este intento está enmarcado en los años noventa; y finalmente se esboza un marco teórico en cuanto a la posición del neoestructuralismo frente a los problemas del desarrollo latinoamericano; este documento solamente intenta dar una breve mirada al neoliberalismo en América latina, sin desestimar los alcances del mismo dentro y fuera de nuestras latitudes. ; The origin of the economic boom between 1983 to 1989 is found in the mechanism of the American Treasury deficit that reached the amount of US$ 134 billion in 1982, US$ 230.8 billion in 1983, this level was kept until 1989 (US$237.8 billion) this deficit had increased in the seventies around US$50 billion on a yearly basis which allowed a wide movement in favor of the reduction of expenditures or the increase of taxes in the country. Reagan eliminated the second hypothesis (getting to reduce moreover the taxes on capital and high incomes) and made cuts in the budgets exclusively of social expenditures under the pressure of the research establishment and military development devoted to technology, increasing drastically military expenditures and in particular those related to high technology research that turned out to be the initiative of strategic defense, the ridiculous Stars War that became the target of criticism of major scientific authorities of the country for its unfeasibility and waste of recourses involved and that still involves. In any manner, we can compare Stars War with the economic paper that Keynes attributed to the Egyptian Pyramids: a huge state expenditure to generate employment and income allowing in that manner the economy to function.The neo-liberalism diagnostic agrees to the fact that one of the immediate causes of the economical crisis in Latin America is found in the international recession of the eighties in special for the combination of falling down in the prices of exports and sharp increases in the real interest rates in the international markets generating a big deficit in the external accounts of the region. The present current of thinking named neo-structuralism affirms fundamentally that the main economical problems and the condition of underdevelopment that still prevails in the Latin-American countries are not due to induced distortions by the economical policy but they are based on historical reasons and have an endogenous and structural origin. In the opinion of Rosales (1988), a noticeable sample of this reality underlines in three crucial characteristics of the Latin-American economy at the end of eighties: a) the patron still in effect of external insertion that given the trade tendencies end the international financial system conducts to an impoverished specification, b) the predominance of a disarticulated, vulnerable and very heterogeneous productive factor concentrating the technical progress, and unable to absorb increases of labor force on a productive manner; and c) persistence of a very concentrated and excluding income distribution that makes evident the incapacity of the system to reduce poverty.

Vietnam's Mekong Delta (MD) is known as the rice bowl of the country. Rapid development and population growth there have lead to an increasing demand for water use and wastewater treatment. Yet there are no central wastewater treatment plants in the region and water supply systems are generally lacking in rural areas. Only septic tanks (STs) have been introduced to treat human effluent. Small-scale biogas plants, mostly plastic bio-digesters (PBDs) have been promoted to treat animal slurries. However, the operation and maintenance of both systems are unregulated and their microbial treatment efficacy has not been a priority. Poor sanitary practices of local people add to this creating a potentially serious health hazard. This study aims to analyse the microbial risk associated with faecal management in MD as it impacts on public health. The topic is explored by three vehicles: pilot study, field study and quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). The pilot study replicates tropical conditions to determine microbial reduction and related factors of anaerobic treatment. Reduction rates of phages and bacteria in river water and on terrestrial spinach were determined. The field study was conducted in MD to verify the microbial make-up of faecal substrates, surface water and aquatic spinach. Pathogen treatment efficacy of PBDs was considered. A survey was also conducted to find out human exposure to contaminated sources. All data were used for the QMRA study, which calculates the probability and annual risk of infection via @Risk 5.5 (Palisade Corporation). The pilot study showed there was a hygienic effect in the anaerobic treatment of excreta but microbe reduction rates were low. The reduction of phages (somatic coliphage, male-specific bacteriophage) and bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella Senftenberg, Enterococus faecalis) in lab-scale PBDs increased with longer hydraulic retention time (HRT). Longer HRT played a vital role in yielding more gas. Besides HRT pathogen reduction also depended on initial concentration, species tested and substrate type. High levels of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) had no effect on microbial reduction at neutral pH. Moreover phage and bacteria reduction also depend on operation conditions – batch-wise or continuous digestion. Microbial reduction in STs was not significant even at maximum HRT (3 days). Anaerobic digestion in tropical PBDs had little effect on the inactivation of Ascaris suum ova. Yet helminth ova do settle in the sludge at the reactor's base if HRT is long and the relationship between an ova's viability rate and sludge retention time was established by exponential equation. A few Ascaris suum ova survived in sludge for up to one year. There was no difference between the viability of Ascaris suum ova in biogas or septage sludge. Faecal substrates sampled during the field study contained high levels of microbial indicators and pathogens. E. coli and Enterococcus spp. were detected in all pig slurry and septage samples. Salmonella spp. were detected in over 60% and coliphages in over 50% of samples. Helminth ova were present in 80% of pig slurry samples, 95% of untreated septage samples, and in all septage sludge samples in high concentrations. Ten ova varieties were found in pig slurries and twelve in septage. Field study results suggest that the functionality of PBDs and STs is not optimal to inactivate microbial indicators and pathogens. Volume of PBD is not compatible to the amount of pig slurry. PBDs are rarely desludged and STs are emptied only when blockages occur. Thus reduction of bacteria was < 1 log10 and phages < 1.5 log10 while their influent concentrations were high (up to 6.2 log10 CFU ml-1). Salmonella spp. were detected more frequently in effluents than in influents. In most PBDs helminth ova did not settle but were released to surface water via effluents, the highest concentration being 175,000 no. l-1. Most PBD effluents and overflows from full STs flow directly and contaminate the surface water, which is used by many people every day. Surface water and aquatic spinach samples were contaminated. The average E. coli level in canal water was over the total coliform limit set by the Vietnamese Surface Water Quality Standard (TCVN 5942-1995). Salmonella spp. were routinely detected. Decimal reduction time (T90) of phages and bacteria in Mekong river water was over 2 days. Aquatic spinach was contaminated much like its habitat. Enterococcus spp., E. coli, somatic coliphage and Salmonella spp. were all found in samples, though average E. coli concentrations on spinach grown in urban canals was twice that of those grown in fishponds receiving PBD effluent. On terrestrial spinach microbial reduction was 0.2 – 0.4 log10/day. By QMRA infection risk was high, ranging in descending order from helminth to rotavirus to Salmonella. The probability of salmonellosis and helminthiasis was higher per exposure to PBD effluent than with pig slurry. MD sewage workers were most at risk due to constant exposure to faecal matter. Incidental ingestion of pig slurries, bathing/swimming in canals, drinking untreated surface water and eating raw spinach constituted chronic exposure scenarios for MD people generally. All mentioned scenarios were found to exceed acceptable risk levels. Besides health programs and personal hygiene routines, barriers reducing risk of infection include wastewater treatment (e.g. PBDs), due time between last crop irrigation and harvest, treating water before consumption and food preparation. Risks were reduced when PBDs ran at HRTs of 15 and 30 days as effluent was assumed to be free of helminth ova. The high pathogen load of surface water means this is only potable when boiled. Aquatic spinach is not safe to eat unless cooked. Spinach irrigated with improved PBD effluent (HRT ≥ 15 days) can be eaten raw, but then only when the time between final irrigation and harvest is long enough. As a rule spinach should be washed prior to consumption. Current faecal management practices in MD equate to high infection risks for its population. The microbial treatment efficacy of anaerobic digestion there can be improved by relatively simple changes to operations and maintenance. To reduce infection rates a campaign that integrates faecal management, water supply and behavioural change is recommended. While QMRA data collation and modelling requires much effort communicating health risks to the government and public is challenging. Thereby lasting technical, legislative and cultural can be changed so as to improve the public health effectively.

Dottorato di ricerca in Società, istituzioni e sistemi politici europei (19.-20. secolo) ; Una ricerca sull'emigrazione italiana, in Belgio, nel secondo dopoguerra, legata ai temi della rappresentazione e della auto-rappresentazione mediatica. E' prevalso in questa analisi, lo studio di "nuovi" media come cinema, radio e tv (INR, RTB e successivamente RTBF) e infine la presenza in rete. Dalla firma dei trattati bilaterali alla presa di coscienza delle condizioni di vita e di lavoro dei lavoratori italiani, attraverso i mass-media belgi, si è cercato di tracciare l'evoluzione nella rappresentazione della figura del migrante per valutare le modalità e il livello d'integrazione nella società d'arrivo. Quale importanza ebbero nella "rappresentazione" mediatica della società belga? Gli italiani necessari per vincere la "Bataille du Charbon" furono purtroppo indelebilmente legati all'alleanza con la Germania nazista. Fin da subito idee "a priori" entrano nell'opinione pubblica belga. Gli emigrati italiani sono oggetto di critiche, ironie e sarcasmi. D'altro canto sono spesso relegati in gruppi sociali chiusi, con usanze diametralmente diverse dal paese d'accoglienza. Inoltre nei periodi di crisi, gli immigrati sembrano diventare le prime vittime del malcontento sociale. Lo "shock culturale" fa il resto. Tuttavia da queste differenze nasce un confronto costruttivo che inizia a dare i suoi frutti e permette di verificare quali tratti d'assimilazione gli italiani del Belgio acquisiscono nel tempo, adottando progressivamente il modo di vivere locale, in una particolare commistione di usanze e di linguaggi. La televisione diventa il simbolo di questa società mista ormai unita nei consumi. Una televisione che da un lato uniforma i comportamenti e le mentalità ma che dall'altro lato mostra anche l'emigrato come diverso, denunciando talvolta i disequilibri sociali tangibili. Si sottolinea anche la situazione cinematografica belga e la difficile rappresentazione della comunità italiana. Una rappresentazione spesso negata fino alla metà degli anni 70, momento d'inizio della auto-rappresentazione ed elaborazione personale dell'emigrazione da parte di giovani registi della seconda generazione. L'archivio RTBF (radio e TV) ha meritato un'attenzione particolare sia per le condizioni di consultazione, sia per la paradossale conservazione della serie completa di pellicole circa la trasmissione in lingua italiana "Ciao amici". Questo punto rende l'analisi dell'archivio particolarmente interessante e utile a rafforzare l'idea che la costruzione di un'identità propria passa inevitabilmente tramite l'uso del mezzo di comunicazione e tramite la libertà di espressione circa le proprie necessità comunitarie. La rete Internet diventa poi negli ultimi anni strumento di comunicazione per eccellenza unendo, di fatto, bassi costi di accesso ad innumerevoli possibilità tecniche di scambio d'informazione e d'espressione. Da semplice sito vetrina a vero portale collaborativo, la presenza italiana sul web è multiforme e trans-generazionale. La complessità e la varietà delle realtà digitali disponibili propongono uno specchio assai fedele della realtà odierna, dando voce non solo alle prime generazioni dell'emigrazione post-bellica ma soprattutto alle terze e perfino quarte generazioni di italo-belgi. ; A research on Italian migration in Belgium, during the post-war era, linked to the subject of mediatic representation and self-representation. In this analysis the study of "new" media such as cinema, radio and TV (INR, RTB and then RTBF) as well as the Internet has prevailed. From the signature of the first bilateral treaties to the awareness of the life conditions of the Italian workers, the essay traces the evolution in the representation of the Italian migrant figure. Through the Belgian mass-media the essay evaluates the ways of integration in the arrival society. What importance had the Italian community in the mediatic "representation" of the Belgian society? The Italian miners, so necessary to win the "coal war", were unfortunately indelibly connected to the alliance with the Nazi Germany. Immediately some "a priori" ideas settled in the Belgian public opinion. The Italian migrants are often criticized with irony and sarcasm. On the other hand they are often relegated in closed social groups, with diametrically different customs from the hosting country. Besides, in period of crisis migrants tend to become the first victims of the social discontent. The "cultural shock" does the rest. However from these differences, a new positive confrontation takes place and allows us to check which assimilation features are taking place in the Italian community living in Belgium. They gradually adopt the local way of living, in a particular mix of customs and languages. Television becomes the symbol of this mixed society, united altogether in the consumption. A television that on one side standardizes the behaviours and the mentality but that on the other hand shows the migrant as a different person, sometimes denouncing the palpable social imbalances. The situation of the Belgian movie industry is underlined as well as its difficult representation of the Italian community. A representation often denied until the second half of the 70's, moment in which the auto-representation begins together with the personal elaboration of young directors coming from the second generation. The RTBF archive (radio and TV) has deserved a special attention for its consultation conditions but also because it has paradoxically preserved the complete set of film regarding the "Ciao amici" show, aired in Italian. This point is particularly interesting and useful to stress out the idea that the building of a self-identity goes inevitably with the use of the communication medium and through the right to the freedom of expression, particularly regarding the community needs. Internet has become, in these last years, a capital communication instrument, combining low access costs to numberless technical ways to share information and to express oneself, even as a community. From simple websites to true collaborative online portals, the Italian presence on the web is multiform and trans-generational. The complexity and variety of the available digital realities are a "truthful" mirror of today Italian reality, giving voice not only to the first generation of the post-war migration but especially to the third and even fourth generation of Italo-Belgian.

Objetivo:el presente artículo se propone exponer la aplicabilidad de la Norma Terminológica Internacional ISO 29383, y su influencia positiva, en el contexto de las exportaciones en Colombia. Por otro lado, busca mostrar parte del trabajo desarrollado en la tesis ''Aplicación de normas terminológicas internacionales en el sector exportador colombiano'', presentada en la Universidad de Viena, Austria. La sección que se expone en este artículo hace parte igualmente del trabajo al interior del Comité Técnico Internacional ISO/TC 37, en cuanto al desarrollo de normas termino-lógicas que buscan tener una aplicabilidad general en los más diversos contextos. Uno de ellos es el planteamiento e implementación de políticas terminológicas al nivel gubernamental, a partir de la aplicación de normas terminológicas.Método:mediante el análisis de la Norma ISO 29383 ''Políticas terminológicas'', se presentan los aspectos más relevantes que permitan entender sus objetivos, enfoque, orígenes y planteamientos esenciales. Teniendo una visión clara de la norma, se lleva a cabo un análisis comparativo de la misma, contrastándola con elPlan estratégico exportador(Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje -SENA-, 2001), que define los lineamientos de la política exportadora colombiana.Resultados:se presentan proyecciones de la norma en el contexto colombiano, es decir, de qué manera se beneficiaría el sector exportador si allí se aplicara una política terminológica nacional.Conclusiones:el esfuerzo internacional en torno a la normalización terminológica puede influir positivamente en el desarrollo de economías en vías de desarrollo. La aplicación de normas terminológicas es un factor de desarrollo no sólo en la comunicación especializada de un sector dado, sino también como elemento necesario en los procesos de gestión de la calidad, dentro de los cuales la normalización va haciendo cada vez más parte del éxito en el comercio internacional. Recibido:21-01-10 /Aceptado:19-05-10 Cómo referenciar este artículo: Diaz Vasquez, J. C.(2010).Proyección de la Norma Terminológica Internacional ISO 29383 en el contexto de las exportaciones colombianas.Íkala, 15(2), pp.161-186. ; Objective:Cetarticle présent, d'unepart, l'applicabilité de la norme internationale de terminologie ISO 29 383 et son influence positive dans le contexte des exportations en Colombie. D'autre part, il vise à exposer une partie du travail développé dans la thèse doctorat ''Aplicación de normas terminológicas internacionales en el sector exportador colombiano'' ('' Application des normes terminologiques internationales dans le secteur de l'exportation en Colombie ''), présentée à l'Université de Vienne,Autriche. La section dans cet article fait également partie de l'œuvre au sein du Comité technique international ISO / TC 37, quant à l'élaboration de normes de terminologie qui cherchent à avoir une applicabilité générale dans des contextes les plus divers. L'un de ces contextes est l'approche et la mise en œuvre des politiques terminologiques au niveau gouvernemental, à partir de l'application des normes de terminologie.Méthode:En analysant la Norme ISO 29383 ''politiques terminologiques'', se présente les caractéristiques les plus importantes permettant de mieux comprendre les objectifs, l'accent, milieux essentiels et les approches. En ayant une vision claire de la norme, on a effectué une analyse comparative de la même, ce qui contraste avec le plan stratégique à l'exportation (ministère du Commerce, Industrie et du Tourisme et le Service national d'apprentissage -SENA-, 2001), qui définit les orientations politiques pour les exportateurs colombiens.Résultats:Ils sont présentés sous la forme de projections de la norme dans le contexte colombien, c'est-à-dire, comment le secteur de l'exportation serait bénéfique si on applique une politique nationale de terminologie.Conclusions:L'effort international sur la normalisation de la terminologie peut influer positivement sur l'amélioration des économies en voie de développement. L'application des normes de terminologie est un facteur de progrès non seulement dans la communication spécialisée d'un secteur donné, mais aussi comme un élément nécessaire dans le processus de gestion de la qualité dans lequel la normalisation fait de plus en plus partie de la réussite dans le commerce international. Reçu:21-01-10 /Accepté:19-05-10 Comment citer cet article: Diaz Vasquez, J. C.(2010).Proyección de la Norma Terminológica Internacional ISO 29383 en el contexto de las exportaciones colombianas.Íkala, 15(2), pp.161-186. ; Objective:To present the applicability of the International Terminology Standard ISO 29383, and its positive influence in the context of exports in Colombia. On the other hand, this article seeks to show some of the work developed in the doctoral thesis ''Aplicación de normas terminológicas internacionales en el sector exportador colombiano'' (''Applicability of international terminology standards in the export sector in Colombia''), presented at the University of Vienna, Austria. The exposed section in this article is also part of the work of the International Technical Committee ISO / TC 37, in relation to the development of terminology standards that seek to have general applicability in many different contexts. One of them is the planning and implementation of terminology policies at government level, by the application of terminology standards.Method:Through the analysis of ISO 29 383 ''Terminology Policies,'' the most relevant aspects are presented, which help to understand its objectives, approaches, origins and essential points. Having a clear vision of the Standard, a comparative analysis is carried out contrasting with the Plan Estratégico Exportador (Strategic Export Plan) (Ministry of Trade, Industry and Tourism and the National Learning Service -SENA, 2001), which defines the guidelines for the Colombian export policy.Results:projections of the Standard in the Colombian context are presented, i.e. how would it benefits the export sector would if a national terminology policy is implemented.Conclusions:The international effort on the standardization of terminology can positively influence the improvement of developing economies. The application of terminology standards is a development factor not only in specialized communication of a given sector, but also as a necessary element in the process of quality management, within which standardization is increasingly becoming a part of success in the international trade. Received: 21-01-10 / Accepted: 19-05-10 How to reference this article: Diaz Vasquez, J. C.(2010).Proyección de la Norma Terminológica Internacional ISO 29383 en el contexto de las exportaciones colombianas.Íkala, 15(2), pp.161-186.

In den letzten Jahren ist der Druck auf landwirtschaftliche und gartenbauliche Erzeuger gestiegen, Aspekte des Umweltschutzes in unternehmerische Entscheidungen einzubeziehen. Dieser Druck, der nicht nur vom Endverbraucher, sondern auch vom Gesetzgeber, von der Nahrungsmittelindustrie und dem Lebensmitteleinzelhandel ausgeht, führt zu einer steigenden Nachfrage nach Informationen zur "ökologischen Qualität" landwirtschaftlicher und gartenbaulicher Erzeugnisse und der zugrundeliegenden Produktionsprozesse. Derzeit existiert eine Vielzahl allgemeiner methodischer Ansätze, die als Verfahren zur Bewertung der Umweltleistung diskutiert werden und vor allem im Bereich der industriellen Produktion häufig Anwendung finden. Während bereits verschiedene, den speziellen Anforderungen landwirtschaftlicher Produktionssysteme angepasste Umweltbewertungsverfahren verfügbar sind, ist eine entsprechende Entwicklung im Bereich der gartenbaulichen Produktion derzeit noch nicht erkennbar. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Entwicklung eines Konzeptes für ein EDV-gestütztes Verfahren zur Umweltdokumentation und -bewertung (BUIS) gartenbaulicher Produktionssysteme. Im Gegensatz zu den meisten der vorgestellten landwirtschaftlichen Bewertungsansätze, die sich in ihrer Umsetzung primär an den vorhandenen Möglichkeiten der Einzelbetriebe orientieren, stand beim Entwurf und der Implementierung des Gartenbau-BUIS auch die Nachfragerseite, d.h. die variablen Anforderungen potentieller Adressaten der Umweltinformationen als Entwicklungsrichtlinie im Vordergrund. Da das BUIS nicht nur das Informationsbedürfnis externer Zielgruppen befriedigen, sondern gleichzeitig den Betrieb bei der Entscheidungsfindung unterstützen soll, wurde ein systemanalytischer Ansatz gewählt, der zu einem besseren Verständnis der Kausalitäten und komplexen Wechselwirkungen innerhalb des Systems "Gartenbaubetrieb" beiträgt. Um den Aufwand der Erfassung umweltrelevanter Daten zu minimieren, wurde darauf geachtet, dass das BUIS die Möglichkeit bietet, vor Ort verfügbare Datenquellen für die Umweltbewertung zu erschließen. Die modulare Anbindung vorhandener Datenquellen verringert nicht nur den Arbeitsaufwand, sondern macht den Anwendungskern des BUIS unabhängig von den einzelnen Erfassungsverfahren. Erweist sich eine Datenquelle, z.B. ein mathematisches Modell, ein Messverfahren etc., aus praktischen, technischen oder fachlichen Gründen als ungeeignet für den Einsatz im Rahmen des BUIS, so kann diese problemlos durch eine geeignetere Alternative ersetzt werden. Angesichts der Vielfalt gängiger Umweltbewertungsverfahren und der grundsätzlichen Subjektivität einer Bewertung wurde ein ähnlicher Plugin-Ansatz für den Bewertungsteil des BUIS verfolgt. Die eigentliche Bewertung wurde dazu komplett von der Datenerfassung und Systemmodellierung getrennt. Dies ermöglicht die Anwendungganz unterschiedlicher Bewertungsschemata (unterschiedliche methodische Ansätze, unterschiedliche Wertepools) auf die gesammelten Umweltdaten. Als Nachweis für die Umsetzbarkeit des entwickelten Konzeptes dient die Referenzimplementierung jemih. Im Rahmen der Referenzimplementierung wurde der komplette Funktionsumfang des entwickelten Konzeptes realisiert. Als Umweltaspekte bildet jemih in der vorliegenden Version die Komplexe "Wasser" und "Stickstoff" ab. Als Erweiterungsmodule steht eine Auswahl an Plugins zur Datenerfassung sowie ein Bewertungsplugin zur Verfügung. Abschließend wurde auf der Basis von jemih eine Analyse zur Bedeutung des Einflusses der klimatischen Rahmenbedingungen auf das Ergebnis einer Umweltbewertung durchgeführt. Als Klimagrößen standen die Referenzevapotranspiration ET0 und der Niederschlag als wichtige Einflussfaktoren auf den Wasser- und damit auch auf den Stickstoffhaushalt eines gartenbaulichen Produktionssystems im Vordergrund. Zunächst wurde die Eignung der in jemih verfügbaren Plugins zur Abbildung der Referenzevapotranspiration (die Modelle FAO 56 Penman-Monteith, Hargreaves, Turc und Priestley-Taylor) untersucht. Dabei erwiesen sich vor allem das Turc-, aber auch das Hargreaves-Modell als mögliche Alternativen zum Standardverfahren Penman-Monteith, das gegenüber den beiden erstgenannten Ansätzen sehr viel höhere Anforderungen an die Klimadatenerfassung stellt. Voraussetzung für die Anwendung der Alternativverfahren ist eine regionale Kalibrierung der Originalmodelle. Anschließend wurde der Einfluss der kleinräumigen Variabilität der Klimagrößen ET0 und Niederschlag anhand von Messdaten des Agrarmeteorologischen Messnetzes Bayern analysiert. Bereits für sehr geringe räumliche Abstände zwischen den Einzelstandorten ergeben sich zum Teil erhebliche Abweichungen hinsichtlich der Klimagrößen. Die Bedeutung dieser kleinräumigen Unterschiede wurde in einer abschließenden Szenariorechnung demonstriert. Das Ergebnis dieser Szenariountersuchung belegt die Notwendigkeit einer standortindividuellen Betrachtung bei der Implementierung von Umweltbewertungsansätzen im Gartenbau. Ein entsprechendes Konzept, das eben diese Grundanforderung der standortindividuellen Bewertung erfüllt, wurde im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit erstellt und in Form des Prototyps jemih realisiert. ; In the recent years substantial pressures are placed on agricultural and horticultural companies to consider environmental impacts of production as an important aspect in their business strategies. This pressure is exerted by customers as well as the food industry, retailers and governmental authorities and results in an increased demand for information on the "ecological quality" of agricultural and horticultural products and production systems. Beside of this (external) marketing purpose, comprehensive environmental information is required internally for weak-point analysis and improvement of the ecological performance on the farm-level. At the moment a broad variety of different methods and instruments for environmental assessment is available. Especially in industrial production methods like Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Environmental Performance Evaluation (EPE) or Ecological Bookkeeping are already widely used. Although there are some methodical approaches for use in agriculture, no method meeting the special requirements of environmental management and assessment in horticulture is available yet. The aim of this report is the development of a concept for an environmental information management system software for horticultural companies. Beside of the practical usability, the satisfaction of the highly variable demands of the different interested parties (customers, food industry, governmental authorities etc.) of environmental issues was the primary objective of the management system. Additionally the software should support the user in decision making. Therefore a system modelling approach was selected that leads to a better understanding of the complex processes and interactions within the horticultural production system. To minimise the effort of environmental data collection the software provides a plugin-mechanism for the flexible integration of locally available data resources into the information management system. This mechanism also enables users to easily exchange plugins according to general conditions and individual requirements. Due to the subjective nature of "environmental assessment" and the multiplicity of available methods, a similar plugin approach was selected for the assessment task within the management system. Assessment therefore was strictly separated from data collection, so different assessment schemes may be applied. As a proof for the technical feasibility of the concept the prototype jemih was implemented. jemih includes the complete basic functionality presented in the concept. "Water" and "nitrogen" are implemented as environmental aspects so far. The highly flexible and extensible design of the jemih-framework allow for the easy integration of further environmental aspects. An assortment of different plugins for environmental data acquisition as well as one plugin for the task of environmental assessment is available. Finally the impact of the local climate and weather conditions on the potential results of an environmental assessment approach was evaluated. Precipitation and reference evapotranspiration ET0 were analysed as basic climate variables, as both variables have a vital influence on the water and therefore the nitrogen budget of a horticultural system. Initially the available plugins for the estimation of reference evapotranspiration (FAO 56 Penman-Monteith, Hargreaves, Turc and Priestley-Taylor) were evaluated. The Turc-model and to a lesser extent the Hargreaves-model showed good results compared to the Penman-Monteith-model. Although various publications show, that the Penman-Monteith formula estimates closest to values acquired by lysimetric measurement, both Hargreaves and Turc provide simple alternatives, that may be used in cases where the availability of weather data is limited. The results also show that the alternative estimation models, especially the Hargreaves formula, have to be calibrated regionally. Subsequently the spatial variability of precipitation and ET0 was analysed by comparing data of 90 weather stations in Bavaria. The comparison shows that even for small distances between the stations there may be distinctive difference in precipitation and reference evapotranspiration. The possible impact of this variability was investigated by analysing four exemplary horticultural systems at four measurement sites. The outcome of the environmental assessment of the four sites show serious differences. These results indicate the strictly site-specific approach presented in this report is imperative in environmental assessment of horticultural production systems.

Aufgrund strenger gesetzlicher Vorgaben müssen Rußpartikel aus dem Abgas moderner Diesel-PKW durch Filtration abgeschieden werden. Durch den Aufbau einer Rußschicht auf der Oberfläche des Filters nimmt der Abgasgegendruck während des Fahrzeugbetriebs zu, so dass dieser in regelmäßigen Abständen durch Abbrand des eingelagerten Rußes regeneriert werden muss. Während des Rußabbrands kann es im Filter zu Temperaturüberhöhungen kommen, die zu dessen Zerstörung führen. Gegenstand der vorliegenden Dissertation ist ein Diesel-Partikelfilter auf der Basis eines Filtermediums aus Sintermetall, welches durch die Sinterung eines Edelstahlgranulats auf einem Edelstahl-Streckgitter hergestellt wird. Das Sintermetall-Verbundmaterial wird zu keilförmigen Filtertaschen gefaltet, welche ringförmig um eine zentrale Dichtscheibe angeordnet und verschweißt werden. Die Formstabilität der einzelnen Taschen wird durch wellenförmig gefaltete Abstandshalter aus Blech gewährleistet. Das komplexe Strömungsfeld, die Verteilung des Rußes und der Ablauf der thermischen Regeneration in diesem Filter können durch die in der Literatur vorhandenen Modelle für keramische Wabenfilter nicht beschrieben werden. Grundlage der Untersuchungen ist das numerische Strömungsmodell einer Einzeltasche des Filters unter Verwendung der Strömungssimulationssoftware Fluent. Die Gültigkeit des Strömungsmodells wird durch Abgleich von berechneten Ergebnissen mit Druck- und Geschwindigkeitsmessungen in einem messtechnisch zugänglichen Strömungsexperiment an einer Einzeltasche verifiziert. Eine Erweiterung des Strömungsmodells ermöglicht die Simulation des Rußschichtaufbaus auf der Taschenoberfläche. Hierzu wird angenommen, dass zu jedem Zeitpunkt die abgeschiedene Rußmenge zur Filtrationsgeschwindigkeit proportional ist, der Ruß also homogen im Abgas verteilt ist. Es wird gezeigt, dass wegen der geringen Größe der Rußteilchen diese Annahme eine zulässige Vereinfachung darstellt. Die Ruß-Abbrandrate wurde in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur und des Sauerstoffgehalts des Gases in einem Versuchsreaktor mit reduzierter geometrischer Komplexität in isothermen Abbrandversuchen gemessen. Die isotherme Prozessführung erlaubt die Untersuchung der Änderung der Abbrandrate während des Reaktionsfortschritts. Aus der Kombination der Strömungssimulationssoftware, mit der die Komponenten-Erhaltungsgleichung für Sauerstoff gelöst wird, mit dem entwickelten Kinetikmodell ergibt sich ein Modell, welches die Simulation des Rußabbrands unter realen Bedingungen ermöglicht. Dieses berücksichtigt auch die Hemmung der Reaktion durch die lokale Abnahme der Sauerstoffkonzentration bei hohen Reaktionsraten. Das Rußabbrand-Modell wird auf das Strömungsmodell des Diesel-Partikelfilters zur Simulation der Regeneration übertragen. Es zeigt sich, dass der numerische Aufwand für den technischen Einsatz - etwa zur Bewertung von Konstruktionsalternativen - sehr hoch ist. Darüber hinaus ist die Übereinstimmung von berechneten und während eines Motorprüfstandsversuchs gemessenen Temperaturen noch nicht zufriedenstellend. Als Ursache der Abweichungen wird das unterschiedliche kinetische Verhalten des Laborrußes im Vergleich zum realen Diesel-Ruß vermutet. Eine systematische Anpassung der Kinetikparameter an die Ergebnisse im Versuch ist aufgrund des zu hohen numerischen Aufwands nicht möglich. Die Ergebnisse der Regenerationssimulation erlauben trotz der ungenauen Wiedergabe der lokalen Temperatur im Filter Aussagen qualitativer Gültigkeit über den Ablauf der Regeneration im Sintermetall-Partikelfilter. Temperaturunterschiede zu Beginn der Regeneration, welche aus der ungleichmäßigen Aufheizung der Filtertasche resultieren, bewirken lokal unterschiedliche Abbrandraten. Die Rußschicht brennt bevorzugt im radial innen gelegenen Bereich des Filters ab, während sie in der Nähe des Filtergehäuses deutlich langsamer abnimmt, so dass unvollständige Regeneration zu erwarten ist. ; Due to increasingly strict vehicle emission legislation, soot particulates must be separated from the exhaust gas of modern diesel cars by means of filtration. The engine back pressure increases as a soot layer grows on the surface of the particulate filter. As a consequence, the filter must be regenerated by increase of the exhaust gas temperature above the soot ignition temperature, which causes its oxidation. During the filter regeneration peak temperature events can occur that cause damage to the filter structure. In this work a diesel particulate filter made from sintered metal is investigated. The filter medium is a compound of a stainless steel wire mesh on which a stainless steel granulate is sintered. From this compound wedge-shaped pockets are folded and welded gas-tight. 50 to 70 pockets are arranged around a sealing disc and welded to each other and a supporting ring around them, resulting in a cylindrical filter. The exhaust gas enters and leaves the filter in the direction of the cylinder axis. The sealing disc and the welds between the pockets are at its downstream end. Between the pockets gaps are formed which open at the upstream side of the filter and narrow along its axis. Inside each filter pocket a folded sheet of stainless steel called spacer maintains its form stability. The complex flow pattern, the soot distribution, and the temperature changes during the thermal regeneration in the filter cannot be predicted by the models currently available in the literature, as these treat ceramic wall flow filters exclusively. The foundation of this investigation is the numerical flow model of a single filter pocket using the commercial CFD software Fluent. After an adaption of the turbulence models to allow for a combination with porous zones, the flow field inside the filter can be calculated. The flow model is validated by pressure and PIV velocity measurements in a flow experiment of a single filter pocket in a plexiglass flow channel. An extension of the flow model allows for the simulation of the soot layer build-up on the filter pocket's surface. Proportionality of the locally deposited soot mass to the filtration velocity is the main assumption, which is equivalent to assuming homogeneous distribution of the soot in the exhaust gas. It can be shown that due to the soot particle's small size this assumption holds valid. In an experimental reactor with reduced geometrical complexity the soot reaction rate with its dependency on temperature and oxygen concentration is experimentally investigated. Isothermal temperature control of the experimental runs allows for the investigation of the reaction rate's dependency on the reaction progress or, in other words, the fraction of remaining soot mass. Combination of the kinetic model with the CFD software, which is used to solve the oxygen conservation equation, results in the complete soot layer combustion model. Mass transfer limitation of the reaction due to local depletion of the oxygen concentration at high reaction rates is thus accounted for. An influence of oxygen concentration gradients within the soot layer on the reaction rate can be neglected, as is shown in a theoretical investigation. The soot layer combustion model is transferred to the flow model of the particulate filter to simulate its regeneration. It turns out that the numerical expense of the full-scale model is too high for technical applications, e.g. assessment of design alternatives. Moreover, the agreement between the resulting temperatures inside the filter pocket with measurements during an engine test bench experiment is still unsatisfactory. A cause for this discrepancy is suspected to lie in the slightly different kinetic properties of the artificial soot used in the laboratory experiments compared to those of real life diesel soot. Systematic adaption of the model's kinetic parameters to the measured temperatures is no option, again due to the high numerical expense of the simulation. In spite of the quantitative inaccuracy of the simulation results some conclusions can be drawn from them concerning the regeneration behavior of the sintered metal diesel particulate filter. Temperature differences at the beginning of the regeneration, that result from the non-uniform convective heat up, lead to local differences in the soot combustion rates. Near the filter's central duct soot reacts rapidly, while toward the outside the reaction proceeds significantly slower. Incomplete regeneration of the filter can thus be expected, but could be avoided by design changes targeting at flow uniformity improvement.

The present global environmental condition is a consequence of the increasing consumption of natural resources whose depletion exceeds what is physically possible to sustain in the long term. The construction sector is a considerable contributor to this resource depletion and sustainability is adopted in the form of the theory of ecological modernization. The implementation depends to varying extents on sustainability demands at the global, national, regional, local, corporate and individual levels. In addition, there appears to be a lack of new knowledge transfer from the international research community to local construction project managers, particularly in the process of construction works in line with the objective of sustainability. According to environmental legislation, it is the client who is the responsibility party, performing activities as owner and administrator of construction works. The aim of the research is, first, to define what sustainability in construction works is. The understanding and meaning of sustainability can vary considerably through the perspective of a client and a construction project manager, within corporate organizations and through sporadic knowledge transfer. A critical review of the use of the terminology of sustainable construction and sustainable building is carried out and a model for enabling a client to manage sustainability matters in relation to construction works and then validate this model within a defined context is established. The construction sector is complex and fragmented and has, therefore, a tendency to resist changes leading towards sustainability. Clients and project managers are facing barriers to the implementation of sustainability, e.g. lack of pro-active sustainable measures, conflicts in real and perceived costs and inadequate implementation expertise. A common misunderstanding is that sustainability in construction works is more expensive in terms of investment costs compared to 'normal' mainstream buildings. It is critical to transfer knowledge from the research community to mainstream practitioners efficiently to help facilitate the implementation of corporate sustainability without delay or confusion of methodology. By adopting the standard ISO 15392: "Sustainability in building construction – General principles", it is possible to interpret sustainability for construction works accordingly, despite the different backgrounds of stakeholders. Therefore, different and confusing interpretations of sustainable building, sustainable construction or green building can be avoided. To meet the holistic conditions of sustainability according to the standard above, it is crucial to implement a platform of multiple corporate management systems such as those focused on quality-, environment-, work safety-, stakeholders-, and knowledge into an integrated system of sustainability. By utilizing the STEPS (Start-up, Take-off, Expansion, Progressive, Sustainability) maturity roadmap, it is possible to achieve continual improvement in knowledge management in a 'many-small-steps' approach on the corporate level. It is also crucial to transfer knowledge horizontally, to formulate a sustainability policy regarding sustainability, to translate corporate activities into adequate key figures/ indicators in order to fulfil the commitment of continual improvement, and meet the community´s sustainability objectives. This information should be placed within the property instead of being held by the owner. A framework of assessment is necessary, objective-led, taking into account site-specific, corporate-specific and service-life issues. The STURE (Stakeholder-Urban Evaluation) model is a product of the research and represents an approach that optimizes the sustainability demands and abilities of a client, stakeholders and authorities relevant to a single or multiple construction works. Five cases of construction works were used as input to validate the STURE model in line with the principles of the ISO 15932 standard. The cases studies were drawn from different phases in the life-cycle of construction works and in different stages of construction process. Furthermore, the cases represented buildings with different functions. The result of the validation implies the possibility to use the STURE model with some minor adjustments, to assess construction work or works in order to determine whether or not it is heading towards a sustainable, a partly sustainable or non-sustainable development. The proposed STURE model connects to the STEPS maturity roadmap on the corporate level and the combinations of ISO standards are a way of structuring stakeholder demands or outcomes of expectancy with regard to sustainability objectives, optimized from national, regional, local and corporate levels together with technical and functional demands. Use of these methods also promotes continual improvement in project performance and basic organizational activities. This is, as noted earlier, a 'many-small-steps' approach and depends on the client's ability, level of knowledge and inclination. The aim is not to be a world leader, but rather to recognize that improvement comes through successive small steps and, thus, creates a means for measuring improvement along the path of sustainability in the field of construction works. Progress towards sustainability in construction works is rather slow, in spite of the short timescale before potential irreversible damage occurs from climate change. In the long run it is not enough to sustain on the level of present environmental depletion; it has to be a regenerative development. By these means, it is time for action by transferring current and new knowledge from the research community into an adaptive and practical framework for implementation. This knowledge must be complete with clearly defined economic incentives, and the gap between researchers and practitioners must be bridged with arguments of economic value. It is also important to bridge the gap of knowledge transfer in both directions between industrialized and developing countries, as local decisions and solutions affecting the built environment have both local and global impact. Last, it is the client/owner/developer, as the responsible performer of activities concerning construction works, who has the main responsibility concerning construction works and the obligation to commit sustainability. At the same time, there is an opportunity and a challenge to make the built environment more sustainable and begin regenerative development in the earnest.

El proceso de ordenamiento territorial en Bolivia es relativamente nuevo y por tal razón el avance es mínimo si se piensa en los objetivos alcanzados hasta ahora. El presente trabajo pretende mostrar el avance logrado en uno de los departamentos de Bolivia, Tarija, donde en 5 años, se ha logrado elaborar un plan departamental de ordenamiento territorial y mediante la coordinación interinstitucional (prefectura y gobiernos municipales) se ha iniciado el mismo proceso de a nivel municipal. A partir de estos planes municipales se induce a municipios predominantemente urbanos a trabajar planes de ordenamiento territorial a partir de lineamientos planteados desde la prefectura, con el fin de iniciar los procesos de planificación urbana, actualizar la normativa y elaborar proyectos de desarrollo local. El objetivo del presente trabajo, es mostrar los avances a los que se pretende arribar gracias a un proceso metodológico de ordenamiento territorial incorporado a una dinámica urbana que interactúa constantemente con su área de influencia que en el caso boliviano es normalmente rural; pero además demostrar que el componente interdisciplinario en el caso de la planificación urbana es imprescindible considerando que hasta hace unos años este era un trabajo especifico de los colegas urbanistas y que en una realidad como la latinoamericana casi siempre quedaba en planos y en un viejo anaquel. Por lo tanto a partir de una interdisciplinariedad se puede lograr desarrollo local articulando y optimizando relaciones urbano-rurales que basan su desarrollo en un proceso metodológico como es el caso del ordenamiento territorial. El trabajo, se apoya en la guía metodológica para la elaboración de planes elaboradas por el Ministerio de Desarrollo Sostenible del gobierno boliviano, pero como tal cual su nombre expresa es una guía susceptible a ser adecuada a las exigencias del área de estudio, en este sentido sobre esa base es que se incorporan algunas variables de estudio que permitirán mejorar el producto a nivel de propuesta una vez concluido el trabajo. Contempla varias etapas donde la incorporación de los diferentes actores sociales será una clave para lograr resultados exitosos en la etapa de implementación. Actualmente el plan municipal de la provincia Cercado, es un proyecto a encarar en los próximos meses una vez cumplidos con los requisitos administrativos para iniciar el trabajo técnico que comprenderá un trabajo de campo, para el relevamiento de datos, la elaboración de un diagnóstico integral con dos ámbitos territoriales rural y urbano, para luego proceder al análisis territorial y el planteamiento de propuesta que incluirán políticas, estrategias, acciones y proyectos, pero no solo generará bases para el uso de suelo y la ocupación del territorio, a escala urbana se plantearan los lineamientos para el diseño y la normativa urbana. A partir del cual se definirán proyectos de desarrollo local que nos permita orientarnos hacia la imagen objetivo planteada en la visión del proyecto, este trabajo incluye el aspecto institucional para fortalecer al proceso que hasta esta ahora se encuentra desarticulado; se pretende consolidar el proceso de ordenamiento y dar inicio a otros en escalas de mayor detalle permitiendo la optimización de recursos y el aprovechamiento de las potencialidades y recursos naturales para mejorar la calidad de vida. ; The process of land use planning in Bolivia is relatively new and for that reason progress is minimal if one thinks of the objectives achieved so far. This paper aims to show progress in one of the departments of Bolivia, Tarija, where over 5 years, has managed to prepare a plan for land use planning department and through inter-agency coordination (prefectural and municipal governments) has begun the same process of at the municipal level. From these municipal plans are to induce municipalities to work predominantly urban land use plans based on guidelines set since the prefecture, in order to initiate the process of urban planning, updating the regulations and develop local development projects. The objective of this work is to show the progress that is intended to arrive through a process of territorial planning methodology incorporated into a dynamic urban constantly interacts with its area of influence in the case of Bolivia is usually rural, but also demonstrate that interdisciplinary component in the case of urban planning is essential considering that until a few years ago this was a specific work of colleagues and city planners that a reality as the Latin American was almost always in planes and an old bracket. Therefore from an interdisciplinary approach can be achieved by articulating local development and optimizing relations urban-rural development based on a methodological process such as land use planning. The work was supported in the methodological guide for drawing up contingency plans drawn up by the Ministry of Sustainable Development of the Bolivian government, but as its name as it expresses is a guide likely to be adequate to the demands of the study area, in this regard on that basis is that incorporates some variables study that will improve the product level proposal once completed work. It covers several stages where the incorporation of the different social actors will be a key to achieving successful results at the implementation stage. Currently the municipal plan of the province Cercado, is a project to tackle in the coming months once completed administrative requirements to start the technical work that comprise a fieldwork for the survey data, developing a comprehensive diagnosis both rural and urban land, and then proceed to the analysis and territorial approach proposed including policies, strategies, projects and actions, but not only generate bases for land use and occupation of the territory at the urban scale would emanate guidelines for design and urban policy. As of which will define local development projects that will enable us to move towards the objective image raised in the vision of the project, this includes work to strengthen the institutional aspect to the process that until now this is dismantled; seeks to consolidate the process of ordering and to initiate other scales in greater detail allowing optimizing resources and harnessing the potentials and natural resources to improve the quality of life. ; Fil: Aranda, Verónica.

The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) is more than a collection of research stations and scientific initiatives. IITA consists of dedicated people who provide technical skills and original ideas to improve the lives of people in sub-Saharan Africa. IITA works in close partnership with a wide range of expert collaborators, including farmers, research and extension staff of national programs, governments, regional organizations, agri-business, private foundations, nongovernmental organizations, advanced research institutions, and a host of others both within and outside Africa. Our cooperative efforts result in the development of innovations which contribute to food security. Such novel technologies include development of integrated pest management options, ways for farmers to access crucial market information, increased nutritional value of food crops, ensuring the economic and environmental sustainability of varied cropping systems or the supply of key information to policy makers. IITA is optimistic that the agricultural sector can go beyond provision of food security to serve as an engine for economic development by creating wealth for farm families, villages, districts, countries, and regions in sub-Saharan Africa. Africa is a continent rich in natural and human resources. Furthermore, many IITA technologies have contributed to increasing the quantity and quality of agricultural produce across the continent. However, since 1990, while the food available per person has increased in Latin America (+30%) and Asia (+20%), Africa has experienced a 3% decline (InterAcademy Council, 2004). Notwithstanding such alarming statistics, IITA has observed the potential provided by entrepreneurs who are using agricultural commodities to drive a chain resulting in increased profits for men and women from the farm to the consumer. Now is a critical time for sub-Saharan Africa. The New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) has shown the commitment of Africa's leaders to "business unusual" across the continent. IITA is both honored and excited by the role that it has been asked to play in NEPAD's pan-African cassava initiative. IITA has also been invited to work with NEPAD on the African Union's Comprehensive African Agricultural Development Programme, as well as contribute to the important activities of other subregional trade and research organizations. IITA and its collaborators are committed to the UN's Millennium Development Goals, and the significant benefit to poor people which will result. The experience and capacity of IITA permit us to play a determinant role in Africa's ongoing emphasis on agriculture as a driver of economic development. The Research for Development Council is a leadership group (composed of elected scientists and Directors) which aims to ensure that IITA's strategic capability is harmonized to the challenges and opportunities on the horizon. IITA will play an active role to maximize the continent's remarkable agricultural potential in order to catalyze economic development. L'institut international d'agriculture tropicale, l'IITA est plus qu'un rassemblement de stations de recherches et d'initiatives scientifiques. L'IITA se compose de personnes dédiées qui fournissent les compétences techniques et les idées originales pour améliorer le niveau de vie des gens en Afrique sub-saharienne. L'IITA travaille en partenariat avec une grande gamme de collaborateurs experts y compris des cultivateurs, des chercheurs et le personnel de vulgarisation de programmes nationaux, des gouvernements, des agro-entrepreneures, des organisations nongouvernementales, des institutions à recherches avancées et bien d'autres en Afrique et ailleurs. Nos efforts de coopération se traduisent dans le développement des innovations qui contribuent à la sécurité alimentaire. De telles nouvelles technologies incluent le développement des options intégrées pour le contrôle des pestes, les moyens par lesquels les cultivateurs peuvent avoir les renseignements cruciaux à propos du marché, l'amélioration de valeur nutritive des cultures, la durabilité économique et de l'environnement de divers systèmes culturaux, ou la provision des informations clés aux décideurs de politiques. L'IITA est optimiste que le secteur agricole peut non seulement assurer la provision des aliments mais aussi servir comme moteur pour le développement économique à travers la création de richesses pour les familles de cultivateurs, les villages, les arrondissements, les pays et les régions en Afrique sub-saharienne. L'Afrique est un continent riche en ressources naturelles et humaines. De plus, beaucoup de technologies de l'IITA ont contribué à la croissance de la quantité et la qualité des produits agricoles à travers le continent. Pourtant, depuis 1990, alors que la nourriture disponible par personne a augmenté en Amérique latine (+30%) et en Asie (+20%), l'Afrique a connu un déclin de 3% (InterAcademy council, 2004). Malgré ces statistiques alarmantes, l'IITA a remarqué le potentiel de création par les entrepreneurs qui se servent de produits agricoles pour générer une filière qui résulte en profits croissants pour les hommes et les femmes, du producteur au consommateur. Nous traversons une période critique pour l'Afrique subsaharienne. Le Nouveau partenariat pour le développement de l'Afrique (NEPAD) a montré l'engagement des dirigeants africains à une 'affaire inhabituelle' à travers le continent. L'IITA est non seulement honoré mais aussi excité par le rôle qui lui a été demandé de jouer dans l'initiative pan-Africaine du manioc du NEPAD. L'IITA a été aussi invité pour travailler avec le NEPAD en ce qui concerne le Programme détaillé pour le développement de l'agriculture africaine de l'Union africaine, ainsi qu'à contribuer aux activités importantes d'autres organisations sous-régionales de commerce et de recherche. L'IITA et ses collaborateurs sont dévoués aux buts de développement des Nations-Unies pour le millenium, et les bénéfices importants qui en sortiront pour les gens pauvres. L'expérience et la capacité de l'IITA nous permettent de jouer un rôle déterminant dans l'accent que l'Afrique mets actuellement sur l'agriculture en tant que stimulant du développement économique. Le Conseil de la recherche pour le développement est un groupe de direction (composé de scientifiques et administrateurs) qui a comme objectif de s'assurer de la capacité stratégique de l'IITA à s'harmoniser avec les défis et les opportunités qui se pointent à l'horizon. L'IITA continuera de jouer un rôle actif pour maximiser le potentiel agricole remarquable du continent en vue de stimuler le développement économique.

This thesis aims to identify and to close some gaps in the literature dealing with business strategies towards the creation, absorption and dissemination of new technologies. In doing so it comprises four theoretical papers. The following abstracts and Figure 1 briefly link each paper to one ore more of the above mentioned topics (creation, absorption and dissemination) and report its main findings and contributions to the literature. For further details the reader is referred to the particular paper. Absorptive Capacity and Connectedness: Why Competing Firms also Adopt Identical R&D Approaches This paper explores firms' decisions regarding the dissemination and absorption of new technologies as well as their creation. In particular firms determine both the dissemination and absorption through their choices of R&D approaches. Whereas identical (broad) R&D approaches connect' firms with their R&D environment and maximize knowledge dissemination and absorptive capacities, the opposite holds for idiosyncratic R&D approaches. The model shows that competing firms choose identical R&D approaches in order to maximize knowledge flows between each other. In essence, this frees firms from the dilemma of aggressive investment in R&D. Our analysis contrasts with Kamien and Zang's (2000) finding that competing firms chose idiosyncratic R&D approaches. We demonstrate that their model also yields a Nash equilibrium for identical (broad) R&D approaches. Cooperation or Competition in R&D When Innovation and Absorption Are Costly This paper analyses cost-reducing R&D investments by firms that behave non-cooperatively or cooperatively. Firms face a trade-off between allocating their R&D investments to innovate or to imitate, i.e. to create ot to absorb new technologies. We find that the non-cooperative behavior not only induces more imitation (absorption) but also, for the most part, more innovation investments. Only the cooperative behavior, however, ensures that R&D investments are allocated efficiently to innovation and to imitation (absorption) in the sense that any given amount of industry-wide cost-reduction is obtained for the minimum overall R&D costs. Excess Absorptive Capacity and the Persistence of Monopoly This paper considers a monopolist's precommitment to absorb a potential entrant's innovation as a means of entry deterrence. This precommitment, i.e. excess absorptive capacity, always decreases the entrant's efforts to create new technologies whereas it increases (decreases) the monopolist's efforts if potential duopoly profits are low (high). If potential competition is à la Bertrand, a certain degree of excess absorptive capacity indeed suffices to render the monopolist more innovative than the entrant, such that even if the innovation is drastic, monopoly will tend to persist. More excess absorptive capacity increases the monopolist's equilibrium payoff whereas it decreases the entrant's. Knowledge Transfer in Buyer-Supplier Relationships: When It (Not) Occurs A buyer's technical knowledge may increase the efficiency of its supplier. Suppliers, however, frequently maintain relationships with additional buyers. Knowledge dissemination then bears the risk of benefiting one's own competitor due to opportunistic knowledge transmission through the common supplier. We show that in one-shot relationships no knowledge dissemination takes place because the supplier has an incentive for knowledge transmission and, in anticipation of this outcome, buyers refuse to disseminate any of their knowledge. In repeated relationships knowledge dissemination is stabilized by larger technological proximity between buyers and suppliers and destabilized by the absolute value of the knowledge. ; In Hochtechnologiesektoren zählt die Erforschung und Entwicklung von neuen Technologien zu den wichtigsten Grundlagen zum Erhalt der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit eines Unternehmens. Die mit Forschung und Entwicklung (F&E) verbundenen Entscheidungen sind sehr komplex. Dies begründet sich zum einen in der in F&E-intensiven Sektoren häufig vorzufindenden oligopolistischen Markstruktur, die strategische (d.h. zwischen den Wettbewerbern interdependente) Entscheidungsfindungen erfordert. Zum anderen fließen die Ergebnisse von F&E-Investitionen in der Regel nicht exklusiv dem investierenden Unternehmen zu, sondern erzeugen positive Externalitäten in Form von Wissensflüssen an das Umfeld, Wettbewerber eingeschlossen. In diesem Zusammenhang müssen F&E-treibende Unternehmen entscheiden, wie groß ihr F&E-Budget sein sollte, wie viel in die Absorption von externem Wissen zu investieren ist und inwiefern die Verbreitung von technischem Wissen zu fördern oder zu verhindern ist. Diese kumulative Dissertation enthält vier (spiel-) theoretische Arbeiten, die ausgewählte Entscheidungssituationen hinsichtlich der Erzeugung, Absorption und Verbreitung technischen Wissens analysieren. Arbeitspapier 1: Absorptive Capacity and Connectedness: Why Competing Firms also Adopt Identical R&D Approaches Diese Studie untersucht, ob Wettbewerber entweder ein ähnliches oder ein gegensätzliches F&E-Programm wählen. Ein ähnliches (gegensätzliches) Programm fördert (minimiert) die Wissensflüsse, d.h. Absorption und Verbreitung, zwischen den Unternehmen. Im Gegensatz zu bisherigen theoretischen Arbeiten kommt der Beitrag zu dem Ergebnis, dass Wettbewerber ein identisches F&E-Programm wählen, um gegenseitige Wissensflüsse zu maximieren. Die Intuition für dieses Ergebnis ist, dass identische Programme Doppelforschung vermeiden und die Unternehmen ferner von dem Druck befreien, durch intensive und teure F&E einen Wettbewerbsvorteil zu erlangen. Arbeitspapier 2: Cooperation or Competition in R&D When Innovation and Absorption Are Costly F&E-Aktivitäten lassen sich grob wie folgt unterscheiden. Auf der einen Seite können Unternehmen innovieren und auf der anderen Seite können sie ihre Anstrengungen darauf ausrichten, Innovationen ihrer Wettbewerber zu absorbieren (imitieren). Der Beitrag vergleicht die Investitionsentscheidungen bezüglich Innovation oder Absorption für die Fälle koordinierter und unabhängiger Entscheidungsfindung miteinander. Es zeigt sich, dass der Fall unabhängiger Entscheidungsfindung in der Regel zu mehr Innovations- und Absorptionsausgaben und entsprechend zu höherem technologischen Fortschritt führt. Dieses Ergebnis hat vor allem wettbewerbspolitische Implikationen, da koordinierte F&E-Entscheidungen zwischen Wettbewerbern gerade deshalb erlaubt werden, um F&E-Investitionen zu stimulieren. Ein zweites Ergebnis ist, dass nur koordinierte Entscheidungsfindung den Unternehmen erlaubt, ihre Ressourcen effizient zwischen Innovation und Absorption aufzuteilen. Arbeitspapier 3: Excess Absorptive Capacity and the Persistence of Monopoly Der Beitrag untersucht, inwiefern Absorptionskapazität, d.h. die Fähigkeit, externes Wissen zu identifizieren, aufzunehmen und profitabel zu nutzen, geeignet ist, den Markteintritt neuer Unternehmen zu verhindern. Ausgangspunkt ist der (viel diskutierte) Innovationswettbewerb zwischen einem etablierten Unternehmen und einem Herausforderer. Letzterer kann nur durch eine Innovation in den Markt eintreten. Im Prinzip wird das Unternehmen mit den höheren Innovationsanstrengungen den Markt (nach Innovation) dominieren. Die Studie zeigt, dass die Absorptionsfähigkeit des etablierten Unternehmens dessen eigene Innovationsanstrengungen erhöht und diejenigen des Herausforderers reduziert. Mithin bietet der Beitrag einen neuen Erklärungsansatz für die Persistenz von Monopolen. Arbeitspapier 4: Knowledge Transfer in Buyer-Supplier Relationships – When It (Not) Occurs (with Werner Bönte) Freiwilliger Wissens- oder Technologieaustausch in Kunden- Lieferantenbeziehungen kann die Effizienz des Austauschverhältnisses erhöhen. Dieses Interesse am Technologietransfer kann jedoch dadurch gemildert oder umgekehrt werden, dass Wissen an Dritte transferiert wird. Die Studie untersucht das Beispiel eines gemeinsamen Lieferanten zweier Kunden. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Kunden besser beraten sind, ihr Wissen nicht an den gemeinsamen Lieferanten weiterzugeben, weil letzterer einen Anreiz hat, erhaltenes Wissen an den jeweils anderen Kunden weiterzugeben. Es wird ferner gezeigt, dass langfristige Kunden-Lieferanten Beziehungen (wiederholte Spiele) dieses Dilemma in zweierlei Weise aufheben können. Einerseits kann der Lieferant eine 'firewall' einrichten, d.h. sicherstellen, dass nur wenig erhaltenes Wissen weitergegeben wird. Andererseits kann der Lieferant auch als eine Art Intermediär fungieren, der sicherstellt, dass jeweils gleichwertiges Wissen an die beiden Kunden transferiert wird. Tatsächlich ist dies für alle beteiligten Unternehmen die profitabelste Lösung.

Meine Arbeit reflektiert die Auseinandersetzung von Fotografen mit der Großstadt Berlin innerhalb des Zeitraumes 1871 bis 1914. Ich untersuche anhand der Fotografien die Aussagen, die sich über die Stadtwahrnehmung ihrer Zeit machen lassen. Der Wahrnehmungsrahmen der Epoche, die durch den Wilhelmismus einerseits und den Anbruch der Moderne in der Welt der Medien andererseits charakterisierbar ist, führt zu Konditionierungen von Fotografen und Rezipienten der Fotografien. Die gegenseitige Abhängigkeit dieser Elemente wird anhand ihrer fotografischen Äußerungen gezeigt und Thesen zu deren Aussagen über ästhetische Fragen, Großstadtwahrnehmung und Moderne aufgestellt. Die spezifischen Möglichkeiten des Mediums werden dabei berücksichtigt. Voraussetzung dieser Beobachtungen ist die Grundannahme, daß die Fotografen zum einen ihr eigenes Verhältnis zur Welt durch die Fotografien strukturieren (aufgrund tradierter Darstellungskanones oder aufgrund eigener Inventionen), zum anderen aber auch Welten schaffen, für die sie selbst noch keine Begriffe haben. Auf diese Weise greifen sie in die Zukunft und schaffen Bildwelten, deren Gehalte sich erst späteren Generationen eröffnen. In der Gesamtheit der betrachteten Bilder ergibt sich ein Ausschnitt der visuellen, aber daraus abgeleitet auch des kulturellen, politischen und gesellschaftlichen Kosmos der Berliner Kaiserzeit. Die Arbeit nimmt erstmals eine umfassende Bestandsaufnahme Berliner Stadt- und Architekturfotografie vor und hat zum Ziel, die Schwerpunkte des medial erfaßten Goßstadtbildes zu zeigen. Sie verweist sowohl auf die allgemein für Großstadtphotographien typischen Pheonomene (beispielsweise das für den Tourismus bestimmte, idealisierende Photo) als auch auf die zwar literarisch behandelte, jedoch nur spärlich photographisch berücksichtigte Realität der Metropole, die Armut, die Randgebiete und das nächtliche Leben. Die Gliederung der Arbeit ist thematisch und ergibt sich anhand der Untersuchung überwiegend unveröffentlichter Stadt- und Architekturfotografien (von der eleganten Lichtdruck-Mappe über die Postkarte und das Pressefoto zum privaten Schnappschuß) der acht bedeutendsten Berliner fotografischen Sammlungen. Die methodische Einführung erläutert den grundsätzlich kunsthistorischen, aufgrund des Betrachtungsgegenstandes jedoch multidisziplinären Ansatz der Arbeit. Ihr schließen sich vier Kapitel an, die folgende Schwerpunkte behandeln: 1. Die Verbreitung des Berlin-Bildes durch moderne Reproduktionsverfahren, insbesondere dem Lichtdruck und der Illustrierten Presse (Bilder des Großstadtlebens); 2. Die fotografische Verarbeitung der massiven Abbruch- und Neubauvorgänge in Berlin (Die Stadt als Palimpsest); 3. Die amateurhafte und künstlerische Reflektion von Stadtrand und Fauna im städtischen Raum (Stadt, Natur, Stadtlandschaft); und schließlich 4. Die Auseinandersetzung mit Wohnungselend in Berliner Mietskasernen durch Fotodokumentation (Das steinerne Berlin – Die andere Seite der Gesellschaft). Der Erkenntnisgewinn ergibt sich anhand von formalen, sachlichen und inhaltlichen Vergleichen des Berliner Materials mit Beispielen aus der Malerei (Natur-Kapitel), aus anderen Städten (Die andere Seite der Gesellschaft), unterschiedlicher Reproduktionsverfahren (Großstadtleben) und verschiedener Herangehensweisen (dokumentarisch/künstlerisch) von Fotografen (Palimpsest). Das Ergebnis besteht nicht allein in einer zeithistorischen Erkenntins zum So-sein von Stadt der Wilhelminischen Ära, sondern auch in der Entdeckung der Manifestation von Raumverlust und wachsender Beschleunigung im modernen urbanen Raum anhand der Bildorganisation und der Bildinhalte. ; In this study, photography is interpreted as a parameter within a cultural context and a reflector of the dramatic changes in society stirred by urbanization and industrialization in the modern age. Berlin city photographs, whether an image of a monumental landmark or of the urban periphery, equally reveal changes in the city, in its formal depiction, and in modes of visual perception. Evidence of these changes varies, looked at them as a whole body, from motion captured in images to the lost depth of space they employ in abstracting their subject. The doctoral dissertation approaches city photography based upon certain cultural and political premises. During the period following the German Empire's founding in 1871, the nation was subject to massive cultural, political, and social changes. Drastic alterations to the city's shape began to appear during the first half of the 19th century and reached a peak at its end. Berlin's face and structure changed from that of a provincial capital of the Prussian kingdom into a heavily industrialized metropolis. Photography was invented in 1839 and developed within thirty years. It moved from being a means of and subject to mostly technical experimentation and entrepreneurism to being a serious means of image-making, rivaling painting and other media. Not only for painters and etchers, but also for the press and a new group of amateur image-makers, photography became an important tool and means of expression. It provided a forum for diverse ways of city presentation, from the postcard to the snapshot to the pictorialist platinum print. This phenomenon challenged concepts of authorship and representation. From these general premises that typify transformations of European capitals into modern, industrialized places, the dissertation focuses on Berlin's situation. After an introduction to the methodological grounds for the study, Berlin city photographs are discussed in four thematic chapters that each evidence the working premises in different ways. Images of the Modern Metropolis discusses the city as a subject of commercial photographic imagery; the form and strategies of distribution of the city image; and the lively, mostly technically and scientifically oriented photography community in Berlin during the end of the 19th century. The City as Palimpsest examines the destruction and new construction of Berlin's architectural and urban fabric as how it was reflected in the photograph. It focuses on the artistic and sentimental treatment of the historic city by pictorialists and preservationists. In this chapter, the city presents itself not as a new metropolis, but as a "palimpsest", a ground for several layers of past "cities" that get destroyed and rebuilt over and over again. Photography in this context performs a stretch between serving as an objective tool of documentation and a means for idealization. An important issue of Berlin's photographic imagery is the periphery and the parks of the city. City, Nature, Cityscape reflects the presentation of nature in an urban context and the ambiguity of its representation as artistic "landscape" or mere "nature". Berlin's periphery turns out to be the playground for the most experimental approach to city photography. Photography and painting both prove to be witnesses and voices to a new artistic development which is best described as the growing importance of the banal, the random. A second subject discussed in this chapter is the increasing popularity of snapshot photography that is created during weekend excursions to Berlin's outskirts. Industrialization brought new social issues to the city's agenda. More modest than a work such as Jacob Riis' book "How the other half lives," which documented the conditions in New York's tenements, a local health insurance company in Berlin initiated a research project to bring light to the interconnection between illnesses and living conditions in that city's tenements. Stony Berlin – How the Other Half Lives compares the insurance company's study with Jacob Riis' effort and similar work in Vienna by Hermann Drawe. The approach in the Berlin case can best be described as comparatively fact-oriented and by all means "objective", whereas Riis and Drawe both used the medium from a rather editorial stance. For each of these four chapters, a small selection of photographs was made from the totality of eight major Berlin photo collections. The photographs are understood as rooted in the recognition of their complex cultural webbing; and as subjects in a dialogue with the observer. The dissertation's methodology is cultural historical, recognizing the importance of a comprehensive understanding of the medium instead of limiting its history to single individuals and their oeuvre.

Science and technology have evolved significantly within a global philosophy; models of teaching, research and work have been adopted as possible solutions for the problems of society, but they lack the necessary changing power, as we observe the continuation of the problems among the underprivileged classes, the agronomist has incorporated the innovations and demands of modernization with the aim of meeting the needs of restricted groups wich determine how the production process must be within this context. However, training which is oriented toward performance, know-how. and the accomplishment of goals and objectives proposed a priori has set the agronomist apart from the urban society, and from the small farms that practice subsistence farming, the social agriculture, which were no longer provided with solutions for their needs. The urban society has a misconcceived and partial view about the agronomist, namely, that he is a vendor of agrochemicals, unduly labeling the practice of agronomy as something bad, against tho environment and health of people. The agronomist continues to be trained on the basis of e traditionalist pedagogical approach, in which the technical knowledge is passed on by specialists. The Brazilian model of agronomy teaching does not provide for the building of professional capacity towards implementing effective alternatives in face of the crisis and the problems of today, alternatives which are needed to respond to the current challenges and demands of the different sectors of our society. Education is an intentional process, and educational action is e practice conducted by teachers in planned settings: therefore, it is possible to bring about a charge of atittude in the students, preparing, in addition to professionals, citizens who are committed to the social, economic, environmental and political reality in which we live. This work was carried in tihe progress of the program of the discipline "Agdculture 1" of the Agronomy Course at lhe State University of Ponta Grossa in the first semesters of 1998 and 1999, and aimed to facilitate a change of attitude in the students working with knowledge, skills and attitudes grounded in a methodology founded on a training for critical thinking, thus seeking a greater contribution of plant science teaching through the study of agriculture for the academic training as approached trough knowledge construction. After the closing of the activities, evaluations were conducted of the end of the term, at six months and one year, in order to find out wether the body of the knowledge, skills and attitudes of social and human character remain unchanged, are enhanced, or diluted throughout the course, and wether this new way of working contributes to the development of better professionals and citizens. It was found that the concepts do not change, and despite the difficulties in putting in place a methodology which allows for critical thinking training by means of knowledge construction, the work is feasible, and, once initiated, its effects are irreversible, and they are also the key factor when one considers tine construction of a reflective and creative student, and the shaping of a teacher who is the subject of his teaching and commited to the change. ; A ciência e a tecnologia evoluíram de forma significativa, dentro de uma filosofia global, modelos de ensino, pesquisa, e trabalho foram adotados como possíveis soluções para os problemas da sociedade, mas sem a força transformadora necessária, pois observa-se a continuidade dos problemas das classes menos favorecidas. O engenheiro agrônomo incorporou as inovações e exigências da modernização, objetivando atender as necessidades de grupos restritos que determinam como deve ser o processo produtivo dentro desta realidade. Porém a formação voltada para o desempenho, o conhecimento das técnicas, e o cumprimento de metas e objetivos previamente propostos, distanciou o engenheiro agrônomo dos meios urbano e da pequena propriedade rural que desenvolve a agricultura de subsistência, a agricultura social, que não foram mais contemplados com soluções para as suas necessidades. A sociedade urbana tem uma idéia errônea e parcial sobre o engenheiro agrônomo que é a de vendedor de agrotóxicos, vinculando indevidamente o exercício da agronomia como algo ruim, contra o meio ambiente e a saúde das pessoas. O engenheiro agrônomo continua a ser formado com base numa abordagem pedagógica tradicionalista, em que os conhecimentos técnicos são repassados por especialistas. O modelo de ensino de agronomia brasileiro não possibilita a capacitação profissional em implementar alternativas eficazes diante da crise e dos problemas da atualidade, necessários para responder aos desafios e demandas atuais dos diferentes setores da nossa sociedade. A educação é um processo intencional e a ação educativa uma prática exercida por professores em situações planejadas, portanto é possível ocasionar mudança de atitude nos acadêmicos, formando além de profissionais, cidadãos mais comprometidos com a realidade social, econômica, ambiental e política em que vivemos. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido durante o desenrolar dos conteúdos da disciplina "Agricultura I" do Curso de Agronomia da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa no primeiro semestre de 1998 e 1999 e teve por objetivos, possibilitar a mudança de atitude dos alunos trabalhando-se com conhecimentos, habilidades e atitudes alicerçados numa metodologia fundamentada na formação reflexiva crítica, buscando assim uma contribuição maior do ensino de fitotecnia através do estudo da agricultura para a formação acadêmica, abordado através da construção do conhecimento. Após o término dos trabalhos foram realizadas avaliações no final do período, aos seis meses e um ano, a fim de se verificar se os conhecimentos, habilidades e atitudes de caráter social e humano permanecem, se ampliam ou se diluem ao longo do curso e se esta nova maneira de trabalhar contribui para o desenvolvimento de melhores profissionais e cidadãos. Verificou-se que os conceitos não se alteram e apesar das dificuldades de se implantar uma metodologia que permita uma formação reflexiva crítica por meio da construção do conhecimento, o trabalho é viável, e uma vez iniciado, seus efeitos são irreversíveis e são a chave quando se pensa na construção de um aluno reflexivo e criador e na formação de um professor sujeito de seu ensino e comprometido com a mudança.

The study presents, in a schematic way, the development of the Project of Change, PC, executed in the context of the Master in Decentralization and Local Development of the University of the Americas and the German Society of Technical Cooperation, GTZ. The PC, with the Rural Parish Councils of the Saraguro canton as a target group, aimed to develop articulation mechanisms at the municipal and parochial levels, define mechanisms for the delegation of municipal services management at the parish level and the incorporation of planning parish strategy as a mechanism for the promotion of local development; all this as a consequence of the constitutional recognition of the Parochial Boards, as organisms of the autonomous sectional regime, authorized to exercise government, within the rural parochial territory. In Chapter 1 the presentation of the problem that is addressed through the PC is made; it includes a brief context analysis of Ecuadorian society, in which the institutional reforms introduced through the new political charter that goes into effect as of August 10, 1998 are framed. A brief description of the canton Saraguro is included, and the main characteristics of its people. Chapter 1 starts with definitions and concepts of decentralization and reviews the process in the country, highlighting its main advances. Then, the hypothesis that is intended to be demonstrated with the study is formulated and concludes with a delimitation of the topic addressed. Chapter 111 provides a detailed description of the pe, from its formulation process, negotiation and execution; they include the mission, objectives, results, the matrix of the PC, the work schedule, the conformation of the task team and a mapping of actors. In Chapter IV develops the concepts, methodologies and tools used during the different phases of the process. A detailed description of the applied parish strategic planning methodology is made. In Chapter V the development of the PC is written, through a detailed description of each of the phases, with emphasis on the execution phase, the results achieved, the verification of the hypotheses, as well as the difficulties experienced during the execution of the PC. Chapter VI includes the lessons learned as a consequence of the execution of the PC. An impact analysis of the PC is included and the conclusions and recommendations are presented. At the end, the bibliography and three annexes containing the instruments developed as part of the intervention process are included: Regulation of operation of the Parish Assemblies, Internal Regulation of the Parish Councils and the proposed ordinance that regulates the delegation of the management of services Municipalities to the Parochial Boards, the collection of taxes and the administration of communal goods. The text of the document includes a map of the Saraguro canton and photographs that show some moments of the process. ; El estudio presenta, de manera esquemática, el desarrollo del Proyecto de Cambio, PC, ejecutado en el contexto de la Maestría en Descentralización y Desarrollo Local de la Universidad de las Américas y la Sociedad Alemana de Cooperación Técnica, GTZ. El PC, con las Juntas Parroquiales Rurales del cantón Saraguro como grupo meta, tuvo como objetivo desarrollar mecanismos de articulación de los niveles municipal y parroquial, definir mecanismos para la delegación de la gestión de los servicios municipales al nivel parroquial y la incorporación de la planificación estratégica parroquial como mecanismo para la promoción del desarrollo local; todo esto como consecuencia del reconocimiento constitucional de las Juntas Parroquiales, como organismos del régimen seccional autónomo, habilitados para ejercer gobierno, dentro del territorio parroquial rural. En el Capítulo l se realiza la presentación del problema que se aborda a través del PC; incluye un breve análisis de contexto de la sociedad ecuatoriana, en el que se enmarcan las reformas institucionales introducidas a través de la nueva carta política que entra en vigencia a partir del 10 de agosto de 1998. Se incluye una breve descripción del cantón Saraguro, y las principales características de su gente. En el capítulo 1 se parte de definiciones y conceptos de la descentralización y se hace una revisión del proceso en el país, puntualizando sus principales avances. Luego, se formula las hipótesis que se pretenden demostrar con el estudio y concluye con una delimitación del tema abordado. En el Capítulo 111 se realiza una descripción minuciosa del pe, desde su proceso de formulación, la negociación y la ejecución; se incluyen la misión, objetivos, resultados, la matriz del PC, el cronograma de trabajo, la conformación del equipo de tarea y un mapeo de actores. En el Capítulo IV se desarrolla los conceptos, metodologías y herramientas utilizadas durante las diferentes fases del proceso. Se hace una descripción pormenorizada de la metodología de planificación estratégica parroquial aplicada. En el Capítulo V se escribe el desarrollo del PC, mediante una descripción pormenorizada de cada una de las fases, poniendo énfasis en la fase de ejecución, los resultados alcanzados, la verificación de las hipótesis, así como las dificultades vividas durante la ejecución del PC. El Capítulo VI recoge las lecciones aprendidas como consecuencia de la ejecución del PC. Se incluye un análisis de impacto del PC y se presentan las conclusiones y recomendaciones. Al final se incluyen la bibliografía y tres anexos que contienen los instrumentos desarrollados como parte del proceso de intervención: Reglamento de funcionamiento de las Asambleas Parroquiales, Reglamento Interno de las Juntas Parroquiales y la propuesta de ordenanza que regula la delegación de la gestión de los servicios municipales a las Juntas Parroquiales, la recaudación de tributos y la administración de bienes comunales. En el texto del documento se incluye un mapa del cantón Saraguro y fotografías que dan cuenta de algunos momentos del proceso.

Three main reasons convinced me of the need to write this book, and I am glad that my colleagues on the Attard Local Council were of the same mind and entrusted me with the task. My first immersion into Attard's history was provoked by the mistaken exclusion ofSant'Anton, the palace and gardens, from its historic confines, when local council boundaries were first drawn out by the central government authorities. That offended every acclimatised resident of Attard, as well as my own childhood memories, when going to Attard from Floriana meant a frolic and a picnic, feeding the swans and watching monkey acrobatics. Another hiccup had been the exclusion of a red quadrant from Attard's traditional coat-of-arms by a heraldic expert not conversant with the simmering strengths of local history. Both these inadvertant errors were later rectified, but not before or without a sustained engagement in battle, armed by the pen of course, not the sword. Another instigation to get started on at least a modest pioneering work of this kind came from the constant quizzing I was having to put up with about Attard from several new colleagues and friends at the Council of Europe as well as professional contacts I was beginning to make in other countries when on mission. Having headed Malta's Delegation to the Strasbourg-based Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe since its inception in 1994, I became much involved in this sphere of activity nationally and internationally. But what the Council of Europe always recognises and emphasises above all is the local provenance and the electoral base of members of the European Congress. In participation lists, speeches and reports I therefore invariably carried behind me, like a tail, the tag: "Mayor of Attard". Those who hardly knew where Malta was knew still less about Attard, but even among those who had come to Malta they would mostly remember the seaside tourist resorts or the casino, Valletta or perhaps Mdina, rather than a place like Attard, unless they happened to have stayed at the Corinthia Palace Hotel or been stopped by their tour coach at Sant'Anton for a walk-about in the gardens. Almost without exception, there was never a profile of the place or its inhabitants in their memories of Malta. While I was often presented with books or booklets by other Mayors or Councillors about their respective municipalities, I was never in a position to reciprocate such a gesture, nor of course could any of my Council colleagues if faced by a similar situation. The third and perhaps gravest reason for this little book however was the difficulty which many residents have had to identify the areas which made up Attard or to know where many of the streets themselves were located or what they were called. Often enough, for example, they would be unaware of the different areas that made up the place, and altogether unfamiliar with the names of the streets. Naturally my own work commitment in the context of the Local Council was itself an enriching experience on a human, operational and indeed an historical level. I too was on a learning curve, so I felt increasingly obliged and propelled to share that growth with fellow residents and citizens, but also to help Attard get out of its shell and be better known and appreciated, as it well deserved to be. In compiling data for this book I have relied on the generous assistance of so many people, mostly Attard residents. Too many to mention here, but I must at least list alphabetically all those who have kindly agreed to submit written notes, articles or pamphlets, or respond to queries of one kind or another. These have included, among others, Ms Joyce Abela, Mr. Edward Agius, Mr. Franco Azzopardi, Mr. Nicholas Azzopardi, Fra Andrew Bertie, Mr. Roger Vella Bonavita, Or. Giovanni Bonello, Mr. Lino Bonnici, Mr. Joe Borg, Ms Mary Ooris Borg, Mr. Norman Borg, Or. Mario Buhagiar, Ms. Maria Carmela Camilleri, Mr. Charlie Camilleri, Or. Paul Cassar, Prof. J. Cremona, Mr. Maurice Oegiorgio, Sour Anna M. Oemanuele, Mr. Justice Franco Oepasquale, Mr. Arthur Oimech, Mr. Carmelo Oingli, Mr. Mario Ellul, Mr. Michael Ellul, Rev. Carmelo Farrugia, Mr. Paul Fenech, Mr. Patrick Galea, Ms Maureen German, Mr. Herman Grech, Mr. Reuben Grima, His Eminence the Apostolic Nuncio Mgr. Jose' Sebastian Laboa, Mr. Carmel Mallia, Mr. John Manduca, His Excellency President Ugo Mifsud Bonnici, Mr. Joseph Muscat, Ms Evelyn Pullicino, Mr. Anton Quintano, Or. Joseph R. Saliba, Mr. Tony Sammur, Mr. Keith Sciberras, Mr. Michael C Spiteri, Dr. Oonald Sultana, Mr. TonyTerribile, Mr. Gerald de Trafford, Or. Horatio CR. Vella, Ms Josianne Vella Bardon, Mr. Abel Zammit, Mr. Frankie Zammit and Mr. Winston Zammit. I am most grateful to all the elected members of the Attard Local Council for their support, and for agreeing that the Council pay the printing costs. I am specifically grateful, for their local knowledge and contacts, to the Deputy Mayor, Mr. Gerald Borg, and to Councillor Joseph Mifsud, both of whom were born and raised in Attard. In thanking all the Council's members of staff I must reserve a special thank you for another 'native child of the village', our clerk Ms Marica Mifsud, who also typed in many additions and corrections to my draft texts. I am much indebted to the members of the Editorial Board for their technical advice and constant encouragement, especially Mr. Lionel Cassola, Ms Tanya Muscat and Ms Christine Vella Borda who also did the setting, while the first of these also took most of the photographs appearing here. Others were taken by the photographers Mr.Tony Mangion and Mr. Gino Galea as well as by Mr. Joseph Stellini from the office, and myself. Finally I wish heartily to thank all those officials of Artard's constituted bodies and their assistants who responded to the call for lists of their respective club presidents so that these could be included as appendices in a comprehensive manner between two covers for the first time. Naturally, I assume full responsibility for any oversights or errors in the text. ; peer-reviewed