Suchergebnisse

Abstract
The year 2017 was eventful for the EU and its member states. Given the widespread Euroscepticism and populism which appeared to be on the rise last year, election results in the Netherlands, France and Germany were greeted with relief and hope for the future. The EU was in an optimistic mood. European Commission President Jean- Claude Juncker used his State of the European Union speech in September to note that the EU had the 'wind in its sails' (Juncker, 2017). At the same time, he cautioned that the fair weather conditions would not last long - there was no room for complacency. The EU had to act to protect, empower and defend its citizens. The EU moved forward on a number of policy fronts in the wake of the Brexit vote and also concluded high-profile international trade deals in an effort to fill the vacuum left by the protectionist policies of the Trump administration.

Tobacco consumption, as well as the consumption of any other psychoactive substances, lead to addictions, which is a serious problem that modern societies have to face. To reduce the negative consequences of nicotine consumption and to provide sustainable development, many governments, in both developed as well as developing countries, adopt policies to reduce tobacco production and consumption. For example, they implement various health programs to combat addiction, and they also provide appropriate financial and fiscal resolutions. Any actions taken at different decision-making levels are often bounded with economic and financial policies of a particular state, including fiscal policy. State interventionism concerning tobacco is most visible in developed countries such as the US, Canada, and European Union countries. Developing countries and Asian countries have also started to introduce regulations concerning tobacco consumption on a large scale in response to the negative effects of nicotinism. The main aim of the paper is to show consumption trends as well as the fiscal and price policies of tobacco products. The theoretical part is supplemented by data from reports and analyses presented by the World Health Organization (WHO).

This article provides an overview of cases decided by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) concerning contract law. The present issue covers the period between mid-January 2018 and mid-July 2018.

Defence date: 30 January 2017 ; Examining Board: Professor Loïc Azoulai, Sciences Po Paris (Supervisor); Professor Marco Dani, University of Trento/LSE; Professor Gareth Davies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Professor Hans-Wolfgang Micklitz, European University Institute ; The picture presented and often referred to in EU internal market law and legal scholarship is clear. Within the internal market private actors are the recipients of rights and public authorities are constrained in their (regulatory) powers. The notion of this new individualism is bound up with capacities, powers, and resources that empower private actors to engage in the internal market and cross-border situations;ultimately serving the objectives the internal market seeks to attain. Yet, within thinew individualism a conceptually different class of private actors has emerged that is constrained in economic freedoms, i.e. through obligations, rather than being empowered in the context of the internal market. This thesis will enquire the reasons that led to the development of this counter-culture. Why did it emerge? To what extent does this phenomenon affect the roles of private actors in the internal market? I will demonstrate that under the counter-culture private actors are responsibilized and transformed into 'competent authorities', i.e. alternative forms of regulatory authority, in the internal market. Private actors are placed into systems of shared responsibilities the relationships of which are coordinated by EU internal market law. In this regard, the concept of responsibility will serve as a tool to bridge the gap between the new positions EU internal market law allocates to private actors and the emerging legal consequences, i.e. allocation of obligations or tasks. The legal contexts of EU free movement law, EU discrimination law, EU food safety law and EU data protection law will serve as case studies against which the construed conceptual framework will be tested. Under the counter-culture the new individualism is no longer only about the exercise of self-interests. Rather, this form of the new individualism comes with a requirement to give account to the interests of other actors within the internal market.

Agricultural sector of polish national economy is an example of entrepreneurship - especially individual one, dealing with underdevelopment of technological, intellectual and institutional infrastructure what is a serious threat to the usage of potential of the financial resources available due to polish membership in the European Union. The possibility of gaining financial support and entering the European market caused dynamic increase in the number of entities engaged in agricultural activities with ecological characteristics - in Poland and whole EU- and mainly this sector of production is treated with priority in currently realized Common Agricultural Policy in European Union countries. At the same time it should be remarked that managing agricultural companies is aimed at achieving their specific goals of a financial nature - as in other sectors of the national economy. The main aim of this thesis is to show the impact of financial support coming from European Union budget on the pace of development of the organic sector in Poland compared to other European Union countries. To fulfill the aim of the thesis the available financial mechanisms (the level of support, the main criteria for accesses) were characterized as well as legal aspects regulating them on the national level and in selected EU countries. General issues included provide also the characteristics of the problem of European market of ecological products. The study contains an assessment of the current use of the financial resources of the EU (after accession to the EU, i.e. 2004) addressed to organic farming. The thesis has been prepared based on the analysis of subject literature, applicable laws, as well as the documents / reports prepared by the major stakeholders in the country and EU responsible for gaining and gathering information on country level as well as chosen EU countries. In the thesis a comparative analysis has been carried out as well as tabular - numerical analysis with regard to the volatility during the analyzed events. The observed absorption of EU financial resources in the agricultural sector in all European countries - especially in recent years in Poland- shows how big are the needs for financial support of agricultural production for sustaining for example the stability of market prices of food products. In the era of increasing consumer awareness on the rational nutrition we observe revival of market of organic products. However the increase in market absorptive capacity is the only factor determining the development of ecological agriculture? Or are there any other financial support mechanisms? High subsidy rates (an average of approx. 950 PLN/ha and growing every year, with an average area of ecological farms above 20 ha) caused a significant increase in the number of ecological farms (within 10 years of joining the EU over 1400%). It is reasonable to assume that as long as there will be economic incentives, business farmers will be interested in the transition to an ecological way of farming, an example of which are other EU countries.

Originally published in 1976, Democracy and Government in European Trade Unions is a detailed and practical examination of the organisational structure and internal control of trade unions in 8 Western European countries. It provides an introduction to the characteristics and styles of trade unionism in Europe. Written at a time when the international dimension of trade unionism had taken on a new significance, this comprehensive study explains and compares fundamental issues of union organisation and administration. The relationship between individual unions and the national confederations is described and the internal operation of unions in the engineering, textile and railway unions of the various countries examined. This guide to the ways and means of European trade unionism during the 1970s will be of interest to students of industrial relations and trade unionists.