Suchergebnisse

Although women are as well educated as men, they do not reach a proportion in management that reflects their workforce share. Obviously, different actors' policies are required to help promote women to leading positions. This paper addresses the question of whether the introduction and existence of special promotion programs for women impact the probability of reaching a management position. Social role and expectation state theory argue why it is difficult for women to rise to leadership positions. On the organisational level, the "homophily principle" leads to state dependence which is one explanation for the persistence of male leadership. Hence, it is argued that women need special opportunities to demonstrate their skills. Mentoring programs could be one way to support women in their careers. In multivariate analyses, probit models are estimated to model the influence of promotion programs on the probability of reaching a leading position. The estimations are based on a German linked employer-employee dataset of almost 142,000 women employed in 3,240 establishments. The dataset covers the time from 2008 to 2014 and allows to control for individual and firm-specific variables. The results show that the introduction of women-friendly policies increases the probability of reaching a managerial position, whereas the existence of such programs does not have an impact.

Mary Quade -- Old Iron: A RestorationMaureen Stanton -- All Flesh Is Grass; Karen Salyer McElmurray -- Driven; Ana Maria Spagna -- More Than Noise; Stage and World; Debra Marquart -- The Microphone Erotic; Elizabeth MacLeod Walls -- I, Phone; Melissa A. Goldthwaite -- Body, Camera, Self; Diana Salman -- Lebanese Airwaves; Monica Berlin -- Remembered Is Misremembered, Then Turns; The Writer's Studio; Jen Hirt -- Swingline Nine; Sue William Silverman -- The Qwertyist; Karen Outen -- On Typing and Salvation; Nikky Finney -- Inquisitor and Insurgent: Black Woman with Pencil, Sharpened; Contributors.

AbstractWomen around the world, in various geographic spaces, social and cultural contexts, as partners, wives, sisters, daughters, mothers, mourners, and victims experience war. Women's experience of war and their participation in it, either as actors or resistors, victims or perpetrators (Moser and Clark 2001), cheerleaders or critics, are always influenced by the construction of gender operating in and around their lives. While constructions of masculinity and femininity are always circulating in and around militarism and war, women's bodies are sometimes primary considerations for military and state leaders; this creates a visibility/invisibility/hyper‐visibility problem for women in wartime. In this essay, women's participation in war as soldiers, refugees, prisoners, jailers, activists, and suicide bombers and the accompanying shift in the practice of femininity and masculinity is explored.