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Examines the social functions of attitude dative pronouns in four Arabic dialects Analysing data from a variety of sources, including soap operas, movies, plays, talk shows and other audiovisual material, this book examines attitude datives - pragmatic markers that deal with interpersonal attitudes and relations - in Levantine Arabic. It examines four types of attitude dative in context to deepen our understanding of the interaction between social dimensions and pragmatic markers. Using data from Syrian, Lebanese, Jordanian and Palestinian dialects it provides a valuable non-European perspective on language use.Documents the phenomenon of attitude datives in four Levantine Arabic dialectsUtilises data from a variety of sources including soap operas, movies, plays, talk showsExamines four types of attitude datives: topic/affectee-oriented, speaker-oriented, hearer-oriented, and subject-orientedAnalyses the evaluative and relational functions of attitude datives as interpersonal pragmatic markers in their social contexts

This article presents key findings from an interpretive policy analysis of the role that national security ideologies have played in the implementation of federal language education policies in the United States. To better understand this relationship, the study focuses on the case of Arabic language programs supported by Title VI between 1958 and 1991. Specifically, the author argues that assessing how policy relevant actors have enacted past language education policies explicitly linked to national security contributes to meeting two goals: 1) better understanding contemporary language education policies forged in the name of national security; and 2) helping clarify current debates about the most effective basis on which to advocate for language education, indeed for a more multilingual and just society. (DIPF/Orig.) ; Der Autor setzt sich in seinem Artikel an Ereignissen der jüngeren amerikanischen Geschichte an: am offensiven Rekurs auf Interessen nationaler Sicherheit in aktuellen bildungspolitischen Debatten über den schulischen Fremdsprachenunterricht im Kontext des zweiten Irakkrieges. Der Artikel präsentiert Ergebnisse einer interpretativen Policy-Studie, die der Frage nachgeht, welche Rolle nationale Sicherheitsideologien für sprachliche Bildungsprogramme in den USA spielen. Der Fokus liegt auf Programmen zum Erwerb der arabischen Sprache, die im Rahmen des sogenannten "Title VI"-Programms zwischen 1958 und 1991 umgesetzt wurden. Damit sucht der Autor zu einem genaueren Verständnis aktueller Verbindungen von Sprachbildungspolitik mit nationalen Sicherheitsinteressen wie der Kontroverse über die effektive Gestaltung von Spracherziehung - auch unter Zielen einer mehrsprachigen und gerechten Gesellschaft - beizutragen. (DIPF/Orig.)

The first systematic survey of the language planning and language policy discourse of major Arabic language academiesSurveys the language planning and language policy discourse of the five major Arabic language academies in Syria, Egypt, Iraq, Morocco and JorndanReveals the role of LPLP in constructing and negotiating sociopolitical meanings of languageExamines the discourse of Arabic language academies on diglossia, Arabi(ci)sation and language modernisationPresents a comparative study of script Romanisation movements in China and the Arabic-speaking worldExplains a mechanism of language-ideology interface in the Arabic-speaking worldOffers a synthesis of theories and perspectives across disciplines to study sociopolitical dimensions of languageThis book offers a critical interpretation of how the meta-linguistic LPLP discourse of major Arabic language academies from the turn of the twentieth century until the present day continuously 'burden' language with extra-linguistic, sociopolitical meanings, making it a proxy for the protracted courses of national identity negotiation, counter-peripheralisation in the modern world-system and modernisation. Integrating theories of language symbolism, language indexicality, LPLP, habitus, banal nationalism, world-system and perspectives of Critical Discourse Analysis, the book develops our understanding of the phenomenon and mechanism of the entanglement between language, ideology and sociopolitical change in the Arabic-speaking world and beyond

Based on an analysis of a corpus of Arabic e-commerce websites, this article investigates the use of figurative language in e-business texts. While our focus is on metaphors, we also incorporate the related concept of metonymy to explain the data. Using the theoretical framework of cognitive linguistics and discourse analysis, we examine the linguistic and conceptual metaphors used in e-commerce texts. The empirical analysis demonstrates that the metaphor of COMPANIES ARE LIVING ORGANISMS is the most prevailing one and provides the cognitive frame within which the e-commerce texts are constructed. Entailments and specifications of this cognitive metaphor further structure the texts. Other cognitive metaphors that underlie the text are those of a FORWARD MOVEMENT, PATH—GOAL, and COMPANIES ARE COMPLEX STRUCTURES. On a more general level, we show that despite the fact that the e-commerce text is in Arabic, the underlying cognitive framework is not much different from that in other Western languages. We do, however, find some linguistic strategies that attempt to make the text sound more typically Arabic.

Teaching Arabic as a foreign language is very specific for different reasons. The main obstacle in searching for the optimal and effective teaching model for the Arabic language is the pronounced diglossia, a situation in which two languages or two forms of a language are used simultaneously under different conditions, formal and functional in a community, that is to say "higher" literary/standard Arabic and a "lower one" which encompasses numerous regional dialects. As a foreign language, Arabic has been taught all over the world, primarily at the university level, but the priority has always been given to a "higher language". It is also dominant in teaching nowadays but in creating curricula for teaching Arabic, more attention has been paid to relating the opposites of diglossia with the main speech dialects.

AbstractThis paper examines the conventional linguistic practices involved in everyday hospitality situations. We compare offers in Arabic and English and, rather than focusing on the differences between the ways interactants in these two cultures make offers, we challenge the notion that offering is in essence differently handled in the two languages. We argue instead that we should focus just as much on the similarities between the ways offers are made, since no two cultural/linguistic groups are diametrically opposed. Furthermore, no cultural or linguistic group can be argued to be homogeneous. Through a detailed analysis of four naturally occurring hospitality encounters, we explore the nature and sequencing of offering and receiving hospitality in each cultural community and discuss the extent to which offers and refusals are conventionalized in each language. In this way we hope to develop a more contextual discursive approach to cross-cultural politeness research. Drawing on Spencer-Oatey's notion of sociality face, we examine the conventions for being hospitable in order to appear sincere. A qualitative analysis of the data reveals that, while there are similarities in offering behaviour in both English and Arabic, in Arabic, the interactional moves of insisting and refusing are slightly more conventionalized. This however does not constitute a radical difference between the offering norms of these two cultural groups.

Standard Arabic is directly derived from the language of the Quran. The Arabic language of the holy book of Islam is seen as the prescriptive benchmark of correctness for the use and standardization of Arabic. As such, this standard language is removed from the vernaculars over a millennium years, which Arabic-speakers employ nowadays in everyday life. Furthermore, standard Arabic is used for written purposes but very rarely spoken, which implies that there are no native speakers of this language. As a result, no speech community of standard Arabic exists. Depending on the region or state, Arabs (understood here as Arabic speakers) belong to over 20 different vernacular speech communities centered around Arabic dialects. This feature is unique among the so-called "large languages" of the modern world. However, from a historical perspective, it can be likened to the functioning of Latin as the sole (written) language in Western Europe until the Reformation and in Central Europe until the mid-19th century. After the seventh to ninth century, there was no Latin-speaking community, while in day-to-day life, people who employed Latin for written use spoke vernaculars. Afterward these vernaculars replaced Latin in written use also, so that now each recognized European language corresponds to a speech community. In future, faced with the demands of globalization, the diglossic nature of Arabic may yet yield a ternary polyglossia (triglossia): with the vernacular for everyday life; standard Arabic for formal texts, politics, and religion; and a western language (English, French, or Spanish) for science, business technology, and the perusal of belles-lettres. ; Publisher PDF ; Peer reviewed

Lexicography, the art and craft of dictionary-making, is as old as writing. Since its very early stages several thousands of years ago, it has helped to serve basically the every-day needs of written communication among individuals in communities speaking different languages or different varieties of the same language. Two general approaches are distinguished in the craft of dictionary-making: the semasiological and the onomasiological. The former is represented by usually-alphabetical dictionaries as such, i.e. their being inventories of the lexicon, while the latter is manifested in thesauruses.
English and Arabic have made use of both approaches in the preparation of their dictionaries, each having a distinct aim ahead. Within the confines of each language, an approach may yield various trends as to, for instance, the arrangement of entries within a dictionary.
The present paper aims at distinguishing the various trends in writing dictionaries in both English and Arabic. By so doing, it is hoped that the bases on which variation has relied are arrived at in order to provide the appropriate explanations of how and why differences have followed. To achieve this aim, an expository critical account of the approaches to the compilation of monolingual dictionaries in English and Arabic is presented; reference to bi-lingual dictionaries is going to be made appropriately, however. These trends, or schools, within each approach followed a certain system in compiling its representative dictionaries.

This article deals with the topic of the referential phenomenon in fictional grammar, as it is the most important component of the modern linguistics lesson and a necessary element to determine the consistency, harmony and coherence of the text in a functional way. The author started by defining the referral phenomenon, explaining its importance and function, defining its patterns and tools.Then, he applied the referral functions to Surat "Ya-Sin".
If this phenomenon appears to be a crucial element in the development of modern Arabic language lessons, then it should be studied and given the value it deserves.