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The need to understand innovation in public sector environments is growing. There is also a need to build theory, test it empirically and compare across jurisdictions. This article aims to understand the factors that have an impact on innovation capacity. It examines the self-rated innovation capacity of three European city governments – Barcelona, Copenhagen and Rotterdam – in regard to innovation drivers (structures, processes and contextual factors), external networking (levels of communication outside the municipality) and leadership qualities. Results from an online survey of senior administrators in the cities ( n = 323) was used to empirically analyse the relationships between these using a structural equation model. Leadership has a stronger effect than innovation drivers and external networking on self-rated innovation capacity for these three city governments. Points for practitioners Public sector innovation is a very important topic for public managers as the expectations on government agencies increase. Innovation capacity is related to innovation drivers and barriers, the amount of contact that individuals have with others outside their organization, and leadership. This empirical study of three cities shows that leadership has a bigger effect on innovation capacity than the structures, processes and contextual factors that drive innovation, as well as the amount of external contact that public managers have outside their organizations. In addition, for Barcelona and Copenhagen, the network governance and transformational types have the biggest effect on innovation, while for Rotterdam, it is the entrepreneurial type followed by the network governance type.

Launching smart city activities and projects requires political support. For sustainable approaches, a concrete strategy, and leadership endorsement from the municipal government is crucial. In accordance with the most prevalent definitions of a smart city, postulating that a city must enhance quality of life and provide benefits to the people living and working there, this book chapter focuses on one specific aspect of public value, the value it can bring to citizens. Through discussion of earlier theoretical approaches and empirical evidence, we provide a framework to better capture, analyze and model value creation in a given municipal ecosystem. By analyzing two different cases- Amsterdam and Winterthur - it becomes clear that "smartness" is not just a state to be achieved, but rather the enablement of processes that continuously and dynamically change the city, improving quality of life by providing different benefits and amenities. The key enablers to develop an ecosystem for a smarter city strategy involve Private-Public-Partnership models, the direct involvement of citizens, the availability of data infrastructures, and social interaction platforms.

This study explored sociopolitical control among parents of school‐age children in a suburban municipality of a large post‐socialist city. The participants completed a questionnaire that asked them about their sense of sociopolitical control in terms of leadership competence and policy control, as well as about other aspects of their lives, including mental health. The findings show that the participants have a greater sense of sociopolitical control in terms of leadership competence than in terms of policy control. Moreover, the findings show that voting in the last presidential election and degree of depression influenced negatively the sense of leadership competence among parti‐cipants. Within the context of empowerment, the findings have implications for practice which focuses on consumer‐based activities that allow citizens more leadership opportunities and control at the local level. Future research is needed that replicates this study, taking into account its limitations. In order for citizens in post‐socialist countries to create civil societies at the same time that they implement market economies, they must be empowered. Some evidence suggests that several factors, including mental health problems, may influence the sense of empowerment among citizens in post‐socialist coun‐tries. Within the context of empowerment, this study examines sociopolitical control among citizens in a suburb of a large post‐socialist city. The findings in the study have implications for social welfare practice in this city and for future research.

A NUMBER OF FACTORS WHICH DRAW ATTENTION TO THE STATES ARE EXAMINED. THE POST OF CHIEF MINISTER OF A STATE GOVERNMENT, THE MENTRI BESAR, HAS BEEN A PRINCIPAL STEPPING STONE TOWARD A FEDERAL CABINET PORTFOLIO AND THUS CENTRAL PARTY LEADERSHIP. IN ADDITION, RELIGION IS NOT AS OBSOLETE AS OFTEN ASSUMED; IT IS A CHIEF VEHICLE FOR POLITICAL MOBILIZATION.

Summary
As the 75th anniversary of the United Nations occurs during one of the worst health and economic crises in modern history, multilateralism is weakened by the renewed unilateralism of major powers. International co-operation regarding the COVID-19 pandemic has been limited. This mirrors similar gridlock in collective responses to migration, climate change and humanitarian situations. Meanwhile, cities have been filling gaps in leadership. In responding to the pandemic, cities have been leveraging global co-operation to ensure a successful immediate response and shape the economic recovery. Yet as cities have attempted to insert an urban voice into the traditional multilateral system on global challenges, they have struggled to influence global policy-making. This essay examines how the COVID-19 crisis exposes the implications for the multilateral system of the growing role of cities, and how cities and their networks can adjust their current activities to maximise progress in addressing transnational challenges.

Adoption of a single metropolitan government for Nashville and Davidson County in 1962, at a time when many metro reform proposals have been rejected elsewhere, provides an opportunity to examine the role of professional political leaders in its formulation and adoption. Thirty years of Nashville suburban spillover without annexation led to the familiar pattern of a service vacuum, inequalities, rivalries, and confused responsibility. During the 1950's, two surveys by professional staffs, working closely with the Nashville mayor and a rival Davidson County judge, led to a proposal for major structural change (city-county consolidation) which was en dorsed by both the mayor and the judge. Their support was undoubtedly helpful in the 1958 metro campaign, but it was rejected by the voters outside Nashville. Two windfall issues —annexation and an auto tax—and the opposition of the Nashville mayor contributed to a new and successful metro vote in 1962. The Nashville experience indicates that active involvement of rival professional political leaders in all stages of a metro reform movement is possible, is not necessarily a kiss of death, does not prevent "radical reform," and may actually constitute a tactical advantage for metropolitan reformers.

Smart Cities have been in the focus of scientific community, states, and city authorities for over decade now. Unprecedented urbanization rates are forcing governments to think about how to provide comfortable and safe living in high population density regions. Our research shows that this subject is making its way to priority matter of regional integration associations around the globe. For instance, the European Union (EU) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) are already implementing joint projects and initiatives in the field of smart cities. It is expected that due to the development of the digital agenda of the Eurasian Economic Union smart cities will be discussed within the EAEU. Regarding these trends, the authors raise a research question whether Russia, taking advantage of such strategic advantages as geographical remoteness from global innovation hubs, cultural and historical multidimensional ties, and relying on rich experience in the development of smart city technologies, can effectively compete with foreign technology suppliers and achieve technological leadership in the Eurasian region. We apply a comprehensive methodology based on the methods of Gartner, NASA and PM Solutions to derive the empirical data and evidence-based conclusions on market structure, industry and geographical breakdowns and evaluate Russia's technological prospects in the region for the following decade.

Purpose
This paper aims to investigate sustainability research collaborations between the City of Vancouver and the University of British Columbia (UBC), as a case study to better understand how to use city–university partnerships to advance effective urban sustainability policy and practices. The study compiles a basic inventory of partnerships since 2010, describes their benefits, areas for improvement, barriers to collaboration and proposes ways to increase and improve future collaborations.


Design/methodology/approach
The study draws on an electronic survey completed by 58 individuals and interviews with 13 such participants who were faculty members and staff at UBC and Vancouver.


Findings
Most collaborations responded to climate change in some way, were initiated through informal professional relationships and involved single departments in each organization. Projects ranged in size, duration and level of municipal funding. Although project participants were generally happy with past experiences, future collaborations could be improved by increasing leadership commitment and resources and producing more mutually beneficial outcomes. Barriers included lacking awareness of potential partners, difficulty aligning municipal needs with academic research interests and divergent expectations about project resources. The study recommends introducing formal processes to help identify overlapping interests and opportunities, enhance co-creation of projects and increase leadership and resources.


Practical implications
The findings may inform the development and implementation of future city–university partnerships to advance sustainable policies and practices in urban areas.


Originality/value
This paper contributes by reviewing experiences with city–university collaborations and offering evidence-based recommendations to improve them, thereby increasing opportunities for more effective urban sustainability solutions.

On the basis of findings from other res, the implication (inherent in models of behavior causations) that there is a lack of consensus as to the ideal in a leader, inconsistencies within the ideal conception, & the intrusion of noncultural factors such as soc interaction & personality factors, the following hyp's are tested: (1) R's' perception of the real qualities of leaders will differ from their perceptions of the ideal qualities of community leaders; (2) 'the culture of leadership would emphasize achieved rather than ascribed characteristics of individuals as a basis of leadership'; & (3) there would be a consensus on the ideal if not on the real qualities of leaders among the leaders of the communities studied, & according to diff age, occup'al & residence categories. The data were collected in 3 city-county community studies (see SA 2317/D1303, D1304 & D1305). Findings indicate that hyp's (1) & (2) are confirmed, but hypothesis (3) was only partially confirmed. Leaders agreed generally on the importance of ideal factors, but there was less agreement by age-groups, & by community-age groups. 3 conclusions are drawn: (a) A well-defined culture of leadership is found in the medium-sized Southern cities tested. (b) Strong evidence indicates that community leaders see a dissimilarity between actual qualities of leaders & culturally prescribed qualities. (c) The cultural ideal posited by the community-leader R's is in agreement with what is called the 'major value orientation in the US.' Some implications re cultural lag & cultural lead are discussed. A. Heinrich.

The rapid advancement of technology 4.0 has resulted in significant changes in society's lifestyle, bringing both benefits and complex issues, including those in higher education. To address these challenges, university leaders play a crucial role in leveraging digital technology toward a better future. This study aims to assess the implementation of digital leadership in achieving a world-class university in the era of Industry 4.0 in state universities in Malang City. Using a quantitative approach and survey research design, the study's population comprises students and lecturers from four state universities in Malang City. From the population of 151,921, 347 respondents were selected using Isaac and Michael's (1983) formula with a 5% error rate. The study collected data through a questionnaire and analyzed it using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel to present descriptive data on the perspectives of the three parties. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) used in this study tested the hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the implementation of digital leadership in state universities in Malang City. The results revealed a significant difference in the implementation of digital leadership. The academic community in state universities in Malang City strongly agreed that their leaders need to provide the necessary information systems to achieve digital leadership toward a world-class university. However, digital leadership is not yet comprehensively implemented.

On 21 June 2005, the government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) appointed Hong Kong's top official, Donald Tsang Yam-kuen, new leader of the former British colony. Tsang replaces former shipping magnate Tung Chee-hwa who had resigned under Peking's pressure two years before the end of his term after a series of misjudgements. In 2003, Tung's approval rating had dramatically fallen amidst the backdrop of a continued recession and unsuccessful attempts to amend the territory's internal security laws. Whereas Hong Kong's economy has since recovered, contradictions inherent in the 'one country, two systems' formula between the PRC leadership's interest in an apolitical city under central control on the one hand and the 'high level of autonomy' granted the territory on the other have not been reconciled.(SWP Comments / SWP)

AbstractThis analysis explores the role of city‐level and state‐level variables to explain why some cities make more progress on climate‐related policy implementation than others. Using multilevel modeling, we find little support for the influence of state factors on local government leadership among the 812 cities in the dataset, but local government institutional and community variables are strongly associated with climate policy initiatives. We argue for a rethinking of the notion of the limited and constrained city and suggest that, in the realm of climate protection and environmental policy, cities are leading a bottom‐up federalism. Moreover, where some political analysts and scholars have argued that climate protection and environmental policies may not be economically rational for cities to pursue, we theorize that cities are acting locally to further their self‐interest in an increasingly global economy.

The authors examine changes in representation by place (central city, suburbs, nonmetropolitan areas) in the U.S. House of Representatives between 1963 and 1994, focusing on change in the representation and influence of central cities. Using a newly constructed data set, this study presents changes in central-city representation in aggregate as well as by region and metropolitan-area population size. The authors then explore the implications of these changes for the influence of central cities in the House over this time period. After examining change in the control of positions of authority-committee and subcommittee chairs and leadership positions-by central-city representatives, changes in central-city influence with respect to votes on the House floor are assessed.

Almost all U.S. cities are established by state charter as either mayor-council or council-manager cities. For decades, these two legal-statutory categories have been used by researchers as dichotomous variables in descriptions of city government form and in statistical equations. This study indicates that the mayor-council and council-manager categories, although legally based, mask several important empirical characteristics of U.S. city government. Using a large data set, the authors indicate that the structures of U.S. cities are surprisingly dynamic. Cities tend to change their structures incrementally. Over time, cities with mayor-council statutory platforms will incrementally adapt many of the characteristics of council-manager form cities to improve their management and productivity capabilities. Over time, cities with council-manager statutory platforms will adopt features of mayor-council form cities to increase their political responsiveness, leadership, and accounting capabilities. Because each of the two legal forms of cities adopts primary features of the other, these cities now constitute a third form of the U.S. city—the adapted city.

This report concludes that, although evidence is mixed and effects difficult to measure, consolidating the City of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County could enhance economic development by unifying leadership, improving policy direction and coordination, and