Suchergebnisse

Research on the causal factors underlying sex offender recidivism has not considered the success or failure of the reintegration process by which the offender rejoins the community after prison. The authors developed a coding protocol to measure the quality and comprehensiveness of reintegration planning for sex offenders. The protocol was retrospectively applied to groups of recidivists and nonrecidivists who were matched on static risk level and follow-up time. The protocol demonstrated adequate reliability. Compared to nonrecidivists, recidivists had significantly lower scores relating to accommodation, employment, and the Good Lives Model secondary goods, as well as lower total reintegration plan scores. ANCOVAs showed that when IQ and level of sexual deviance were controlled for, accommodation (a place to live) was significantly related to sexual recidivism and the Good Lives Model—secondary goods was significantly related to any recidivism. These results suggest that poor reintegration planning may be a risk factor for recidivism.

This study compared subgroups of juvenile sex offenders (JSOs) who victimized children (child offenders), peers (peer offenders), or both children and peers (mixed offenders) on sexual and nonsexual offense history, treatment outcomes, and recidivism to determine if these are distinct and valid subgroups. Though the group of mixed offenders was small, results showed that they exhibited a more diverse and more physically intrusive sexual offense history than the other JSOs and were less likely to successfully complete treatment. Sexual and nonsexual recidivism rates of mixed offenders did not differ from the other subgroups despite subgroup differences in juvenile sexual and nonsexual criminal records. However, differences in sexual recidivism rates of child versus peer offenders were found when the mixed offenders were either excluded from the sample or combined with child offenders. The results highlight the need to include mixed offenders in future research examining the etiology of sexual offending, treatment, and recidivism of JSOs.

University of Maryland, Baltimore. Social Work. Ph.D. 2000 ; Passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, more popularly known as "welfare reform", has been considered the most drastic overhaul of the welfare system since its inception. Perhaps the most radical feature of this legislation is limiting adults to a total of five years of welfare benefits, which can either be five consecutive years, or an accumulation of sixty months with the recipient's status periodically moving from welfare dependent to independent. Lost in the public affirmations of the success of welfare reform is the fact that Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) presents a swinging door for many people. Estimates of the number of welfare recidivists are universally high, ranging from 34% to more than 50%. Given these high numbers, and the ticking of the five year clock imposed by the TANF legislation, it is imperative to identify individuals most likely to become recidivists, and to develop appropriate intervention strategies to help them reach financial independence. While most of the extant research associates the return to welfare with a number of demographic and human capital characteristics, this dissertation explores the question of whether or not certain interpersonal factors act as barriers to success, that is as factors which have an effect on recidivism or returns to welfare (TANF) among those who have exited. This research examines locus of control, perceived social support from family, and coping skills, measured using Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control, the Coping Responses Inventory-Adult, and the Perceived Social Support of Family scales, as possible explanations of recidivism by comparing a sample of recidivists and nonrecidivists. Using Expectancy Theory as a social-psychological framework for understanding how poverty might affect a person's behavior, it was hypothesized that those individuals with a more internal locus of control, higher levels of perceived ...

This PhD dissertation investigates the linkages between prison, reentry and recidivism. Eachof the four chapters contributes to the growing field of the economics of crime, applying a series of econometric methods on French data to answer highly policy-relevant questions.Chapter 1 explores the dynamics of the risk of recidivism after prison release. This article is the first to document the shape of the hazard of recidivism over time in France (a fastlydiminishing function) and to explore the key individual characteristics explaining the level and dynamic of this risk over time.Chapter 2 investigates the causal effect of sentence reductions on recidivism. This article is the first to explicitely account for the key mediating role of anticipations and adaptation by prisoners. By exploiting the French collective pardon of July 1996 as a natural experiment, the article finds strong evidence supporting the importance of the concrete design of sentence reductions.Chapter 3 offers the first evaluation of the causal effects of a major penal policy in France, the introduction of Electronic Monitoring (EM) as an alternative to short prison sentences. Using the staged rollout of EM across courts and over time, the paper finds evidence of significant beneficial effects of EM on recidivism, compared to incarceration.Finally, Chapter 4 measures the deterrent effect of fast versus slower incarceration on future crime. This article is the first to estimate the large beneficial impact of using fast-track procedures, instead of longer procedures, on recidivism after release. ; Cette thèse de doctorat étudie les liens entre prison, réinsertion et récidive. Chacun des quatre chapitres contribue au champ croissant de l'´economie du crime, en appliquant diverses méthodes économétriques sur des données françaises pour répondre à des questions essentielles pour les politiques publiques.Le Chapitre 1 explore la dynamique du risque de récidive après la sortie de prison. Cet article est le premier à documenter la forme du hasard de récidive dans le temps en France (une fonction rapidement décroissante) et `a explorer les déterminants individuels majeurs qui expliquent le niveau et la dynamique des risques dans le temps.Le Chapitre 2 étudie l'effet causal des réductions de peine sur la récidive. Cet article est le premier à tenir explicitement compte du rôle essentiel des anticipations et de l'adaptation des détenus. En exploitant la grâce collective française de Juillet 1996 comme une expérience naturelle, les résultats soutiennent l'importance du design concret des réductions de peine.Le Chapitre 3 propose la première évaluation des effets causaux d'une politique pénale majeure en France, l'introduction du Placement sous Surveillance Électronique (PSE) comme alternative aux courtes peines de prison fermes. En utilisant la mise en place progressive du PSE dans les tribunaux français, l'article trouve des effets significatifs bénéfiques du PSE sur la récidive, par rapport à l'incarcération.Enfin, le Chapitre 4 mesure l'effet dissuasif d'une incarcération plus ou moins rapide sur la délinquance future. Cet article est le premier à estimer les effets très bénéfiques de recourir à des procédures rapides pour prévenir la récidive après la libération.

This PhD dissertation investigates the linkages between prison, reentry and recidivism. Eachof the four chapters contributes to the growing field of the economics of crime, applying a series of econometric methods on French data to answer highly policy-relevant questions.Chapter 1 explores the dynamics of the risk of recidivism after prison release. This article is the first to document the shape of the hazard of recidivism over time in France (a fastlydiminishing function) and to explore the key individual characteristics explaining the level and dynamic of this risk over time.Chapter 2 investigates the causal effect of sentence reductions on recidivism. This article is the first to explicitely account for the key mediating role of anticipations and adaptation by prisoners. By exploiting the French collective pardon of July 1996 as a natural experiment, the article finds strong evidence supporting the importance of the concrete design of sentence reductions.Chapter 3 offers the first evaluation of the causal effects of a major penal policy in France, the introduction of Electronic Monitoring (EM) as an alternative to short prison sentences. Using the staged rollout of EM across courts and over time, the paper finds evidence of significant beneficial effects of EM on recidivism, compared to incarceration.Finally, Chapter 4 measures the deterrent effect of fast versus slower incarceration on future crime. This article is the first to estimate the large beneficial impact of using fast-track procedures, instead of longer procedures, on recidivism after release. ; Cette thèse de doctorat étudie les liens entre prison, réinsertion et récidive. Chacun des quatre chapitres contribue au champ croissant de l'´economie du crime, en appliquant diverses méthodes économétriques sur des données françaises pour répondre à des questions essentielles pour les politiques publiques.Le Chapitre 1 explore la dynamique du risque de récidive après la sortie de prison. Cet article est le premier à documenter la forme du hasard de récidive dans le temps en France (une fonction rapidement décroissante) et `a explorer les déterminants individuels majeurs qui expliquent le niveau et la dynamique des risques dans le temps.Le Chapitre 2 étudie l'effet causal des réductions de peine sur la récidive. Cet article est le premier à tenir explicitement compte du rôle essentiel des anticipations et de l'adaptation des détenus. En exploitant la grâce collective française de Juillet 1996 comme une expérience naturelle, les résultats soutiennent l'importance du design concret des réductions de peine.Le Chapitre 3 propose la première évaluation des effets causaux d'une politique pénale majeure en France, l'introduction du Placement sous Surveillance Électronique (PSE) comme alternative aux courtes peines de prison fermes. En utilisant la mise en place progressive du PSE dans les tribunaux français, l'article trouve des effets significatifs bénéfiques du PSE sur la récidive, par rapport à l'incarcération.Enfin, le Chapitre 4 mesure l'effet dissuasif d'une incarcération plus ou moins rapide sur la délinquance future. Cet article est le premier à estimer les effets très bénéfiques de recourir à des procédures rapides pour prévenir la récidive après la libération.

This PhD dissertation investigates the linkages between prison, reentry and recidivism. Eachof the four chapters contributes to the growing field of the economics of crime, applying a series of econometric methods on French data to answer highly policy-relevant questions.Chapter 1 explores the dynamics of the risk of recidivism after prison release. This article is the first to document the shape of the hazard of recidivism over time in France (a fastlydiminishing function) and to explore the key individual characteristics explaining the level and dynamic of this risk over time.Chapter 2 investigates the causal effect of sentence reductions on recidivism. This article is the first to explicitely account for the key mediating role of anticipations and adaptation by prisoners. By exploiting the French collective pardon of July 1996 as a natural experiment, the article finds strong evidence supporting the importance of the concrete design of sentence reductions.Chapter 3 offers the first evaluation of the causal effects of a major penal policy in France, the introduction of Electronic Monitoring (EM) as an alternative to short prison sentences. Using the staged rollout of EM across courts and over time, the paper finds evidence of significant beneficial effects of EM on recidivism, compared to incarceration.Finally, Chapter 4 measures the deterrent effect of fast versus slower incarceration on future crime. This article is the first to estimate the large beneficial impact of using fast-track procedures, instead of longer procedures, on recidivism after release. ; Cette thèse de doctorat étudie les liens entre prison, réinsertion et récidive. Chacun des quatre chapitres contribue au champ croissant de l'´economie du crime, en appliquant diverses méthodes économétriques sur des données françaises pour répondre à des questions essentielles pour les politiques publiques.Le Chapitre 1 explore la dynamique du risque de récidive après la sortie de prison. Cet article est le premier à documenter la forme du hasard de récidive dans le temps en France (une fonction rapidement décroissante) et `a explorer les déterminants individuels majeurs qui expliquent le niveau et la dynamique des risques dans le temps.Le Chapitre 2 étudie l'effet causal des réductions de peine sur la récidive. Cet article est le premier à tenir explicitement compte du rôle essentiel des anticipations et de l'adaptation des détenus. En exploitant la grâce collective française de Juillet 1996 comme une expérience naturelle, les résultats soutiennent l'importance du design concret des réductions de peine.Le Chapitre 3 propose la première évaluation des effets causaux d'une politique pénale majeure en France, l'introduction du Placement sous Surveillance Électronique (PSE) comme alternative aux courtes peines de prison fermes. En utilisant la mise en place progressive du PSE dans les tribunaux français, l'article trouve des effets significatifs bénéfiques du PSE sur la récidive, par rapport à l'incarcération.Enfin, le Chapitre 4 mesure l'effet dissuasif d'une incarcération plus ou moins rapide sur la délinquance future. Cet article est le premier à estimer les effets très bénéfiques de recourir à des procédures rapides pour prévenir la récidive après la libération.

This PhD dissertation investigates the linkages between prison, reentry and recidivism. Eachof the four chapters contributes to the growing field of the economics of crime, applying a series of econometric methods on French data to answer highly policy-relevant questions.Chapter 1 explores the dynamics of the risk of recidivism after prison release. This article is the first to document the shape of the hazard of recidivism over time in France (a fastlydiminishing function) and to explore the key individual characteristics explaining the level and dynamic of this risk over time.Chapter 2 investigates the causal effect of sentence reductions on recidivism. This article is the first to explicitely account for the key mediating role of anticipations and adaptation by prisoners. By exploiting the French collective pardon of July 1996 as a natural experiment, the article finds strong evidence supporting the importance of the concrete design of sentence reductions.Chapter 3 offers the first evaluation of the causal effects of a major penal policy in France, the introduction of Electronic Monitoring (EM) as an alternative to short prison sentences. Using the staged rollout of EM across courts and over time, the paper finds evidence of significant beneficial effects of EM on recidivism, compared to incarceration.Finally, Chapter 4 measures the deterrent effect of fast versus slower incarceration on future crime. This article is the first to estimate the large beneficial impact of using fast-track procedures, instead of longer procedures, on recidivism after release. ; Cette thèse de doctorat étudie les liens entre prison, réinsertion et récidive. Chacun des quatre chapitres contribue au champ croissant de l'´economie du crime, en appliquant diverses méthodes économétriques sur des données françaises pour répondre à des questions essentielles pour les politiques publiques.Le Chapitre 1 explore la dynamique du risque de récidive après la sortie de prison. Cet article est le premier à documenter la forme du hasard de récidive dans le temps en France (une fonction rapidement décroissante) et `a explorer les déterminants individuels majeurs qui expliquent le niveau et la dynamique des risques dans le temps.Le Chapitre 2 étudie l'effet causal des réductions de peine sur la récidive. Cet article est le premier à tenir explicitement compte du rôle essentiel des anticipations et de l'adaptation des détenus. En exploitant la grâce collective française de Juillet 1996 comme une expérience naturelle, les résultats soutiennent l'importance du design concret des réductions de peine.Le Chapitre 3 propose la première évaluation des effets causaux d'une politique pénale majeure en France, l'introduction du Placement sous Surveillance Électronique (PSE) comme alternative aux courtes peines de prison fermes. En utilisant la mise en place progressive du PSE dans les tribunaux français, l'article trouve des effets significatifs bénéfiques du PSE sur la récidive, par rapport à l'incarcération.Enfin, le Chapitre 4 mesure l'effet dissuasif d'une incarcération plus ou moins rapide sur la délinquance future. Cet article est le premier à estimer les effets très bénéfiques de recourir à des procédures rapides pour prévenir la récidive après la libération.

This article describes the development and initial validation of the Juvenile Sexual Offense Recidivism Risk Assessment Tool–II (JSORRAT-II). Potential predictor variables were extracted from case file information for an exhaustive sample of 636 juveniles in Utah who sexually offended between 1990 and 1992. Simultaneous and hierarchical logistic regression analyses were used to identify the group of variables that was most predictive of subsequent juvenile sexual recidivism. A simple categorical scoring system was applied to these variables without meaningful loss of accuracy in the development sample for any sexual (area under the curve [AUC] = .89) and sexually violent (AUC = .89) juvenile recidivism. The JSORRAT-II was cross-validated on an exhaustive sample of 566 juveniles who had sexually offended in Utah in 1996 and 1997. Reliability of scoring the tool across five coders was quite high (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = .96). Relative to the development sample, however, there was considerable shrinkage in the indices of predictive accuracy for any sexual (AUC = .65) and sexually violent (AUC = .65) juvenile recidivism. The reduced level of accuracy was not explained by severity of the index sexual offense, time at risk, or missing data. Capitalization on chance and other explanations for the possible reduction in predictive accuracy are explored, and potential uses and limitations of the tool are discussed.

Data from the Estimate of Risk of Adolescent Sexual Offense Recidivism (ERASOR; Worling & Curwen) were collected for a sample of 191 adolescent males who had offended sexually. Adolescents were aged 12 to 19 years ( M = 15.34; SD = 1.53) at the time of their participation in a comprehensive assessment. The ERASOR was completed by 1 of 22 clinicians immediately following each assessment. Forty-five adolescents were independently rated by pairs of clinicians, and significant interrater agreement was found for the ERASOR risk factors, the clinical judgment ratings ( low, moderate, or high), and a total score. Recidivism data (criminal charges) were subsequently collected from three sources that spanned a follow-up period between 0.1 and 7.9 years ( M = 3.66; SD = 2.08). Overall, 9.4% (18 of 191) of the adolescents were charged with a subsequent sexual offense over this time period. A shorter follow-up interval of up to 2.5 years ( M = 1.4; SD = 0.71) was also examined. Recidivism data for the shorter follow-up interval were available for a subgroup of 70 adolescents, with a comparable recidivism rate of 8.6% (6 of 70). Clinical judgment ratings, the total score, and the sum of risk factors rated as present were significantly predictive of sexual reoffending for the short follow-up period. The total score and the sum of risk factors were predictive of sexual reoffending over the entire follow-up interval. These results add to the emerging research supporting the reliability and validity of structured risk assessment tools for adolescent sexual recidivism.