Suchergebnisse

Diese Masterarbeit setzt sich als Ziel, einen historischen Beitrag zum rudimentären Wissen über die deutsche und niederländische Christdemokratie im Verhältnis zum Thema Identität zu leisten. Aus dieser Zielsetzung ergibt sich die folgende Hauptfrage: Wie entwickelten sich die internen Diskussionen über die Identitätsfrage innerhalb der wissenschaftlichen Zeitschriften der CDU und des CDA zwischen 2000 und 2017 und welche inhaltliche Bedeutung wurde dabei Identität beigemessen? Die Quellenforschung analysiert Artikel, die sich zum Thema Identität äußern. Methodisch orientiert sie sich an den folgenden Identitätsthemen: Individualisierung, Multikulturalismus, Nation, Christentum, Verfassung, Leitkultur, Region, Europa und Inklusion & Veränderlichkeit.

El propósito del presente trabajo consiste en reflexionar sobre la disciplina como categoría (por oposición a otras posibilidades, tales como noción, estructura, norma, protocolo, etc.) y explicar el uso de comillas en el título, en la medida en que siempre pueden suponer una ampliación y una corrección de la palabra disciplina. Mi intención es reconstruir la resistencia, que se ha extendido durante décadas, a la disciplina (como castigo, control, pedagogía violenta, militarismo, fanatismo, masculinidad, falta de libertad), así como descubrir el origen del elogio de la auto-disciplina, de la falta de disciplina y de la interdisciplinariedad. Asimismo, querría ofrecer algunos argumentos en favor de la disciplina como uno de los protocolos más importantes de la ontología social y como la incondicionada condición de la cooperación, la vida y el trabajo en grupo. La disciplina es el aprendizaje conjunto, así como la producción y el enriquecimiento del conocimiento que constituye y sostiene una institución. La cuestión es si, de hecho, la disciplina de los individuos hace de manera necesaria que una institución sea mejor o más justa. ; In this paper I would like to reflect on discipline as a category (as opposed to other possibilities, such as notion, structure, norm, protocol, etc.), and explain the quotation marks in the title, as they can always follow and amend the word discipline. My intention is to reconstruct a decades-long resistance to discipline (as punishment, control, violent pedagogy, militarism, fanaticism, masculinity, unfreedom), and to uncover the origin of praise for self-discipline, un-discipline or interdisciplinarity. Further, I would like to offer a few arguments in favor of discipline as one of the most important protocols of social ontology, and the unconditioned condition of cooperation, life and group work. Discipline is joint learning, as well as production and a nurturing of knowledge that constitutes and sustains an institution. The question is whether individuals' discipline indeed makes an institution necessarily better or more just.

Anyone with a passing understanding of Canadian politics is aware of the stubborn presence of party discipline in the parliamentary system. It is not a phenomenon that has been left to the stuffy corners of the ivory tower. Political actors and the media have complained about party discipline for decades. Reforms have been proposed; party leaders have promised new ways forward. As a central trait of Canadian Parliament, party discipline has driven away voters—it has even inspired the development of new political parties. What role can Canadian political science play in understanding party discipline 75 years after these familiar sentiments appeared in the predecessor to this journal: "How could this control [party discipline] be destroyed, and the individual member be made an independent critic of government and of legislation, and a responsible servant of the people" (Morton, 1946: 136)? It turns out Canadian political science has much to offer. With the publication of J. F. Godbout'sLost on Division: Party Unity in the Canadian Parliamentand Alex Marland'sWhipped: Party Discipline in Canada, 2020 has been a monumental year for the study of Canadian Parliament and political parties.

Around the 1960s, political psychology was developed as a field of knowledge that attempted to interrelate scientific psychology & political phenomena. However, social & academic conditions are very different today. More & more, political psychology is becoming a protagonist, as much in the internal context of psychology as in the external context of its relations with the social world. Thus, political psychology can now be seen as a resource relating psychological knowledge to social practice, & relating psychological processes to social action. Political psychology is the interface that puts psychology & society in contact. The development of political psychology in Spain provides an example of this alternative view of the field. 36 References. Adapted from the source document.

In this paper I would like to reflect on discipline as a category (as opposed to other possibilities, such as notion, structure, norm, protocol, etc.), and explain the quotation marks in the title, as they can always follow and amend the word discipline. my intention is to reconstruct a decades-long resistance to discipline (as punishment, control, violent pedagogy, militarism, fanaticism, masculinity, unfreedom), and to uncover the origin of praise for self-discipline, un-discipline or interdisciplinarity. Further, I would like to offer a few arguments in favor of discipline as one of the most important protocols of social ontology, and the unconditioned condition of cooperation, life and group work. Discipline is joint learning, as well as production and a nurturing of knowledge that constitutes and sustains an institution. the question is whether individuals' discipline indeed makes an institution necessarily better or more just. ; El propósito del presente trabajo consiste en reflexionar sobre la disciplina como categoría (por oposición a otras posibilidades, tales como noción, estructura, norma, protocolo, etc.) y explicar el uso de comillas en el título, en la medida en que siempre pueden suponer una ampliación y una corrección de la palabra disciplina. mi intención es reconstruir la resistencia, que se ha extendido durante décadas, a la disciplina (como castigo, control, pedagogía violenta, militarismo, fanatismo, masculinidad, falta de libertad), así como descubrir el origen del elogio de la auto-disciplina, de la falta de disciplina y de la interdisciplinariedad. Asimismo, querría ofrecer algunos argumentos en favor de la disciplina como uno de los protocolos más importantes de la ontología social y como la incondicionada condición de la cooperación, la vida y el trabajo en grupo. La disciplina es el aprendizaje conjunto, así como la producción y el enriquecimiento del conocimiento que constituye y sostiene una institución. La cuestión es si, de hecho, la disciplina de los individuos hace de manera necesaria que una institución sea mejor o más justa.

In this vital new study, Andrew Abbott presents a fresh and daring analysis of the evolution and development of the social sciences. Chaos of Disciplines reconsiders how knowledge actually changes and advances. Challenging the accepted belief that social sciences are in a perpetual state of progress, Abbott contends that disciplines instead cycle around an inevitable pattern of core principles. New schools of thought, then, are less a reaction to an established order than they are a reinvention of fundamental concepts. Chaos of Disciplines uses fractals to explain the pa

The framework for fiscal policy coordination in EMU has been in effect for three years.The experience gained shows that the rule-based approach provides in principle a feasible solution for policy coordination among a large number of heterogeneous countries whose joint interest is to safeguard the credibility of the common monetary policy and smooth functioning of the EMU.At the same time, the experience indicates that the current set of rules and procedures laid down in the Maastricht Treaty and Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) suffer from complexity, lack of transparency and asymmetric incentives.The paper discusses the rationale for fiscal policy coordination in the monetary union in general and emphasises the role of fiscal rules and multilateral surveillance in ensuring discipline and long-term sustainability of public finances.The paper also considers incentive problems arising from the asymmetric nature of the SGP and weak interaction between national policy-making and EU-level policy commitments.As a possible remedy, the paper proposes complementing the SGP with medium-term expenditure rules for central governments and balanced budget requirements for lower levels of government.

The objective of this thesis was to develop concepts to support the reduction of food waste in the food sector. The concepts are targeted to private companies, such as manufacturing businesses, retailers, and large-scale consumers, as well as to organizations that support the former in their food waste reduction approaches. Mostly, these auxiliary organizations include research organizations, political institutions, or private initiatives. First, this study looked at three food waste reduction cases: a hospital, a cafeteria, and a residential home. In these organizations, this project included identifying the initial quantities of food waste and the most problematic organization-specific areas that led to it, followed by developing and implementing measures to reduce these problems. Based on the conclusions from these cases, the next step was to develop the first support concept. It responds to the need for a holistic approach that would contribute to achieving food waste reduction beyond the boundaries of any single company. This was accomplished by incorporating participatory elements into the concept. Next, the study adapted a PDCA (Plan–Do–Check–Act) cycle for the reduction of food waste, by integrating relevant stakeholders into participatory project steps. In the case studies food waste in the residential home was reduced significantly from 21.4% to 13.4%, as well as in the hospital cafeteria (19.8% to 12.8%). In contrast, food waste remained on a constant level in the hospital (25.6% and 26.3%). However, figures from the hospital did indicate a reduction of the food provided and wasted per person and per day. In the participating organizations five problematic fields leading to food waste were revealed: information on food waste, communication, product presentation, food ordering and supply, and customer needs. These cases demonstrated the need to integrate all relevant stakeholders, such as inter-divisional employees, management, suppliers, and customers, into a holistic food waste reduction approach in order to increase commitment and taking over of responsibility. At the end, a "Manual for Managers" described and summarized the concept as a whole. This manual serves as a guideline for managers who wish to reduce food waste in their respective organizations. It summarizes the approaches applied in the different steps and illustrates how the results of each step can be documented. It also lists the goal of each step and thus brings to mind why the different tasks need to be accomplished. It facilitates the application of the participatory concept and helps managers to complete the relevant steps one by one. The second concept dealt with an analysis of how auxiliary organizations can be supported in developing tools and transferring them to their target demographic. This entailed developing a marketing concept that would help auxiliary organizations to become more market-oriented. The concept developed in this thesis demonstrates what auxiliary organizations need to do in order to identify the attributes a support tool needs to have for it to be appealing to users. Furthermore, the concept illustrates how it would be possible to optimize the transfer of these tools to the different target groups. This second concept of support was put into practice and tested using the LAV platform (LAV – Avoiding Food Waste, from the German "Lebensmittel Abfall Vermeiden") as a case study. This case demonstrated how an auxiliary organization, in this case a research institute, was systematically guided through the process of developing the LAV platform and transferring it to its desired target group. The LAV platform was specifically set up and targeted to SMEs in the German food sector that wished to reduce food waste in their operations. The LAV platform compiled various applicable tools from academia as well as from industry, and the most suitable tools were made available in a toolbox. The tools were classified according to topic and market segment. The effectiveness of the concept was assessed by SMEs and industry organizations that evaluated the platform's user-friendliness. It was rated according to two categories. In one category, the overall performance of the platform was rated 1.6 (on a six-point scale where 1 is the best and 6 is the worst, analogous to German school grades). The second category assessed the extent to which users considered the platform to be a useful tool for preventing food waste. The average rating on a nine-point scale (where 9 was the best) was 7.2. Finally, the concept was summarized in the "Marketing Campaign Guide", which presents a systematic and target-audience-centered approach. This guide leads organizations through the various steps of a marketing campaign, from defining the required benefits of a new product or service to ultimately launching it. It comprises the eight steps of research, planning, pretesting, implementing, monitoring, recycling and revision, transfer, and raising follow-up financing. Both concepts developed in this thesis contribute to addressing the holistic challenge of fighting food waste, because these concepts support all relevant players (auxiliary organizations as well as actors directly in the food supply chain) who need to be involved in food waste reduction efforts. In this way, both concepts make an important contribution to reaching the Sustainable Development Goal (SGD 12.3), to which the EU and its Member States have committed, of halving per capita food waste on the retail and consumer level by 2030, and reducing food waste during production and manufacturing. ; Lebensmittelabfallvermeidungskonzepte für Stakeholder der Lebensmittelwertschöpfungskette und unterstützende Organisationen Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Entwicklung von Unterstützungskonzepten zur Reduktion von Lebensmittelabfällen (LMA) in der Ernährungswirtschaft. Diese richten sich zum einen an privatwirtschaftliche Unternehmen, wie lebensmittelverarbeitende Betriebe, Händler und Großverbraucher. Zum anderen werden Organisationen adressiert, wie wissenschaftliche Institute, politische Institutionen oder private Initiativen, deren Ziel es ist, Hilfsinstrumente für privatwirtschaftliche Unternehmen zu entwickeln, um diese in ihrem Bestreben zu unterstützen, LMA zu reduzieren. Zunächst wurden Fallstudien zur Lebensmittelabfallvermeidung in drei Gemeinschafts-verpflegungseinrichtungen (Krankenhaus, Cafeteria, Seniorenheim) durchgeführt. In den beteiligten Organisationen wurden die anfallenden Mengen an LMA zu Studienbeginn ermittelt und die Problembereiche, die zur ihrer Entstehung geführt haben, identifiziert. Weiterhin wurden Maßnahmen zur Reduktion der LMA entwickelt, umgesetzt und evaluiert. Basierend auf den Erkenntnissen der drei Fallstudien wurde das erste Unterstützungskonzept entwickelt. Dieses berücksichtigt die Notwendigkeit für ein ganzheitliches Unterstützungskonzept, das nicht nur zu einer Reduktion von LMA innerhalb der Unternehmensgrenzen führt, sondern die gesamte Wertschöpfungskette mit in den Blick nimmt. Um das zu erreichen wurde ein PDCA-Zyklus (Plan-Do-Check-Act) so angepasst, dass die relevanten Stakeholder der Wertschöpfungskette innerhalb partizipativer Projektelemente in den Prozess der LMA-Vermeidung einbezogen werden. In den Fallbeispielen konnten im Seniorenheim die LMA signifikant von 21.4% auf 13.4% reduziert werden, ebenso in der Cafeteria (19.8% zu 12.8%). Im teilnehmenden Krankenhaus dagegen stagnierte der Anteil (25.6% und 26.3%). Allerdings gingen dort sowohl die tägliche Ausgabemenge, wie auch LMA pro Person zurück. In den beteiligten Einrichtungen wurden fünf Problembereiche identifiziert, die zur Entstehung der LMA beitragen, dazu zählen: Informationen über LMA, Kommunikation, Speisendarbietung, Speisenbestellung und -ausgabe sowie Kundenbedürfnisse. Die Fallbeispiele zeigten den Bedarf an einer wertschöpfungskettenübergreifenden Zusammenarbeit, um LMA nicht stufenweise zu verschieben. Weiterhin demonstrierten die Fälle die Notwendigkeit, relevante Stakeholder, wie Mitarbeitende verschiedener Abteilungen, das Management aber auch Lieferanten und Kunden, mit in den Maßnahmenentwicklungsprozess einzubeziehen, um Motivation und die Übernahme von Verantwortung zu steigern. Abschließend wurde auf Grundlage von Erfahrungen aus unterschiedlichen LMA-Projekten in der Ernährungswirtschaft ein Benutzerleitfaden für das Unterstützungskonzept erstellt. Der Leitfaden fasst die notwendigen Schritte eines LMA-Vermeidungsprojekts zusammen. Er veranschaulicht die Ziele der einzelnen Schritte, präsentiert Ansätze zur Durchführung, und beschreibt in welcher Form Ergebnisse dokumentiert werden können. Der Leitfaden erleichtert seinen Benutzern somit die Anwendung des Unterstützungskonzeptes zur Verringerung von LMA. Für die Entwicklung des zweiten Konzeptes wurde zunächst analysiert, wie die Organisationen (z.B. wissenschaftliche Institute, politische Institutionen oder private Initiativen), die Hilfsinstrumente gegen Lebensmittelverschwendung für Unternehmen der Lebensmittelwirtschaft entwerfen, unterstützt werden können. Dies beinhaltete die Herleitung eines Marketingkonzeptes, dass es unterstützenden Organisationen ermöglicht, marktorientierter zu arbeiten, indem sie zuerst den Bedarf ihrer Zielgruppe ermitteln, darauf basierend marktorientierte Hilfestellungen entwickeln, und diese abschließend bei der Zielgruppe bekannt machen. Das Konzept wurde am Beispiel der LAV-Plattform (LAV – Lebensmittel Abfall Vermeiden) getestet. Diese wurde von einer unterstützenden Organisation unter Beteiligung von Praxispartnern und Branchenverbänden für die Zielgruppe der klein- und mittelständischen Unternehmen der Ernährungswirtschaft entwickelt. Die Fallstudie zeigte, wie die unterstützende Organisation, in diesem Fall ein Forschungsinstitut, systematisch durch den Marketingprozess, von der Entwicklung der Plattform bis hin zu ihrer Bekanntmachung in der Branche, geleitet wird. Für die LAV-Plattform wurden öffentlich zugängliche Instrumente gegen Lebensmittelverschwendung gesammelt, eine Vorauswahl getroffen und diese strukturiert nach Anwendungsziel und Marktsegment in Form einer Toolbox zur Verfügung gestellt. Die Benutzerfreundlichkeit der Plattform wurde durch die am Entwicklungsprozess beteiligten Praxispartner und Branchenvertreter bewertet: Der Gesamteindruck der Plattform erhielt eine 1,6 (auf einer Skala von 1 bis 6, mit 1 = sehr gut, 6 ungenügend) und ihr Potenzial zur Vermeidung von LMA eine 7,2 (auf einer Skala von 1 bis 9, mit 1 = sehr schlecht, 9 = sehr gut). Basierend auf den gewonnen Erkenntnissen dieser Fallstudie wurde das Marketingkonzept in einem Nutzerleitfaden für unterstützende Organisationen zusammengefasst. Die beiden entwickelten Konzepte richten sich an alle relevanten Akteure (unterstützende Organisationen sowie Akteure der Lebensmittelwertschöpfungskette), die einbezogen werden müssen, um LMA zu reduzieren. Aus diesem Grund leisten beide Konzepte einen wichtigen Beitrag dazu, LMA im Handel und beim Verbraucher bis 2030 zu halbieren und entlang der Wertschöpfungskette zu reduzieren, so wie es das politische Ziel der "Agenda 2030 für nachhaltige Entwicklung" der Vereinten Nationen vorsieht, zu dem sich auch die Bundesregierung bekannt hat.

One of the hallmarks of a professional discipline is the status of an ethical code. Psychology poses particular problems in the development of a code as it is both a scientific discipline and an applied profession. In addition, the range of coverage of psychology, including client groups, work institutions, and specific practices, requires the coverage of a code to be even more broad. For example, clients may include both the autonomous and powerful, and the socially and psychologically vulnerable; activities include individual therapy, research, consultancy, and assessment. The European Federation of Professional Psychologists' Associations (EFPPA) has ratified a Meta-code of Ethics to guide the developments in its member associations. While this initiative is important and useful, it is argued in this paper that it is necessary that there should be a wider appreciation of the issues pertinent to the development of such codes. These include purpose, specificity of statements, comparability across national boundaries, and links with disciplinary procedures. It is also argued that ethical codes must be recognized as social constructions, the results of tensions between professionally identified behaviors and constraints imposed by the society in which the association operates. These constraints include both those specific to psychology and other similar disciplines and professions, and factors within the sociopolitical system as a whole. Finally, recommendations are made for the development of ethical codes by European psychological associations.

ABSTRACT: Despite the existence of a great number of studies that have analysed ellipsis from a theoretical point of view, only recently has it been studied empirically using corpora (Hardt 1997; Hardt and Rambow 2001; Nielsen 2005; Bos and Spenader 2011). These corpus studies have tried to discover new methods and algorithms for the automatic detection and retrieval of ellipsis in Present-Day English. In this paper, I extend these studies by presenting an automatic retrieval algorithm for cases of Post-Auxiliary Ellipsis in Late Modern English (1700-1914), using data from the Penn Parsed Corpus of Modern British English. ; I am grateful to the following institutions for generous financial support: the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the European Regional Development Fund (grant no. FFI2013-44065-P), and the Autonomous Government of Galicia (grant no. GPC2014/060).