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After World War II, democratization came into fashion as panacea for countries in transition. This trend continues to be an issue in the 21st century too. The implications of the transformation for public as well as private life are considerably different for women than for men. Studies have shown that even in democratic states gender inequality has been reinforced than effectively attenuated. Feminist theories take up the issue of female discrimination on a theoretical level and provide explanations and measures in order to erase these inequalities. Gender mainstreaming is an approach to address gender inequalities in practice. The European Union, as a community of values, promotes gender mainstreaming not only among its member states, but also for its candidate states in the context of external democracy promotion. This paper examines the current gender initiatives in Serbia which is currently an EU candidate country. In fact, there are many gender activities form different civil society actors and NGOs around Serbia. The positivist feminist theories are more apt to explain the current gender activities. The post-structuralist theories mainly deal with micro situations. Therefore, it is difficult to apply these perspectives in a study on the overall gender situation in a specific country. By contrast, these theories could be applied for studying micro situations within a particular country. Accordingly, the theory has implications on the research design for such a study. A study based on post-structuralist theory would be based on ethnography rather than statistical data and a literature review.

Die Arbeit erläutert im ersten Kapitel Begriffe und Methodik von Gender Mainstreaming. Kapitel II behandelt die Entwicklung von Gender Mainstreaming und die rechtliche Verankerung von Gender Mainstreaming in der EU. Kapitel III widmet sich Gender Mainstreaming in Österreich - auf Bundesebene, Landesebene und in der Gemeinde. Kapitel IV analysiert und vergleicht Gender Mainstreaming-Maßnahmen am Beispiel der Stadt Wien und der Marktgemeinde Lenzing. ; eingereicht von Gernot Vogtenhuber ; Universität Linz, Diplomarbeit, 2019 ; (VLID)3588826

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Gender, Work, and Health: Some Introductory Thoughts -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Understanding Gender and its Relationship to Health -- 1.3 Gender and Occupational Health and Safety: Policy and Practice -- 1.4 Gender and the Labour Market and Employment Patterns -- 1.5 Gender, Work and Health -- 1.5.1 Work-Related Stress and Mental Health -- 1.5.2 Physical Health -- 1.6 Gender, Unpaid Domestic Labour and Duties, and Health -- 1.7 Gender Differences in Health: Different Exposure or Vulnerability? -- 1.7.1 Different Exposure or Vulnerability: The Evidence-Base -- 1.7.2 Limitations of the Two Theories -- 1.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Creating Inclusion to Leverage Workforce Diversity from a Work Characteristics Perspective -- 2.1 Inconclusive Effects of Workforce Diversity in Organisations -- 2.2 Antecedents of Individual Inclusion Experience -- 2.2.1 How Workforce Diversity Shapes the Work Environment -- 2.2.2 How Work Characteristics Influence the Experience of Inclusion -- 2.3 Consequences of Diversity and Inclusion for Employee Well-being and Performance -- 2.4 Feedback Loops: Influencing the Work Environment and Diversity through Healthy, Productive, and Highly Included Employees -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Work-Life Balance and Gender: Challenging Assumptions and Unravelling Complexity -- 3.1 Setting the Scene: The Changing Nature of Work and Domestic Roles -- 3.2 What Is Work-Life Balance? Different Meanings to Different People -- 3.3 `Balance´, Work and Gender: A Complex Interplay -- 3.3.1 Challenging Assumptions: Are Work-Life Balance Issues `Worse´ for Women? -- 3.3.2 Law, Policy, Work-Life Balance and Gender -- 3.4 Life-Course Perspectives on Work-Life Balance and Gender -- 3.5 Future Challenges for Investigating Work-Life Balance and Gender.

"How do we talk about gender? This book breaks down the topic of gender for young readers. Filled with engaging photos and captions, this series opens up opportunities for deeper thought and informed conversation. Guided exploration of topics in 21st Century Junior Library's signature style help readers to Look, Think, Ask Questions, Make Guesses, and Create as they go!"--

Discusses research into the predominance of males in warfare, including the role of culture and biology, focusing on the book "War and gender: how gender shapes the war system and vice versa," by Joshua S. Goldstein; 3 articles. Contents: Rough-and-tumble world: men writing about gender and war, by Matthew Evangelista; Gender and war: causes, constructions, and critique, by Elisabeth Prugl; Uniform justice: assessing women in combat, by Elizabeth Kier.

Abstract
This article explores the introduction of electoral gender quotas and the unprecedented social mobilization in pursuit of gender equality in Poland. The quota law was adopted as a citizens' initiative organized by the Congress of Women, a new women's movement. The article analyzes the factors that account for the success of this initiative, which permanently changed the public debate on gender rights in Poland. In contrast to other countries with legislative gender quotas, the Polish law was the result of bottom-up processes, and it has a strong democratic legitimacy. The law has not significantly influenced the representation of women in the Parliament, yet it significantly mainstreamed the gender perspective in the public debate. Nonetheless, the way in which the quota law has been applied by political parties shows that Polish women in politics are a "minority" devoid of power, and that the prospects for a parity democracy are still remote.

Inhalt: I. Einführung (Bührer, Susanne/Schraudner, Martina). - 2. Schraudner, Martina: Beispiele für Gender- und Diversity-Aspekte. - II. Entwicklung eines Leitfadens zur Ermittlung von Gender-Aspekten und Anwendung auf Fallbeispiele (1. Entwicklung eines Gender-Leitfadens. - 2. Anwendung auf Fallbeispiele. - 2.1 Forschungsgebiet Energie und Umwelt. - 2.2 Forschungsgebiet Informations- und Kommunikationstechnik. - 2.3 Forschungsgebiet Life Sciences. - 2.4 Forschungsgebiet Produktionstechnik und Arbeitsorganisation. - 2.5 Forschungsgebiet Transport und Verkehr). - III. Gendersensible Sprache und Forschungsmethoden (HoF/Text übernommen)

AbstractGossip initiations and listener responses were examined in conversations between 25 female‐female, 19 male‐male and 24 female‐male pairs of friends. Participants were 18 to 21 years of age (mean age = 19) and had known one another at least 2 months (mean length = 24 months). Transcribed tape recordings of 5–minute unstructured conversations were analyzed for gossip initiations (evalutive comments about a familiar third person) and gossip responses (discouraging, neutral, mildly encouraging, moderately encouraging, highly encouraging). Overall, encouraging responses were more likely than discouraging or neutral responses. Group differences were also observed. Negative gossip was more likely to occur between female pairs than between male pairs or cross‐gender pairs. Also, among female pairs only, negative gossip was more likely than positive gossip. Furthermore, the female pairs tended to respond to evaluative gossip with highly encouraging comments. There were no gender differences within the cross‐gender pairs associated with any behaviors. The findings suggest that women may be more likely than men to use and encourage gossip in same‐gender friendships in order to establish solidarity and make social comparisons.

In Australia, microfinance is gaining visibility as a distinct poverty alleviation strategy. Within the Australian microfinance policy and program discourses, the microfinance sector is framed as targeting both men and women equally. Yet at the practice level, the majority of loan recipients are women. Such a gender neutral framing is in stark contrast to microfinance policy and practices developed elsewhere. This paper explores how gender is represented in microfinance policy and practice in Australia, drawing on an analysis of the policy and practice statements of Australian microfinance programs. It is argued that the robust feminist assessments of the relationship between microfinance and gender equality that have emerged in developing countries could usefully inform Australian developments in this area of social policy, but that this shift requires acknowledging gender in the framing of the problem Australian microfinance seeks to address.

Data gathered by the authors from undergraduate and part‐time graduate business students in 1976‐1977 suggested that men were more likely than women to aspire to top management and that, consistent with traditional stereotypes of males and managers, a gender identity consisting of high masculinity and low femininity was associated with aspirations to top management. As a result of gender‐related social changes, we expected the gender difference in aspirations to top management but not the importance of gender identity to have decreased over time. We collected data in 1999 from the same two populations to test these notions. In newly collected data, high masculinity (but not low femininity) was still associated with such aspirations, and men still aspired to top management positions more than women. However, the gender difference in aspirations to top management did not decrease over time.

Kesalahan perspektif terhadap konsep di dalam Islam telah sampai pada pembahasan perempuan, yang oleh sebagian kalangan masih dianggap tabu. Walaupun pembahasan gender dalam Islam telah muncul sejak kelahirannya, namun ketika terjadi benturan dengan tuntutan sosial, politik, dan budaya misalnya, diskursus ini ramai dibicarakan kembali. Banyak hal yang harus diluruskan dalam persepsi masyarakat tentang perempuan terutama anggapan bahwa kaum laki-laki lebih utama daripada kaum perempuan. Banyak kalangan berbicara tentang ketimpangan sosial berdasarkan jenis kelamin. Islam tidak sejalan dengan paham patriarki yang tidak memberikan peluang bagi perempuan untuk berkarya lebih besar di dalam atau di luar rumah. Al-Qur'an tidak mengenalkan konsep dosa warisan dari ibu-bapak umat manusia (Hawa dan Adam) dalam skandal buah terlarang, melainkan itu tanggung jawab bersama keduanya. Perbedaan anatomi fisik dan biologis antara laki–laki dan perempuan tidaklah mengharuskan adanya perbedaan status dan kedudukan. Dalam persoalan tuntutan kesetaraan gender inilah tulisan ini akan membahasnya. Kata Kunci: Islam, Kesetaraan, Gender

There is a lot of evidence about gender bias in the media, but not clear evidence about its causes. In this article, we study the influence of journalist's gender and editor's gender on gender bias in the Chilean press through time. Based on content analysis of 2,645 news articles from Chilean leading newspapers and logistic regression, results confirm the relevance of gender of both journalists and editors on the presence of gender bias in the Chilean press, being a permanent behavior through time. Our research suggests that the more women in the newsrooms, the greater women's representation by the news media.