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"Left Governments and Social Movements in Latin America" published on by Oxford University Press.

The growing discussion regarding social movements in the hegemonic context of liberal democracies, as well as the increasing number of groups organized for different reasons, raises questions about the States' apparatuses for the maintenance of democracy. This paper aims to discuss the emergence of social movements in the context of transnationality and epistemic communities. Thus, the theories about democracyand social movements are addressed. The reasons why these social groups articulate are also analyzed, with emphasis on indigenous articulations, even in the category of new transnational social movements. These groups are conceptualized as transnational networks and epistemic communities, based on the discussions of critical constructivism. ; La creciente discusión sobre los movimientos sociales en el contexto hegemónico de las democracias liberales, así como la expansión en el número de grupos movilizados por diversas causas, plantea el cuestionamiento de los aparatos de mantenimiento democrático de los Estados nacionales. Este trabajo pretende discutir el surgimiento de movimientos sociales en el contexto de la transnacionalidad y de comunidades epistémicas. Así, se abordan teorías acerca de la democracia y los movimientos sociales. Se observan, además, los motivos por los cuales estos grupos sociales se articulan, con énfasis en las articulaciones indígenas, incluso en la categoría de nuevos movimientos sociales transnacionales, y se conceptualiza a estos grupos como redes transnacionales y comunidades epistémicas, a partir de las discusiones del constructivismo crítico.

This article is the presentation by way of scrutiny of the partial results of the so-called research: "hermeneutics of the body as a place of political social movement legs crossed." Barbacoas, Nariño, Colombia" that reflects on the body of the woman as a place of the political. For this reason, one of the central themes is to reflect the concept and the practice of subjectivity as a bet of the new social movements organized by women. It is from these analysis of designing new looks of study from emergencies of the emergent from the reflections on the modern desencantamientos. In addition, presenting the symbolic, social, political and cultural conditions which women cross their legs, to determine collective actions. ; El presente artículo es la presentación a manera de escrutinio de los resultados parciales de la investigación denominada: "Hermenéutica del cuerpo como lugar de lo político a partir del movimiento social piernas cruzadas. Barbacoas, Nariño, Colombia" que reflexiona sobre el cuerpo de la mujer como lugar de lo político. Por esta razón, uno de los temas centrales es reflexionar el concepto y la práctica de la subjetividad como una apuesta de los nuevos movimientos sociales organizados por mujeres. Se trata a partir de estos análisis de proyectar nuevas miradas de estudio desde las emergencias de lo emergente a partir de las reflexiones en torno a los desencantamientos modernos. Presentando además, las condiciones simbólicas, sociales, políticas y culturales, por las cuales las mujeres cruzan las piernas, para determinar acciones colectivas.

New Public Management (NPM) and New Social Movement (NSM) theories emerged as a response to socio- political conditions of the 1980s. In order to understand the socio-political and socio-economic transformations in Turkey, it is necessary to focus on NPM and NSM literature together. More importantly, in the age of NPM and NSM it is vital to understand the development process of education, and its importance as a tool which has been used to create social capital in Turkey, since this paper aims to answer the following questions: How is it possible to explain increasing religiosity in education in secular Turkey? How does NPM open up opportunity spaces in the governance of education? How have NSMs become involved in the resourcing of education? How have NSMs redefined educational governance? This paper will attempt to show the importance of education for all governments from the beginning of the Turkish Republic, the Turkish governments used education as a tool for spreading their political ideology. So there have been various implementations from secularist policies to Islamist militarist policies in the Turkish education system. After giving some information about educational policies, which have been shaped around secularism, militarism and Islamism, the second section will show the interaction between education and New Public Management (NPM). By doing a primary and secondary literature review, this paper will first discuss the neoliberal changes that happened between the 1980s and 2000s, and secondly, will indicate how NPM agendas transformed education from a social service to the private service. ; Yeni Kamu İşletmeciliği (NPM) ve Yeni Toplumsal Hareket (NSM) teorileri 1980'lerin sosyo-politik koşullarına tepki olarak ortaya çıktı. Türkiye'de de dönemin sosyo-politik ve sosyo-ekonomik dönüşümleri anlamak için, NPM ve NSM literatürlerine birlikte odaklanmak gerekmektedir. Daha da önemlisi, yeni toplumsal hareketlerin yeni kamu işletmeciliğine entegre olmaya başladığı bir dönemde, eğitimin gelişim sürecini ve önemini, Türkiye'de sosyal sermaye yaratmak için kullanılan bir araç olarak anlamak hayati önem taşımaktadır; bu sebeple bu çalışma aşağıdaki soruları yanıtlamayı amaçlamaktadır: Seküler Türkiye'de eğitimde artan dindarlığı açıklamak mümkün müdür? Yeni Kamu İşletmeciliği ile birlikte, eğitim yönetişiminde fırsat alanları açılmış mıdır? Yeni Sosyal Hareketler eğitim finansmanına nasıl dâhil olurlar? NSM'ler eğitim yönetişimini nasıl yeniden tanımladı? Bu makale, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin kuruluşundan bu yana eğitimin tüm hükümetler için önemini göstermeye çalışacak ve eğitimin iktidarların ideolojilerini yaygınlaştırmak için bir araç olarak kullandığına değinecektir. Çalışmada, birincil ve ikincil kaynaklar üzerinden bir literatür incelemesi yapılarak ilk olarak 1980'ler ve 2000'ler arasındaki eğitimde gerçekleşen neoliberal dönüşüme ve bu dönüşümde etkili olan NPM ve NSM teorilerine değinilecektir. Çalışma eğitim ile Yeni Kamu İşletmeciliği ve Yeni Toplumsal Hareketler arasındaki etkileşimi gösterecektir.

In Latin America, new social movements are vigorously and creatively engaging in grassroots organization and local and national mobilizations. Social movements in Bolivia, Brazil, and elsewhere have challenged the conduct of politics in their countries and the region. Their growth and militancy have generated whole new repertoires of action. Indeed, they raise the possibility of at least some form of "rule from below." They have left the traditional twentieth-century parties far behind to create a nonauthoritarian, participatory political culture. Using existing political space to maximum effect, they are substantially strengthening participatory democratic practice and significantly altering political life. Less clear is whether they are, as Gramsci might conclude, coming together in a new cycle of subaltern actions that can break down the hegemony historically exercised by Latin America's ruling classes.

In recent years there have appeared different social movements in the Spanish state that have become increasingly important in the political area as the 15M movement or the Plataforma de Afectados por las Hipotecas. These mobilizations have new forms of action and organization relevant to some principles of dialogic learning. Through observation and participation in these groups in the city of Caceres, in addition to the document review of articles written about these demonstrations, we wanted to show some evidence of this relationship. Our conclusion is that these new forms of organization contribute to move towards a more democratic set on egalitarian dialogue, against the impositions of power from the political sphere. ; En los últimos años han aparecido diferentes movilizaciones sociales dentro del Estado español que han adquirido una importante relevancia en el espacio político, como el movimiento 15M o la Plataforma de Afectados por las Hipotecas. Estas movilizaciones tienen unas nuevas formas de acción y organización que guardan relación con algunos principios del aprendizaje dialógico. A través de la observación y participación en estos colectivos en la ciudad de Cáceres, además de la revisión documental de artículos realizados sobre estas movilizaciones, hemos querido mostrar algunas evidencias de esta relación. Nuestra conclusión es que estas nuevas formas de organización contribuyen a caminar hacia una democracia más asentada sobre el diálogo igualitario que sobre las imposiciones de poder desde las esferas políticas.

A review essay on a book edited by Stanford M. Lyman, Social Movements: Critiques, Concepts, Case-Studies (New York: New York U Press, 1995). This volume of essays on social movements is divided into a series of contrasting approaches including theory vs empirical application, old vs new social movements, liberalism vs Marxism, American vs European sociology, & classical vs contemporary insights. Contributors to the work include Robert Brulle, Daniele Harris, Margit Mayer, Mansoor Moaddel, Robert Park, Albert Salomon, Alain Touraine, Alan Wolfe, & Carl Boggs. There is much more of value in the theoretical reflections than in empirical applications; only two new social movements, environmentalism & acquired immune deficiency syndrome activism, are empirically assessed. The collection offers many important reflections on the meaning of social movements in the 20th century. D. M. Smith

AbstractThis article explores the contention that social movements are a significant social force transforming societies through their engagement with new media, such as the Internet, Web 2.0, and digital communications, which are seen as capable of facilitating new power structures. Utilizing della Porta and Diani's framework, it considers how new media technologies may be shaping the structure, identity, opportunity, and protest dimensions of social movements. It concludes by suggesting that new media does offer important opportunities for cost‐effective networking, interpretive framing, mobilization, and repertoires of protest action. However, their adoption does not represent the creation of entirely new virtual social movements but rather a new means of providing existing social movement organisations, local activist networks, and street‐level protest with a trans‐national capacity to collaborate, share information, and communicate with a wider audience. Such new media‐enabled social action is both more congruent with a politics of identity but may also increasingly be competing within a media environment saturated by user‐generated content.