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From the Dust Jacket: McNarmara, Clifford and the Burdens of Vietnam, 1965-1969, volume VI in the newly-named Secretaries of Defense Historical Series, covers the incumbency of Robert S. McNamara, as well as the brief, but significant, tenure of Clark M. Clifford. McNamara's key role in the ever-deepening U.S. involvement in Vietnam between 1965 and 1968 forms the centerpiece of the narrative. During these years, Vietnam touched every aspect of Lyndon B. Johnson's administration, determining budget priorities, provoking domestic unrest, souring relations with NATO, and complicating negotiations with the Soviet Union. McNamara's early miscalculations about Vietnam became the source of deep disappointments. Relations with the Joint Chiefs of Staff, never good, frayed almost to the breaking point as McNamara repeatedly rejected military advice in favor of his civilian experts. McNamara's carefully crafted plans failed, his frustrations grew, and he became estranged from the President. His private attempts to check the war's momentum contradicted his public statements supporting the military effort and tarred McNamara as a hypocrite. McNamara's successor, Clark Clifford, arrived with a reputation as a hawk, but focused most of his effort on extricating the United States from Vietnam. McNamara and Clifford presided over the Department of Defense during momentous and dangerous times. Vietnam was one of a series of wars, emergencies, and interventions involving U.S. interests. Intervention in the Dominican Republic, declining U.S. prestige and power in Europe and NATO, war in the Middle East, heightened tensions on the Korean peninsula, arms control talks with the Soviet Union, and violent protests at home competed for attention. Overseeing the Vietnam War and contending with these complex policy issues taxed even McNamara's enormous energy and brilliant intellect as he struggled to manage DoD programs. His long-cherished cost-cutting programs fell by the wayside; his favored weapons systems were swept aside; his committed efforts to limit strategic arms faltered; and his reputation was permanently tarnished. McNamara, Clifford and the Burdens of Vietnam highlights the interaction of McNamara and Clifford with the White House, Congress, the JCS, the Department of State, and other federal agencies involved in policy formulation. The two secretaries increasingly found that the cost of winning the war became a morally prohibitive as the price of losing. ; Volumes 1-5 have series title: History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense. ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 654-671) and index. ; Arms Control : An Elusive Goal. Multilateral force ; Test ban and nonproliferation ; Threshold test ban treaty debate ; Comprehensive test ban treaty ; Nuclear nonproliferation treaty ; Arms control-through 1967 ; Arms control 1968 -- ABM: Centerpiece Of Strategic Defense. Strategic forces, 1965 ; Civil defense ; Soviet buildup ; Old bombers, new bombers, advanced bombers ; ABM debate ; To Glassboro ; Announcing the deployment of the ABM ; Clifford's approach to strategic arms -- NATO Readjustment. France secedes ; Nuclear planning group ; Flexible response ; NATO and Vietnam -- NATO: Burden-Sharing And U.S. Troop Reduction. Framing the issue ; Force structures ; Reduction of U.S. forces in Europe ; Assessing Germany's share of the load ; OSD, the JCS, and troop reductions in Germany ; Tripartite talks ; Clark Clifford and NATO ; Aftermath of Czechoslovakia -- Crisis In The Middle East. Genesis of the crisis ; Onset of an emergency ; Personal diplomacy ; To the breaking point ; Six-day war ; Arab reaction ; Attack on the Liberty and the U S -Soviet crisis ; Aftermath ; Rearming Israel -- Battle Over Military Assistance. FY 1966 MAP request ; Vietnam assistance and FY 1966 MAP ; FY 1967 MAP ; More is needed ; Export-import bank credit controversy ; FY 1969 MAP ; Final MAP proposal -- Year Of Crises. Losing H-bombs ; Pueblo and the Blue House ; Prague spring: Moscow summer ; REDCOSTE and the Czech effect -- Strategy And Cost-Effectiveness. Cost-efficient war? ; Strategic forces ; Procurement contracting impact ; Cost reduction ; Global drawdown ; Conclusion. ; Movers and Shakers. DoD's senior leadership ; Civilian-military divide ; Commander in chief ; National security policymaking apparatus ; Mastering the Pentagon -- Vietnam : Escalation Without Mobilization. Pondering escalation ; Hidden escalation ; More troops, more money ; Enemy dictates the course of action ; McNamara's 180-degree turn ; Conflicting assessments ; President's decision -- Air War Against North Vietnam, 1965-1966. Targeting North Vietnam ; Rolling thunder ; Working toward an extended bombing pause ; Resuming rolling thunder ; POL debate ; Rolling thunder: indecision, discord, and escalation -- Paying For A War: Budgets, Supplements, And Estimates, 1965-1967. FY 1966 defense budget ; 1965 supplemental ; August supplemental amendment to the 1966 budget ; FY 1966 supplemental ; FY 1967 defense budget ; Vietnam spending and the economy -- Vietnam: Escalating A Ground War, July 1965-July 1967. Planning a ground war ; Hard choices ; Cost-effective deployments ; Barrier concept ; More troops, more questions ; Search for a winning formula -- More Than Expected: Supplementals And Budgets, 1966-1968. Enacting the FY 1966 supplemental ; FY 1967 defense budget ; Need for a FY 1967 supplemental budget ; Price of escalation ; Enacting the FY 1967 supplemental ; FY 1968 budget request ; Defending the FY 1968 budget -- Vietnam: An Endless War, 1967-1968. Accelerating troop deployments ; Shaping public opinion ; Manning the barrier ; Khe Sanh ; Tet offensive ; New secretary ; Ground war grinds on ; Settling in or getting out ; Fighting while negotiating -- Air War Against North Vietnam: Escalation To Cessation, 1967-1968. State of the air war at the outset of 1967 ; Targeting debate ; Rift widens ; Pennsylvania initiative ; After tet -- Bills Come Due: Budgets And Supplementals, 1968-1970. Final FY 1968 defense budget ; How big a tax increase? ; Proposed FY 1969 budget submission ; Juggling the numbers ; Passage of the FY 1968 SEA supplemental ; Enactment of the FY 1969 budget ; FY 1970 defense budget -- Home Front. Conscripts and volunteers: lower standards, greater inequality ; Project 100,000 ; Race and casualties ; Burning cities: rising protest ; March on the Pentagon ; 1968 riots -- Another Cuba?. Intervention in the Dominican Republic ; Justifying intervention ; Operational plans and planning operations ; Perils of peacekeeping ; Withdrawal ; From the Dust Jacket: McNarmara, Clifford and the Burdens of Vietnam, 1965-1969, volume VI in the newly-named Secretaries of Defense Historical Series, covers the incumbency of Robert S. McNamara, as well as the brief, but significant, tenure of Clark M. Clifford. McNamara's key role in the ever-deepening U.S. involvement in Vietnam between 1965 and 1968 forms the centerpiece of the narrative. During these years, Vietnam touched every aspect of Lyndon B. Johnson's administration, determining budget priorities, provoking domestic unrest, souring relations with NATO, and complicating negotiations with the Soviet Union. McNamara's early miscalculations about Vietnam became the source of deep disappointments. Relations with the Joint Chiefs of Staff, never good, frayed almost to the breaking point as McNamara repeatedly rejected military advice in favor of his civilian experts. McNamara's carefully crafted plans failed, his frustrations grew, and he became estranged from the President. His private attempts to check the war's momentum contradicted his public statements supporting the military effort and tarred McNamara as a hypocrite. McNamara's successor, Clark Clifford, arrived with a reputation as a hawk, but focused most of his effort on extricating the United States from Vietnam. McNamara and Clifford presided over the Department of Defense during momentous and dangerous times. Vietnam was one of a series of wars, emergencies, and interventions involving U.S. interests. Intervention in the Dominican Republic, declining U.S. prestige and power in Europe and NATO, war in the Middle East, heightened tensions on the Korean peninsula, arms control talks with the Soviet Union, and violent protests at home competed for attention. Overseeing the Vietnam War and contending with these complex policy issues taxed even McNamara's enormous energy and brilliant intellect as he struggled to manage DoD programs. His long-cherished cost-cutting programs fell by the wayside; his favored weapons systems were swept aside; his committed efforts to limit strategic arms faltered; and his reputation was permanently tarnished. McNamara, Clifford and the Burdens of Vietnam highlights the interaction of McNamara and Clifford with the White House, Congress, the JCS, the Department of State, and other federal agencies involved in policy formulation. The two secretaries increasingly found that the cost of winning the war became a morally prohibitive as the price of losing. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Book reviewed in this article:AUSTRALASIA: MANAGING THE LAND: An Index to the Lands Department Papers in Queensland Votes and Proceedings, 1880–1899 By W. Ross Johnston, Helen Gregory and Jennifer Harrison.AUSTRALASIA:MABO: A JUDICIAL REVOLUTION: The Aboriginal Land Rights Decision and its Impact on Australian Law Edited by M. A. Stephenson and S. Ratnapala.AUSTRALASIA SECRETS OF THE FOREST: Discovering History in Melbourne's Ash Range By Tom GriffithAUSTRALASIA OCEANOGRAPHY IN THE DAYS OF SAIL By Ian Jones and Joyce Jones.AUSTRALASIA IET DISSENTER: The Life and Thought of an Australian Pacifist: Eleanor May Moore, 1875–1949 By Malcolm Saunders.AUSTRALASIA WAR, INTERMENT AND MASS MIGRATION: The Italio‐Australian Experience 1940–1990 Edited by Richard Bosworth and Romano Ugolini.AUSTRALASIA AN AIRMAN FAR AWAY: The Story of an Australian Dambuster By Eric Fry.AUSTRALASIA A BIBLIOGRAPHY ON OVERSEAS STUDENTS IN AUSTRALIA: Australia‐Asia Papers No. 64 By Curtis A. Andressen.AUSTRALASIA EDUCATIONAL REFUGEES: Malaysian Students in Australia. Monash Papers on Southeast Asia No. 29. By Curtis A. Andressen.AUSTRALASIA POWER AND PROTEST: Movements for Change in Australian Society By Verity Burgmann.AUSTRALASIA PUBLIC POLICY IN AUSTRALIA By G. Davis, J. Wanna, J. Warhurst and P Weller.AUSTRALASIA THE WHITE TRIBE OF ASIA: An Indonesian View of Australia By Ratih Hardjono.SAS, PHANTOMS OF THE JUNGLE: A History of the Australian Special Air Service By D. M. Horner.AUSTRALASIA PUNISHMENT IN A PERFECT SOCIETY: The New Zealand Penal System 1840–1939 By John Pratt.EUROPE: FROM MEMORY TO WRITTEN RECORD: England 1066–1307 By M. T. Clancy.EUROPE:VENICE: A Documentary History, 1450–1630 Edited by David Chambers and Brian Pullam with Jennifer Fletcher.EUROPE: MARY TUDOR: A Life By David Loades.EUROPE: CUSTOMS IN COMMON By E. P. Thompson.EUROPE: THE VICTORIANS AND RENAISSANCE ITALY By Hilary Fraser.EUROPEL: ENGLISH QUESTIONS By Perry Anderson,EUROPE: THE THATCHER ERA AND ITS LEGACY By Peter Riddell.EUROPE: IRELAND 1828–1923: From Ascendancy to Democracy By D. George Boyce.EUROPE: THE VILLAGE OF CANNIBALS: Rage and Murder in France 1870 By Alain Corbin.EUROPE: MARXIST INTELLECTUALS AND THE WORKING‐CLASS MENTALITY IN GERMANY, 1887–1912 By Stanley Pierson.EUROPE: THE FRENCH HOME FRONT 1914–1918 Edited by Patrick Fridenson.EUROPE: KAUKASIEN 1942/43: Das deutsche Heer und die Orientvölker der Sowjetunion. By Joachim Hoffmann.EXPLAINING AUSCHWITZ AND HIROSHIMA: History Writing and the Second World War 1945–1990 By Richard J. B. Bosworth.INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THE END OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND THE END OF THE MODERN AGE By John Lukacs.INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THE CIVIL WAR: The Best of American Heritage Edited by Stephen W. Sears.INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: WORLD WAR II: The Best of American Heritage Edited by Stephen W. Sears.INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: EYEWITNESS TO WORLD WAR II: The Best of American Heritage Edited by Stephen W. Sears.INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THE FUTURE OF AUSTRALIA'S DEFENCE RELATIONSHIP WITH THE UNITED STATES By Paul Dibb.INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: IMPLICATED: The United States in Australia By Philip Bell and Roger Bell.INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: PACIFIC CENTURY: The Emergence of Modern Pacific Asia By Mark Borthwick with contributions by selected scholars.INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: ENCOUNTERING THE MAJOR PLAYER: U. S. Extended Deterrence Strategy in the Asia‐Pacific By William T. Tow.INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: IMAGINED COMMUNITIES: Reflections of the Origin and Spread of Nationalism By Benedict Anderson.INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THE END OF SOVEREIGNTY? The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World Joseph A. Camilleri and Jim Folk.

Purpose. Preparation of short scientifically-historical essay about the distinguished designer of domestic |space-rocket technique and one of basic creators of missiles for a Soviet rocket-nuclear «shield» Mikhail Kuzmich Yangel. Methodology. Known scientific methods of collection, analysis and analytical treatment of scientific and technical information, regarding becoming and development in the USSR of space-rocket technique of the military and peaceful applications and resulted in scientific monographs, journals and internet-reports. Results. A short scientifically-historical essay is resulted about the distinguished Soviet designer of space-rocket technique of M.K. Yangel, becoming one of creators of domestic strategic rocket-nuclear «shield». Basic scientific and technical achievements of talented and purposeful scientist-mechanic M.K. Yangel are described, becoming in 1954 Head and Chief Designer of the Special Designer Bureau No. 586 (SDB-586, Dnepropetrovsk city), in area of development and creation of powerful battle ballistic rockets of the strategic applications and missiles for the peaceful mastering of space. It is shown that under scientific guidance of the Chief Designer of SDB-586 (in 1966 it began to be named DB «Southern») M.K. Yangel in the USSR were developed and accepted on the armament of rocket strategic armies the Soviet army: battle strategic rockets of the first generation (rockets with military indexes 8K63, 8K65 and 8K64); battle intercontinents ballistic rockets (ICBR) of the second (rockets with military indexes 8K67, 8K69 and 8К67П) and the third (rockets with military indexes 15A14 (on terminology of NATO SS-18 «Satan»), 15A15, 15A16 and 15A18) generations. At creation in the USSR of battle ICBR of the fourth generation (rockets with the military indexes of 15А18М, 15Ж60 and 15Ж61) the ideas of M.K. Yangel were applied. These battle ICBR provided in the period of the «Cold War» for the USSR a party in the world race of strategic rocket-nuclear armaments. Powerful domestic missiles are «Space-1», «Space-2», «Cyclone-2» and «Cyclone-3», created at SDB-586 (DB «Southern») under the guidance of M.K. Yangel on the base of the indicated battle ICBR, executed the tasks laid on them in area of the peaceful mastering of space. Originality. Certain systematization is executed known from mass of scientific and technical materials media, regarding becoming and development in the USSR of rocket industry, having an important military-strategic and civil value. First for a wide reader the concrete contribution of SDB-586 (DB «Southern»), headed in the period of 1954-1971 by Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR M.K. Yangel is exposed in the concentrated kind, in creation of powerful Soviet battle ICBR, making in the period of 1959-1991 basis of rocket-nuclear «shield» of the USSR. Practical value. Scientific popularization and deepening for the students of higher school, engineering-technical and scientific workers of physical-technical knowledge in area of history of becoming and development in the former USSR of military and peaceful rocket production, extending their scientific and technical range of interests and further development of scientific and technical progress in society. ; Приведен научно-исторический очерк о выдающемся советском конструкторе ракетно-космической техники Михаиле Кузьмиче Янгеле, ставшем одним из создателей отечественного ракетно-ядерного «щита». Описаны основные научно-технические достижения М.К. Янгеля в области разработки и создания в СССР боевого стратегического ракетного вооружения и ракетно-космической техники для мирного освоения космоса. Показано, что Главный конструктор ОКБ-586 (КБ «Южное», г. Днепропетровск) М.К. Янгель является «отцом» советских боевых межконтинентальных баллистических ракет (МБР) первого (с индексами 8К63, 8К65 и 8К64), второго (с индексами 8К67, 8К69 и 8К67П) и третьего (с индексами 15А14, 15А15, 15А16 и 15А18) поколений. При создании МБР четвертого поколения (с индексами 15А18М, 15Ж60 и 15Ж61) были применены его идеи. Данные боевые МБР обеспечили в период «холодной войны» для СССР паритет в мировой гонке стратегических ракетно-ядерных вооружений.

Purpose. Preparation of short scientifically-historical essay about the distinguished designer of domestic |space-rocket technique and one of basic creators of missiles for a Soviet rocket-nuclear «shield» Mikhail Kuzmich Yangel. Methodology. Known scientific methods of collection, analysis and analytical treatment of scientific and technical information, regarding becoming and development in the USSR of space-rocket technique of the military and peaceful applications and resulted in scientific monographs, journals and internet-reports. Results. A short scientifically-historical essay is resulted about the distinguished Soviet designer of space-rocket technique of M.K. Yangel, becoming one of creators of domestic strategic rocket-nuclear «shield». Basic scientific and technical achievements of talented and purposeful scientist-mechanic M.K. Yangel are described, becoming in 1954 Head and Chief Designer of the Special Designer Bureau No. 586 (SDB-586, Dnepropetrovsk city), in area of development and creation of powerful battle ballistic rockets of the strategic applications and missiles for the peaceful mastering of space. It is shown that under scientific guidance of the Chief Designer of SDB-586 (in 1966 it began to be named DB «Southern») M.K. Yangel in the USSR were developed and accepted on the armament of rocket strategic armies the Soviet army: battle strategic rockets of the first generation (rockets with military indexes 8K63, 8K65 and 8K64); battle intercontinents ballistic rockets (ICBR) of the second (rockets with military indexes 8K67, 8K69 and 8К67П) and the third (rockets with military indexes 15A14 (on terminology of NATO SS-18 «Satan»), 15A15, 15A16 and 15A18) generations. At creation in the USSR of battle ICBR of the fourth generation (rockets with the military indexes of 15А18М, 15Ж60 and 15Ж61) the ideas of M.K. Yangel were applied. These battle ICBR provided in the period of the «Cold War» for the USSR a party in the world race of strategic rocket-nuclear armaments. Powerful domestic missiles are «Space-1», «Space-2», «Cyclone-2» and «Cyclone-3», created at SDB-586 (DB «Southern») under the guidance of M.K. Yangel on the base of the indicated battle ICBR, executed the tasks laid on them in area of the peaceful mastering of space. Originality. Certain systematization is executed known from mass of scientific and technical materials media, regarding becoming and development in the USSR of rocket industry, having an important military-strategic and civil value. First for a wide reader the concrete contribution of SDB-586 (DB «Southern»), headed in the period of 1954-1971 by Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR M.K. Yangel is exposed in the concentrated kind, in creation of powerful Soviet battle ICBR, making in the period of 1959-1991 basis of rocket-nuclear «shield» of the USSR. Practical value. Scientific popularization and deepening for the students of higher school, engineering-technical and scientific workers of physical-technical knowledge in area of history of becoming and development in the former USSR of military and peaceful rocket production, extending their scientific and technical range of interests and further development of scientific and technical progress in society. ; Приведен научно-исторический очерк о выдающемся советском конструкторе ракетно-космической техники Михаиле Кузьмиче Янгеле, ставшем одним из создателей отечественного ракетно-ядерного «щита». Описаны основные научно-технические достижения М.К. Янгеля в области разработки и создания в СССР боевого стратегического ракетного вооружения и ракетно-космической техники для мирного освоения космоса. Показано, что Главный конструктор ОКБ-586 (КБ «Южное», г. Днепропетровск) М.К. Янгель является «отцом» советских боевых межконтинентальных баллистических ракет (МБР) первого (с индексами 8К63, 8К65 и 8К64), второго (с индексами 8К67, 8К69 и 8К67П) и третьего (с индексами 15А14, 15А15, 15А16 и 15А18) поколений. При создании МБР четвертого поколения (с индексами 15А18М, 15Ж60 и 15Ж61) были применены его идеи. Данные боевые МБР обеспечили в период «холодной войны» для СССР паритет в мировой гонке стратегических ракетно-ядерных вооружений.

Приведен научно-исторический очерк о выдающемся советском конструкторе ракетно-космической техники Михаиле Кузьмиче Янгеле, ставшем одним из создателей отечественного ракетно-ядерного «щита». Описаны основные научно-технические достижения М. К. Янгеля в области разработки и создания в СССР боевого стратегического ракетного вооружения и ракетно-космической техники для мирного освоения космоса. Показано, что Главный конструктор ОКБ-586 (КБ «Южное», г. Днепропетровск) М. К. Янгель является «отцом» советских боевых межконтинентальных баллистических ракет (МБР) первого (с индексами 8К63, 8К65 и 8К64), второго (с индексами 8К67, 8К69 и 8К67П) и третьего (с индексами15А14, 15А15, 15А16 и 15А18) поколений. При создании МБР четвертого поколения (с индексами 15А18М, 15Ж60 и 15Ж61) были применены его идеи. Данные боевые МБР обеспечили в период «холодной войны» для СССР паритет в мировой гонке стратегических ракетно-ядерных вооружений. ; Purpose. Preparation of short scientifically-historical essay about the distinguished designer of domestic space-rocket technique and one of basic creators of missiles for a Soviet rocket-nuclear «shield» Mikhail Kuzmich Yangel. Methodology. Known scientific methods of collection, analysis and analytical treatment of scientific and technical information, regarding becoming and development in the USSR of space-rocket technique of the military and peaceful applications and resulted in scientific monographs, journals and internet-reports. Results.A short scientifically-historical essay is re-sulted about the distinguished Sovietdesigner of space-rocket technique of M. K. Yangel, becoming one of creators of domestic strate-gic rocket-nuclear «shield». Basic scientific and technical achieve-ments of talented and purposeful scientist-mechanic M. K. Yangel are described, becoming in 1954 Head and Chief Designer of the Special Designer Bureau No. 586 (SDB-586, Dnepropetrovsk city), in area of development and creation of powerful battle ballistic rockets of the strategic applications and missiles for the peaceful mastering of space. It is shown that under scientific guidance of the Chief Designer of SDB-586 (in 1966 it began to be named DB «Southern») M. K. Yangel in the USSR were developed and accepted on the armament of rocket strategic armies the Soviet army: battle strategic rockets of the first generation (rockets with military in-dexes 8K63, 8K65 and 8K64); battleintercontinents ballistic rock-ets (ICBR) of the second (rockets with military indexes 8K67, 8K69 and 8К67П) and the third (rockets with military indexes 15A14 (on terminology of NATO SS-18 «Satan»), 15A15, 15A16 and 15A18) generations. At creation in the USSR of battle ICBR of the fourth generation (rockets with the military indexes of 15А18М, 15Ж60 and 15Ж61) the ideas of M.K. Yangel were applied. These battle ICBR provided in the period of the «Cold War» for the USSR a party in the world race of strategic rocket-nuclear armaments. Powerful domestic missiles are «Space-1», «Space-2», «Cyclone-2» and «Cyclone-3», created at SDB-586 (DB «Southern») under the guidance of M.K. Yangel on the base of the indicated battle ICBR, executed the tasks laid on them in area of the peaceful mastering of space. Originality. Certain systematization is executed known from mass of scientific and technical materials media, regarding becoming and development in the USSR of rocket industry, having an important military-strategic and civil value. First for a wide reader the concrete contribution of SDB-586 (DB «Southern»), headed in the period of 1954-1971 by Academician of the Academy of Sci-ences of the Ukrainian SSR and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR M.K. Yangel is exposed in the concentrated kind, in creation of powerful Soviet battle ICBR, making in the period of 1959-1991 basis of rocket-nuclear «shield» of the USSR. Practical value.Scientific popularization and deepening for the students of higher school, engineering-technical and scientific workers of physical-technical knowledge in area of history of becoming and development in the former USSR of military and peaceful rocket production, extending their scientific and technical range of interests and fur-ther development of scientific and technical progress in society.

Приведен научно-исторический очерк о выдающемся советском конструкторе ракетно-космической техники Михаиле Кузьмиче Янгеле, ставшем одним из создателей отечественного ракетно-ядерного «щита». Описаны основные научно-технические достижения М.К. Янгеля в области разработки и создания в СССР боевого стратегического ракетного вооружения и ракетно-космической техники для мирного освоения космоса. Показано, что Главный конструктор ОКБ-586 (КБ «Южное», г. Днепропетровск) М.К. Янгель является «отцом» советских боевых межконтинентальных баллистических ракет (МБР) первого (с индексами 8К63, 8К65 и 8К64), второго (с индексами 8К67, 8К69 и 8К67П) и третьего (с индексами 15А14, 15А15, 15А16 и 15А18) поколений. При создании МБР четвертого поколения (с индексами 15А18М, 15Ж60 и 15Ж61) были применены его идеи. Данные боевые МБР обеспечили в период «холодной войны» для СССР паритет в мировой гонке стратегических ракетно-ядерных вооружений. ; Purpose. Preparation of short scientifically-historical essay about the distinguished designer of domestic |space-rocket technique and one of basic creators of missiles for a Soviet rocket-nuclear «shield» Mikhail Kuzmich Yangel. Methodology. Known scientific methods of collection, analysis and analytical treatment of scientific and technical information, regarding becoming and development in the USSR of space-rocket technique of the military and peaceful applications and resulted in scientific monographs, journals and internet-reports. Results. A short scientifically-historical essay is resulted about the distinguished Soviet designer of space-rocket technique of M.K. Yangel, becoming one of creators of domestic strategic rocket-nuclear «shield». Basic scientific and technical achievements of talented and purposeful scientist-mechanic M.K. Yangel are described, becoming in 1954 Head and Chief Designer of the Special Designer Bureau No. 586 (SDB-586, Dnepropetrovsk city), in area of development and creation of powerful battle ballistic rockets of the strategic applications and missiles for the peaceful mastering of space. It is shown that under scientific guidance of the Chief Designer of SDB-586 (in 1966 it began to be named DB «Southern») M.K. Yangel in the USSR were developed and accepted on the armament of rocket strategic armies the Soviet army: battle strategic rockets of the first generation (rockets with military indexes 8K63, 8K65 and 8K64); battle intercontinents ballistic rockets (ICBR) of the second (rockets with military indexes 8K67, 8K69 and 8К67П) and the third (rockets with military indexes 15A14 (on terminology of NATO SS-18 «Satan»), 15A15, 15A16 and 15A18) generations. At creation in the USSR of battle ICBR of the fourth generation (rockets with the military indexes of 15А18М, 15Ж60 and 15Ж61) the ideas of M.K. Yangel were applied. These battle ICBR provided in the period of the «Cold War» for the USSR a party in the world race of strategic rocket-nuclear armaments. Powerful domestic missiles are «Space-1», «Space-2», «Cyclone-2» and «Cyclone-3», created at SDB-586 (DB «Southern») under the guidance of M.K. Yangel on the base of the indicated battle ICBR, executed the tasks laid on them in area of the peaceful mastering of space. Originality. Certain systematization is executed known from mass of scientific and technical materials media, regarding becoming and development in the USSR of rocket industry, having an important military-strategic and civil value. First for a wide reader the concrete contribution of SDB-586 (DB «Southern»), headed in the period of 1954-1971 by Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR M.K. Yangel is exposed in the concentrated kind, in creation of powerful Soviet battle ICBR, making in the period of 1959-1991 basis of rocket-nuclear «shield» of the USSR. Practical value. Scientific popularization and deepening for the students of higher school, engineering-technical and scientific workers of physical-technical knowledge in area of history of becoming and development in the former USSR of military and peaceful rocket production, extending their scientific and technical range of interests and further development of scientific and technical progress in society.

Broadside describing the course of study and announcing the spring term of the American Literary, Scientific, and Military Collegiate Institute in Norwich, Vermont. Includes a handwritten insertion to the text by Alden Partridge and a note announcing a meeting of Partridge's former pupils at commencement celebrations in August 1848. ; Printed in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania? ; THE AMERICAN LITERARY, SCIENTIFIC, AND MILITARY COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE, AT NORWICH, VERMONT. Incorporated under the Broad and Liberal Provisions of the 81st Chap, of the Revised Statutes of Vermont. CAPTAIN PARTRIDGE would inform the public that the Spring Term at this Institution will commence on the first Monday in May, 1848. The instruction will embrace a complete course of CLASSICAL, SCIENTIFIC AND MILITARY EDUCATION. Great attention will be given to practical Mathematics, Civil Engineering, the science of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts, the science of Government and public Administration, the Constitution of the United States, Political Economy, fyc. This system, after nearly thirty years of experience, has proved eminently successful in qualifying young men, not only for the learned Professions and Military service, but for all the practical business of life. The Military course will be, as it ever has been, scientific and pracli-cal, and young men can be as well prepared, for commissions in Military service, as at West Point, and in much less time. The Cadets can complete the full course, or such particular courses as they wish, and will receive appropriate Diplomas accordingly. Captain P. will deliver a full course of lectures annually, on the most important branches of knowledge. Capt. P. will receive Students whose Parents and Guardians reside at a distance, to be under his personal care and instruction, and be considered and treated as a part of his domestic circle, for three hundred dollars per annum, which will include Tuition, Board, Lights, Fuel, Washing, Lectures, Uniform Coats and Caps, use of Arms and Accoutrements, of Class Books, of the Library, use of Mathematical Instruments for prac-tical Scientific Operations, and the necessary expense money, when performing Military and Scientific Excursions by order of Captain P.; or Captain P. will receive Students, for three hundred and seYenty-five dollars, per annum, which will coverall expenses, connected with their education, (including clothing,) from the time they join the Institution, until they leave. Two hundred dollars to be paid when the Student joins, and the balance at the expiration of six month^ The uniform is the same that has been worn by Capt. P.'s Cadets for twenty-seven years. The Bullet-button is a strong bond of union among them,— Students are admitted at any time of the year. No debts must be contracted without the permisssion of Capt. P., and all persons are forbidden to trust any Cadet without such permission. Capt. P. will see that they are provided with every thing necessary. The Cadets will be frequently taken out on practical Scientific Excursions, for purposes of improvement in useful knowledge. This system after an experience of nearly thirty years, has proved eminently successful in qualifying young men, not only, for the learned professions, but for all the practical business of life, and ensures health and a vigorous constitution to all. 0For further particulars apply to Capt. P. at Harrisburg, Pa., until the 10th of April, 1848, and after that, to Norwich, Vermont. N. B.—Norwich is reached from Boston, by Railroad, in about seven hours. NOTE.—The Annual Commencement will be on the third Thursday in August, 1848, at which all of Capt, P.'s former pupils are urgently invited to attend. Several addresses will be delivered. An Eulogy on those Cadets who have died, may be expected on the occasion, from JOSEPH C. WRIGHT, Esq., of Oswego, N. Y., a former graduate under Capt. P. The Association for the promotion of Useful Knowledge, incorporated under the 81st Chapter of the Revised Statutes of Vermont, will meet at Norwich, on the da}', (Wednesday,) before commencement. A full attendance of the members is urgently requested. All of Capt. P.'s former pupils, who left the several Institutions, he has established, in honorable standing, are members of the Association, by right. HARRISBURG, December 23, 1847.

The article considers types and characteristics of special knowledge as well as legal status of persons applying special knowledge while civil and economic proceedings. The Article purpose is to identify existing gaps in civil and economic procedural legislation in relation to various forms of implementing special knowledge based on the analysis of description of their common features and identification of their application peculiarities in civil and economic proceedings. When considering the comparative legal research method, similarities and differences in entities using special knowledge, namely in a specialist, translator, teacher, were established. The analysis of norms of the current procedural legislation enables to deduce that a number of forms of special knowledge use can be distinguished in civil and economic proceedings, namely: court expertise; competent individuals' expertise without involving them in a trial; attracting competent persons to participate in civil or economic proceedings; using the results of forensic examinations: forensic reports. The issues of legal regulation for a translator candidate choice in civil or economic proceedings and the problem of translators' incompetence in legal terminology are identified. Methods for improving participation of translators in the proceedings were established. The opinions and observations of scientists in the field of law on the use of special knowledge in the field of law were analyzed, and the possibility of conducting legal vetting while court proceedings was criticized. It was established that procedural definition of special knowledge must necessarily include their general scientific concept as direct substantive basis for the concept of procedural, and the latter will determine only boundaries and forms of this knowledge special use in civil and economic proceedings, as well as legally significant consequences of such use. The analysis of forms of special knowledge use in civil and economic proceedings provides grounds to consider that, except for special knowledge that is used in the form of forensic examination, other forms are also used which are given a detailed description. ; В статье рассмотрены виды и характеристики специальных знаний, а также правовой статус лиц, применяющих специальные знания в гражданском и хозяйственном процессах. Целью статьи является выявление существующих пробелов в гражданском и хозяйственном процессуальном законодательствах в отношении разных форм использования специальных знаний на основе анализа описания их общих черт и установления особенностей их применения в гражданском и хозяйственном процессах. Используя сравнительно-правовой метод исследования, было установлено сходство и выявлены различия субъектов, использующих специальные знания, а именно: специалиста, переводчика, педагога. Анализ норм действующего процессуального законодательства дает возможность сделать вывод о том, что в гражданском и хозяйственном процессах можно выделить ряд форм использования специальных знаний, а именно: знаний, которыми обладает суд; знаний компетентных лиц без привлечения их к участию в процессе; привлечения компетентных лиц к участию в гражданском или хозяйственном процессе; использования результатов судебных экспертиз — заключений эксперта. Определены вопросы правового регулирования выбора кандидатуры переводчика в гражданском или хозяйственном процессе и проблема некомпетентности переводчиков в юридической терминологии. Установлены методы совершенствования участия переводчиков в процессе. Проанализированы мнения и наблюдения учёных в области права по использованию специальных знаний в этой сфере и подвергнута критике возможность проведения правовых экспертиз в судебном процессе. Установлено, что в процессуальное определение специальных знаний обязательно должно включаться их общенаучное понятие как непосредственно содержательная основа понятия процессуального, а последнее будет определять только границы и формы особенного использования этих знаний в гражданском и хозяйственном процессах, а также юридически значимые последствия такого использования. Анализ форм использования специальных знаний в гражданском и хозяйственном процессах даёт все основания считать, что помимо специальных знаний, применяемых в форме экспертизы, применяются и другие формы, которым дана развёрнутая характеристика. ; У статті розглянуто види та характеристики спеціальних знань, а також правовий статус осіб, яких залучають для застосування спеціальних знань у цивільному й господарському процесах. Використовуючи порівняльно-правовий метод дослідження, було визначено схожість і відмінності суб'єктів, які використовують спеціальні знання, а саме спеціаліста, перекладача, педагога, тощо. Окреслено питання правового врегулювання залучення кандидатури перекладача до процесу та проблему некомпетентності перекладачів у юридичній термінології. Визначено шляхи вдосконалення участі перекладачів у судовому процесі. Проаналізовано думки та спостереження науковців у галузі права щодо використання спеціальних знань у сфері права та заперечено можливість проведення правових експертиз у судовому процесі.

'Mersey Built' chronicles the little-known commercial battle that raged between North and South during the American Civil War. The South relied on Europe for its military supplies, which the North tried to stop with a naval blockade of all Southern ports. The South retaliated by destroying Northern merchant ships on the high seas, using war ships, secretly procured from British shipyards and smuggled out of Britain by sympathetic British captains using British crews. The Charleston-based business empire headed by George Trenholm provided a conduit for Confederate finance with its Liverpool branch acting as bankers for the Confederacy's procurement agents. Merseyside, with its extensive docks and numerous shipyards quickly became the epicenter of Confederate operations in Europe. Several British businessmen bought ships specifically to run supplies through the Union blockade, leaving relationships between the United States and Britain strained, close to breaking point. The book relates the history of Trenholm's commercial empire, its pre-war expansion into Liverpool and the pivotal role it played in supporting the Confederate war effort. The involvement of other Liverpool-based entrepreneurs and their successes and failures in blockade-running is described. Background histories of the Merseyside ship builders who constructed warships and blockade runners for the Confederacy are included as well as several mini-biographies of the Liverpool-based captains who smuggled out warships and braved the Union blockade. Details of each ship built on Merseyside for involvement in the Civil War are listed. The role of the United States consular service and its extensive, Liverpool-based, spy ring is described, as are the efforts of the United States ambassador in London to influence British government policy on neutrality. The author, a direct descendant of a Liverpool ship builder, and a blockade-running captain, brings new insights and previously unpublished facts to light in t

A legendary professor at Louisiana State University, T. Harry Williams not only produced such acclaimed works as Lincoln and the Radicals, Lincoln and His Generals, and a biography of Huey Long that won both the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award, but he also mentored generations of students who became distinguished historians in their own right. In this collection, ten of those former students, along with one author greatly inspired by Williams's example, offer incisive essays that honor both Williams and his career-long dedication to sound, imaginative scholarship and broad historical inquiry. The opening and closing essays, fittingly enough, deal with Williams himself: a biographical sketch by Frank J. Wetta and a piece by Roger Spiller that place Williams in larger historical perspective among writers on Civil War generalship. The bulk of the book focuses on Robert E. Lee and a number of the commanders who served under him, starting with Charles Roland's seminal article "The Generalship of Robert E. Lee," the only one in the collection that has been previously published. Among the essays that follow Roland's are contributions by Brian Holden Reid on the ebb and flow of Lee's reputation, George C. Rable on Stonewall Jackson's deep religious commitment, A. Wilson Greene on P. G. T. Beauregard's role in the Petersburg Campaign, and William L. Richter on James Longstreet as postwar pariah. Together these gifted historians raise a host of penetrating and original questions about how we are to understand America's defining conflict in our own time-just as T. Harry Williams did in his. And by encompassing such varied subjects as military history, religion, and historiography, Lee and His Generals demonstrates once more what a fertile field Civil War scholarship remains. Lawrence Lee Hewitt is professor of history emeritus at

Top Ten Global Justice Law Review Articles 2007 is a thorough and accessible review of the most salient, the most controversial, and the most illuminating essays on security law in the previous calendar year. In this edition, Professor Amos Guiora presents the ten most vital and pertinent law review articles from 2007 written by both scholars who have already gained international prominence as experts in security law as well as emerging voices in the security-law debate. These articles deal with issues of terrorism, security law, and the preservation of civil liberties in the post-9/11 world. The chosen selections derive not just from the high quality and expertise of the articles' authors, but equally from the wide diversity of legal issues addressed by those authors. Guiora combines the expertise of scholars from such accredited institutions as Harvard, Stanford, the U.S Military Academy and the U.S. Department of Defense to provide a valuable resource for scholars and experts researching this important subject area. This annual review provides researchers with more than just an authoritative discussion on the most prominent security debates of the day; it also educates researchers on new issues that have received far too little attention in the press and in academia. These expert scholars and leaders tackle and give voice to these issues that range from cyberterror to detention of suspected terrorists to France's tightening of its civil liberties policy to new restrictions on religious philanthropy and beyond. Together, the vast knowledge and independent viewpoints represented by these ten authors make this volume, of what will be an annual review within the Terrorism, 2nd Series, a valuable resource for individuals new to the realm of security law and for advanced researchers with a sophisticated understanding of the field. Top Ten Global Justice Law Review Articles 2007 serves as a one-stop guidebook on how both the U.S. and the world generally are currently waging the war on terror.