Suchergebnisse

Páginas: 60-77. ; Este artigo oferece uma visão geral da sociologia da linguagem. São apresentadas algumas posições sobre a distinção entre sociolinguística e sociologia da linguagem, da perspectiva que as concebe como disciplinas diferenciadas. Inicialmente, as considerações teóricas gerais relativas ao contato linguístico são divulgadas; então, é feita referência aos fenômenos linguísticos que surgem em situações de contato linguístico, como o bilinguismo, a diglossia, o contato linguístico e a escolha das línguas. Esta seção trata de questões relacionadas aos efeitos sociais do bilinguismo, a saber: manutenção e substituição de uma linguagem, lealdade e deslealdade linguística, conflito linguístico, política e planejamento linguístico. Também são oferecidas informações sobre a influência entre línguas: convergência linguística e divergência, interferência linguística e mudança de código (ou alternância linguística). Há também dois efeitos do contato social e linguístico de algumas línguas: pidgin e crioulo. O texto termina com algumas conclusões. O artigo foi concebido, principalmente, para estudantes universitários que são iniciados no estudo da sociologia da língua. ; This article provides an overview of the sociology of language. Some positions are presented regarding the distinction between sociolinguistics and sociology of language. Here, the perspective that conceives them as differentiated disciplines is followed. Initially, general theoretical considerations are given regarding the linguistic contact, then, it is referred to some linguistic phenomena that arise in situations of linguistic contact, such as: bilingualism, diglossia, linguistic contact, and the choice of languages; In this section, some topics related to the social effects of bilingualism are addressed, namely: maintenance and substitution of a language, linguistic loyalty and disloyalty; Linguistic conflict, politics and language planning. In addition, information is provided on the influence of languages: linguistic convergence and divergence, linguistic interference, and code change (or linguistic alternation). Likewise, there are two effects of the social and linguistic contact of some languages: the pidgin and the criollo. The text is finished with conclusions. The article is designed and recommended for university students who are initiated in the field of study of the sociology of language. ; Este artículo ofrece una visión general sobre la sociología del lenguaje. Se presentan unas posturas respecto de la distinción entre sociolingüística y sociología del lenguaje, desde la perspectiva que las concibe como disciplinas diferenciadas. Inicialmente se dan a conocer unas consideraciones teóricas generales respecto del contacto lingüístico; luego se hace referencia a unos fenómenos lingüísticos que surgen en situaciones de contacto lingüístico,como el bilingüismo, la diglosia, el contacto lingüístico y la elección de lenguas. En este apartado se abordan unas temáticas relacionadas con efectos sociales del bilingüismo, a saber: el mantenimiento y sustitución de una lengua, la lealtad y deslealtad lingüísticas, el conflicto lingüístico, la política y la planificación lingüística. Además se ofrece información sobre la influencia entre lenguas: la convergencia y la divergencia lingüísticas, la interferencia lingüística y el cambio de código (o alternancia lingüística). Se plantean, igualmente, dos efectos del contacto social y lingüístico de unas lenguas: el pidgin y el criollo. Se finaliza el texto con unas conclusiones. El artículo está diseñado, principalmente, para estudiantes universitarios que se inician en el estudio de la sociología del lenguaje. Palabras clave: sociología del lenguaje, bilingüismo, diglosia, contacto lingüístico, elección lingüística, política y planificación lingüística. ; Bibliografía: páginas 76-77. ; Artículo de reflexión revisado por pares académicos.

Religion and Democratization is a comparative study of how regime types and religion-state arrangements frame religious and political identities in Muslim and Catholic societies. The book analyzes its theoretical claims through case studies of "religiously friendly democratization" in Italy and Algeria and a statistical analysis using cross-national data on religion-state arrangements.

ABSTRACT: This article has seemed of great interest to us regarding the issue of the Spanish possessions in North Africa under the Habsburg reign, in which we try to focus on the historical facts that refer to specific and very rapid military successes, to Because of the chaotic situation in the Maghreb, which resulted in the conquest of the key points of the Maghreb coastline, the two squares of Oran and Mazalquivir became two Spanish possessions, while, when talking about the Mediterranean corsairs, the largest part of the studies are referring to Berbers. In this regard, we focus our attention on How has this Spanish presence in the Maghreb enclaves been valued? To carry out this work, it is important to make a brief historical review of the Spanish presence in North Africa, emphasizing what happened in Oran. This square represents a considerable importance in the heart of the Spanish for centuries; It was closely linked from its foundation to the Peninsula. Oran will be present in the most general historiography, in that it constitutes a territory of Spanish control in North Africa, from 1509 and during almost all of the modern age. Both squares are located in the ancient kingdom of Tremecén, the ancient Roman Caesarian Mauritania, which in turn, will have a certain role. RESUMEN: El presente artículo, nos ha parecido de gran interés en cuanto al tema de las posesiones españolas del Norte de África bajo el reinado de los Habsburgo, en el cual intentamos enfocar los hechos históricos que se refieren a los éxitos militares puntuales y muy rápidos, a causa de la situación caótica del Magreb, que se tradujeron por la conquista de los puntos claves de la franja litoral magrebí, se convirtieron las dos plazas de Orán y Mazalquivir en dos posesiones españolas, mientras, cuando se habla de los corsarios mediterráneos, la mayor parte de los estudios se están refiriendo a los berberiscos. Al respecto, centramos nuestra atención en ¿Cómo ha sido valorada esta presencia española en los enclaves magrebíes? Para llevar a cabo este trabajo, es importante hacer una breve reseña histórica de la presencia española en el Norte de África, haciendo hincapié de lo que acaeció en Orán. Dicha plaza representa una importancia considerable en el corazón de los españoles desde ya hace siglos; estaba muy vinculada desde su fundación a la Península. Orán va a estar presente en la historiografía más general, en que constituye un territorio de control español en el Norte de África, desde 1509 y durante casi totalidad de la Edad moderna. Ambas plazas se localizan en el antiguo reino de Tremecén, la antigua Mauritania Cesariense romana, que a su vez, van a tener cierto protagonismo.

U.S. military forces employ unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to conduct intelligence-gathering missions worldwide. For a typical mission, commanders may task UAV operators to gather imagery on 100 or more sites or targets. UAV operators must quickly prepare mission plans that meet the needs of their commanders while dealing with real-world constraints such as time windows, site priorities, imagery requirements, UAVs with different capabilities (i.e. imagery equipment, speed, and range), and UAVs departing from different bases. Previous AFIT research provided the UAV Battlelab with a tool, AFIT Router, for generating high-quality routes to aid mission planning. This research enhances the AFIT Router by providing the ability to define general restricted operating zones and to build routes that consider these zones. This research also examines and compares a probabilistic tabu search heuristic and two reactive tabu search heuristics for solving vehicle routing problems.

The authors explore the impact of religion on two key parental values – obedience and autonomy – in contemporary Dutch society, one of the most secularized countries in the world. Three main religious dimensions are investigated: belonging (religious denomination), behaving (church attendance) and believing (traditional beliefs about God). In analysing survey data from the 2008 European Values Study in the Netherlands, it was found that religious dimensions appear to be significant attributes of parental values. Furthermore, denominational differences in both autonomy and obedience can be explained by church attendance (network mechanism), whereas differences in autonomy can partly be explained by transcendental beliefs (moral mechanism). However, the heterogeneity of the religious population in the Netherlands makes conclusions anything but straightforward and sometimes contrary to theoretical expectations.

Retinal arteriolar narrowing increases with age and predict adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Telomere length keeps track of the division of somatic cells and is a biomarker of biological age. We investigated to what extent retinal arteriolar diameters are associated with biological age, as captured by leukocyte telomere length (LTL). In 168 randomly selected Flemish participants from the family-based population study FLEMENGHO (mean age, 46.2 years) at baseline, of whom 85 underwent a follow-up examination (median, 4.1 years), we post-processed nonmydriatic retinal photographs and measured LTL. In men only, central retinal arteriolar equivalents (CRAE) and arteriole-to-venule ratio (AVR) were associated with LTL with stronger associations at higher age and body mass index. In men aged 57.6 years (75th percentile) a 20% shorter LTL was associated with a decrease in CRAE of 4.57µm. A 20% shorter LTL was associated with a decrease of 5.88µm in CRAE at a BMI of 29.9kg/m2 (75th percentile). Similar associations were observed between AVR and LTL. In women, no retinal microvascular traits were associated with LTL. Retinal arteriolar narrowing in men but not in women is associated with biological age. Our fndings support the idea that avoiding overweight contributes to maintaining a healthier microcirculation. ; The European Union [HEALTH-F7-305507 HOMAGE] and the European Research Council, Advanced Researcher Grant [2011-294713-EPLORE] and Proof-of-Concept Grant [713601-uPROPHET] and the Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Vlaanderen, Ministry of the Flemish Community, Brussels, Belgium [G.0881.13 and G.088013] currently support the Studies Coordinating Centre in Leuven. Telomere measurements were funded by the European Research Council [ERC-2012-StG.310898] and by the Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Vlaanderen, Ministry of the Flemish Community, Brussels, Belgium [G073315N and G073409N]. Dr Cox is a postdoctoral fellow of the Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Vlaanderen, Ministry of the Flemish Community, Brussels, Belgium supported by grant 12Q0517N. The authors gratefully acknowledge the contribution of the nurses working at the examination center (Linda Custers, Marie-Jeanne Jehoul, Daisy Thijs, and Hanne Truyens) and the clerical staff at the Studies Coordinating Centre (Vera De Leebeeck, Yvette Piccart, and Renilde Wolfs).