Suchergebnisse

Smoking is a major heritable and modifiable risk factor for many diseases, including cancer, common respiratory disorders and cardiovascular diseases. Fourteen genetic loci have previously been associated with smoking behaviour-related traits. We tested up to 235,116 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) on the exome-array for association with smoking initiation, cigarettes per day, pack-years, and smoking cessation in a fixed effects meta-analysis of up to 61 studies (up to 346,813 participants). In a subset of 112,811 participants, a further one million SNVs were also genotyped and tested for association with the four smoking behaviour traits. SNV-trait associations with P < 5 × 10-8 in either analysis were taken forward for replication in up to 275,596 independent participants from UK Biobank. Lastly, a meta-analysis of the discovery and replication studies was performed. Sixteen SNVs were associated with at least one of the smoking behaviour traits (P < 5 × 10-8) in the discovery samples. Ten novel SNVs, including rs12616219 near TMEM182, were followed-up and five of them (rs462779 in REV3L, rs12780116 in CNNM2, rs1190736 in GPR101, rs11539157 in PJA1, and rs12616219 near TMEM182) replicated at a Bonferroni significance threshold (P < 4.5 × 10-3) with consistent direction of effect. A further 35 SNVs were associated with smoking behaviour traits in the discovery plus replication meta-analysis (up to 622,409 participants) including a rare SNV, rs150493199, in CCDC141 and two low-frequency SNVs in CEP350 and HDGFRP2. Functional follow-up implied that decreased expression of REV3L may lower the probability of smoking initiation. The novel loci will facilitate understanding the genetic aetiology of smoking behaviour and may lead to the identification of potential drug targets for smoking prevention and/or cessation. ; The authors would like to thank the many colleagues who contributed to collection and phenotypic characterisation of the clinical samples, as well as genotyping and analysis of the GWA data. Special mentions are as follows: CGSB participating cohorts: Some of the data utilised in this study were provided by the Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study, which is led by the Institute for Social and Economic Research at the University of Essex and funded by the Economic and Social Research Council. The data were collected by NatCen and the genome wide scan data were analysed by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. The Understanding Society DAC have an application system for genetics data and all use of the data should be approved by them. The application form is at: https://www.understandingsociety.ac.uk/about/health/data. The Airwave Health Monitoring Study is funded by the UK Home Office, (Grant number 780-TETRA) with additional support from the National Institute for Health Research Imperial College Health Care NHS Trust and Imperial College Biomedical Research Centre. We thank all participants in the Airwave Health Monitoring Study. This work used computing resources provided by the MRC- funded UK MEDical Bioinformatics partnership programme (UK MED-BIO) (MR/L01632X/1). Paul Elliott wishes to acknowledge the Medical Research Council and Public Health England (MR/L01341X/1) for the MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health; and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards (HPRU-2012-10141). Paul Elliott is supported by the UK Dementia Research Institute which receives its funding from UK DRI Ltd funded by the UK Medical Research Council, Alzheimer's Society and Alzheimer's Research UK. Paul Elliott is associate director of the Health Data Research UK London funded by a consortium led by the UK Medical Research Council. SHIP (Study of Health in Pomerania) and SHIP-TREND both represent population-based studies. SHIP is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF); grants 01ZZ9603, 01ZZ0103, and 01ZZ0403) and the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG); grant GR 1912/5-1). SHIP and SHIP-TREND are part of the Community Medicine Research net (CMR) of the Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald (EMAU) which is funded by the BMBF as well as the Ministry for Education, Science and Culture and the Ministry of Labor, Equal Opportunities, and Social Affairs of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania. The CMR encompasses several research projects that share data from SHIP. SNP typing of SHIP and SHIP-TREND using the Illumina Infinium HumanExome BeadChip (version v1.0) was supported by the BMBF (grant 03Z1CN22). LifeLines authors thank Behrooz Alizadeh, Annemieke Boesjes, Marcel Bruinenberg, Noortje Festen, Ilja Nolte, Lude Franke, Mitra Valimohammadi for their help in creating the GWAS database, and Rob Bieringa, Joost Keers, René Oostergo, Rosalie Visser, Judith Vonk for their work related to data-collection and validation. The authors are grateful to the study participants, the staff from the LifeLines Cohort Study and Medical Biobank Northern Netherlands, and the participating general practitioners and pharmacists. LifeLines Scientific Protocol Preparation: Rudolf de Boer, Hans Hillege, Melanie van der Klauw, Gerjan Navis, Hans Ormel, Dirkje Postma, Judith Rosmalen, Joris Slaets, Ronald Stolk, Bruce Wolffenbuttel; LifeLines GWAS Working Group: Behrooz Alizadeh, Marike Boezen, Marcel Bruinenberg, Noortje Festen, Lude Franke, Pim van der Harst, Gerjan Navis, Dirkje Postma, Harold Snieder, Cisca Wijmenga, Bruce Wolffenbuttel. The authors wish to acknowledge the services of the LifeLines Cohort Study, the contributing research centres delivering data to LifeLines, and all the study participants. Niek Verweij was supported by NWO VENI (016.186.125). Fenland authors thank Fenland Study volunteers for their time and help, Fenland Study general Practitioners and practice staff for assistance with recruitment, and Fenland Study Investigators, Co-ordination team and the Epidemiology Field, Data and Laboratory teams for study design, sample/data collection and genotyping. We thank all ASCOT trial participants, physicians, nurses, and practices in the participating countries for their important contribution to the study. In particular we thank Clare Muckian and David Toomey for their help in DNA extraction, storage, and handling. We would also like to acknowledge the Barts and The London Genome Centre staff for genotyping the Exome Chip array. The BRIGHT study is extremely grateful to all the patients who participated in the study and the BRIGHT nursing team. We would also like to thank the Barts Genome Centre staff for their assistance with this project. Patricia B. Munroe, Mark J. Caulfield, and Helen R. Warren wish to acknowledge the NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit at Barts and The London, Queen Mary University of London, UK for support. Mark J. Caulfield are Senior National Institute for Health Research Investigators. EMBRACE Collaborating Centres are: Coordinating Centre, Cambridge: Daniel Barrowdale, Debra Frost, Jo Perkins. North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Aberdeen: Zosia Miedzybrodzka, Helen Gregory. Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Service, Belfast: Patrick Morrison, Lisa Jeffers. West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Service, Birmingham: Kai-ren Ong, Jonathan Hoffman. South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol: Alan Donaldson, Margaret James. East Anglian Regional Genetics Service, Cambridge: Joan Paterson, Marc Tischkowitz, Sarah Downing, Amy Taylor. Medical Genetics Services for Wales, Cardiff: Alexandra Murray, Mark T. Rogers, Emma McCann. St James's Hospital, Dublin & National Centre for Medical Genetics, Dublin: M. John Kennedy, David Barton. South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Edinburgh: Mary Porteous, Sarah Drummond. Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Exeter: Carole Brewer, Emma Kivuva, Anne Searle, Selina Goodman, Kathryn Hill. West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Glasgow: Rosemarie Davidson, Victoria Murday, Nicola Bradshaw, Lesley Snadden, Mark Longmuir, Catherine Watt, Sarah Gibson, Eshika Haque, Ed Tobias, Alexis Duncan. South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital London: Louise Izatt, Chris Jacobs, Caroline Langman. North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Harrow: Huw Dorkins. Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, Leicester: Julian Barwell. Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds: Julian Adlard, Gemma Serra-Feliu. Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool: Ian Ellis, Claire Foo. Manchester Regional Genetics Service, Manchester: D Gareth Evans, Fiona Lalloo, Jane Taylor. North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, NE Thames, London: Lucy Side, Alison Male, Cheryl Berlin. Nottingham Centre for Medical Genetics, Nottingham: Jacqueline Eason, Rebecca Collier. Northern Clinical Genetics Service, Newcastle: Alex Henderson, Oonagh Claber, Irene Jobson. Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Oxford: Lisa Walker, Diane McLeod, Dorothy Halliday, Sarah Durell, Barbara Stayner. The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust: Ros Eeles, Nazneen Rahman, Elizabeth Bancroft, Elizabeth Page, Audrey Ardern-Jones, Kelly Kohut, Jennifer Wiggins, Jenny Pope, Sibel Saya, Natalie Taylor, Zoe Kemp and Angela George. North Trent Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield: Jackie Cook, Oliver Quarrell, Cathryn Bardsley. South West Thames Regional Genetics Service, London: Shirley Hodgson, Sheila Goff, Glen Brice, Lizzie Winchester, Charlotte Eddy, Vishakha Tripathi, Virginia Attard. Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton: Diana Eccles, Anneke Lucassen, Gillian Crawford, Donna McBride, Sarah Smalley. Understanding Society Scientific Group is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ES/H029745/1) and the Wellcome Trust (WT098051). Paul D.P. Pharoah is funded by Cancer Research UK (C490/A16561). SHIP is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the German Research Foundation (DFG); see acknowledgements for details. F.W. Asselbergs is funded by the Netherlands Heart Foundation (2014T001) and supported by UCL Hospitals NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. The LifeLines Cohort Study, and generation and management of GWAS genotype data for the LifeLines Cohort Study is supported by the Netherlands Organization of Scientific Research NWO (grant 175.010.2007.006), the Economic Structure Enhancing Fund (FES) of the Dutch government, the Ministry of Economic Affairs, the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, the Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sports, the Northern Netherlands Collaboration of Provinces (SNN), the Province of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the University of Groningen, Dutch Kidney Foundation and Dutch Diabetes Research Foundation. Niek Verweij is supported by Horizon 2020, Marie Sklodowska-Curie (661395) and ICIN-NHI. Phenotype collection in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1921 was supported by the UK's Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), The Royal Society and The Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government. Phenotype collection in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 was supported by Age UK (The Disconnected Mind project). Genotyping was supported by Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (Pilot Fund award), Age UK, and the Royal Society of Edinburgh. The work was undertaken by The University of Edinburgh Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, part of the cross council Lifelong Health and Wellbeing Initiative (MR/K026992/1). Funding from the BBSRC and Medical Research Council (MRC) is gratefully acknowledged. Paul W. Franks is supported by Novo Nordisk, the Swedish Research Council, Påhlssons Foundation, Swedish Heart Lung Foundation (2020389), and Skåne Regional Health Authority. Nicholas J Wareham, Claudia Langenberg, Robert A Sacott, and Jian'an Luan are supported by the MRC (MC_U106179471 and MC_UU_12015/1). The BRIGHT study was supported by the Medical Research Council of Great Britain (Grant Number G9521010D); and by the British Heart Foundation (Grant Number PG/02/128). The BRIGHT study is extremely grateful to all the patients who participated in the study and the BRIGHT nursing team. The Exome Chip genotyping was funded by Wellcome Trust Strategic Awards (083948 and 085475). We would also like to thank the Barts Genome Centre staff for their assistance with this project. The ASCOT study and the collection of the ASCOT DNA repository was supported by Pfizer, New York, NY, USA, Servier Research Group, Paris, France; and by Leo Laboratories, Copenhagen, Denmark. Genotyping of the Exome Chip in ASCOT-SC and ASCOT-UK was funded by the National Institutes of Health Research (NIHR). Anna F. Dominiczak was supported by the British Heart Foundation (Grant Numbers RG/07/005/23633, SP/08/005/25115); and by the European Union Ingenious HyperCare Consortium: Integrated Genomics, Clinical Research, and Care in Hypertension (grant number LSHM-C7-2006-037093). Nilesh J. Samani is supported by the British Heart Foundation and is a Senior National Institute for Health Research Investigator. Panos Deloukas is supported by the British Heart Foundation (RG/14/5/30893), and NIHR, where his work forms part of the research themes contributing to the translational research portfolio of Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre which is funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR). The LOLIPOP study is supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, the British Heart Foundation (SP/04/002), the Medical Research Council (G0601966, G0700931), the Wellcome Trust (084723/Z/08/Z, 090532 & 098381) the NIHR (RP-PG-0407-10371), the NIHR Official Development Assistance (ODA, award 16/136/68), the European Union FP7 (EpiMigrant, 279143) and H2020 programs (iHealth-T2D, 643774). We acknowledge support of the MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit on Health Impact of Environmental Hazards. The work was carried out in part at the NIHR/Wellcome Trust Imperial Clinical Research Facility. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. We thank the participants and research staff who made the study possible. JC is supported by the Singapore Ministry of Health's National Medical Research Council under its Singapore Translational Research Investigator (STaR) Award (NMRC/STaR/0028/2017). The research was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Exeter Clinical Research Facility and ERC grant 323195; SZ-245 50371-GLUCOSEGENES-FP7-IDEAS-ERC to T.M. Frayling. Hanieh Yaghootkar is funded by Diabetes UK RD Lawrence fellowship (grant:17/0005594) Anna Dominiczak was funded by a BHF Centre of Research Excellence Award (RE/13/5/30177) GSCAN participating cohorts: The Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA), Principal Investigators: B. Porjesz, V. Hesselbrock, H. Edenberg, L. Bierut. The study includes eleven different centers: University of Connecticut (V. Hesselbrock); Indiana University (H.J. Edenberg, J. Nurnberger Jr., T. Foroud); University of Iowa (S. Kuperman, J. Kramer); SUNY Downstate (B. Porjesz); Washington University in St. Louis (L. Bierut, J. Rice, K. Bucholz, A. Agrawal); University of California at San Diego (M. Schuckit); Rutgers University (J. Tischfield, A. Brooks); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA (L. Almasy), Virginia Commonwealth University (D. Dick), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (A. Goate), and Howard University (R. Taylor). Other COGA collaborators include: L. Bauer (University of Connecticut); J. McClintick, L. Wetherill, X. Xuei, Y. Liu, D. Lai, S. O'Connor, M. Plawecki, S. Lourens (Indiana University); G. Chan (University of Iowa; University of Connecticut); J. Meyers, D. Chorlian, C. Kamarajan, A. Pandey, J. Zhang (SUNY Downstate); J.-C. Wang, M. Kapoor, S. Bertelsen (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); A. Anokhin, V. McCutcheon, S. Saccone (Washington University); J. Salvatore, F. Aliev, B. Cho (Virginia Commonwealth University); and Mark Kos (University of Texas Rio Grande Valley). A. Parsian and M. Reilly are the NIAAA Staff Collaborators. COGA investigators continue to be inspired by their memories of Henri Begleiter and Theodore Reich, founding PI and Co-PI of COGA, and also owe a debt of gratitude to other past organizers of COGA, including Ting-Kai Li, P. Michael Conneally, Raymond Crowe, and Wendy Reich, for their critical contributions. COGA investigators are very grateful to Dr. Bruno Buecher without whom this project would not have existed. The authors also thank all those at the GECCO Coordinating Center for helping bring together the data and people that made this project possible. ASTERISK, a GECCO sub-study, also thanks all those who agreed to participate in this study, including the patients and the healthy control persons, as well as all the physicians, technicians and students. As part of the GECCO sub-studies, CPS-II authors thank the CPS-II participants and Study Management Group for their invaluable contributions to this research. The authors would also like to acknowledge the contribution to this study from central cancer registries supported through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Program of Cancer Registries, and cancer registries supported by the National Cancer Institute Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results program. Another GECCO sub-study, HPFS and NHS investigators would like to acknowledge Patrice Soule and Hardeep Ranu of the Dana Farber Harvard Cancer Center High-Throughput Polymorphism Core who assisted in the genotyping for NHS, HPFS under the supervision of Dr. Immaculata Devivo and Dr. David Hunter, Qin (Carolyn) Guo and Lixue Zhu who assisted in programming for NHS and HPFS. HPFS and NHS investigators also thank the participants and staff of the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study, for their valuable contributions as well as the following state cancer registries for their help: AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, ID, IL, IN, IA, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, NE, NH, NJ, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, TN, TX, VA, WA, WY. The authors assume full responsibility for analyses and interpretation of these data. PLCO, a substudy within GECCO, was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, and additionally supported by contracts from the Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS. Additionally, a subset of control samples were genotyped as part of the Cancer Genetic Markers of Susceptibility (CGEMS) Prostate Cancer GWAS1, CGEMS pancreatic cancer scan (PanScan)2, 3, and the Lung Cancer and Smoking study4. The prostate and PanScan study datasets were accessed with appropriate approval through the dbGaP online resource (http://cgems.cancer.gov/data/) accession numbers phs000207.v1.p1 and phs000206.v3.p2, respectively, and the lung datasets were accessed from the dbGaP website (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gap) through accession number phs000093.v2.p2. For the lung study, the GENEVA Coordinating Center provided assistance with genotype cleaning and general study coordination, and the Johns Hopkins University Center for Inherited Disease Research conducted genotyping. The authors thank Drs. Christine Berg and Philip Prorok, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, the Screening Center investigators and staff or the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial, Mr. Tom Riley and staff, Information Management Services, Inc., Ms. Barbara O'Brien and staff, Westat, Inc., and Drs. Bill Kopp and staff, SAIC-Frederick. Most importantly, we acknowledge the study participants for their contributions to making this study possible. We also thank all participants and staff of the André and France Desmarais Montreal Heart Institute's (MHI) Biobank. The genotyping of the MHI Biobank was done at the MHI Pharmacogenomic Centre and funded by the MHI Foundation. HRS is supported by the National Institute on Aging (NIA U01AG009740). The genotyping was funded separately by the National Institute on Aging (RC2 AG036495, RC4 AG039029). Our genotyping was conducted by the NIH Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR) at Johns Hopkins University. Genotyping quality control and final preparation of the data were performed by the University of Michigan School of Public Health. CHDExome+ participating cohorts: BRAVE: The BRAVE study genetic epidemiology working group is a collaboration between the Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK, the Centre for Control of Chronic Diseases, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh and the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Dhaka, Bangladesh. CCHS, CIHDS, and CGPS collaborators thank participants and staff of the Copenhagen City Heart Study, Copenhagen Ischemic Heart Disease Study, and the Copenhagen General Population Study for their important contributions. EPIC-CVD: CHD case ascertainment and validation, genotyping, and clinical chemistry assays in EPIC-CVD were principally supported by grants awarded to the University of Cambridge from the EU Framework Programme 7 (HEALTH-F2-2012-279233), the UK Medical Research Council (G0800270) and British Heart Foundation (SP/09/002), and the European Research Council (268834). We thank all EPIC participants and staff for their contribution to the study, the laboratory teams at the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit for sample management and Cambridge Genomic Services for genotyping, Sarah Spackman for data management, and the team at the EPIC-CVD Coordinating Centre for study coordination and administration. MORGAM: The work by MORGAM collaborators has been sustained by the MORGAM Project's recent funding: European Union FP 7 projects ENGAGE (HEALTH-F4-2007-201413), CHANCES (HEALTH-F3-2010-242244) and BiomarCaRE (278913). This has supported central coordination, workshops and part of the activities of the The MORGAM Data Centre, at THL in Helsinki, Finland. MORGAM Participating Centres are funded by regional and national governments, research councils, charities, and other local sources. PROSPER: collaborators have received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° HEALTH-F2-2009-223004 PROMIS: The PROMIS collaborators are are thankful to all the study participants in Pakistan. Recruitment in PROMIS was funded through grants available to investigators at the Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Pakistan (Danish Saleheen and Philippe Frossard) and investigators at the University of Cambridge, UK (Danish Saleheen and John Danesh). Field-work, genotyping, and standard clinical chemistry assays in PROMIS were principally supported by grants awarded to the University of Cambridge from the British Heart Foundation, UK Medical Research Council, Wellcome Trust, EU Framework 6-funded Bloodomics Integrated Project, Pfizer. We would like to acknowledge the contributions made by the following individuals who were involved in the field work and other administrative aspects of the study: Mohammad Zeeshan Ozair, Usman Ahmed, Abdul Hakeem, Hamza Khalid, Kamran Shahid, Fahad Shuja, Ali Kazmi, Mustafa Qadir Hameed, Naeem Khan, Sadiq Khan, Ayaz Ali, Madad Ali, Saeed Ahmed, Muhammad Waqar Khan, Muhammad Razaq Khan, Abdul Ghafoor, Mir Alam, Riazuddin, Muhammad Irshad Javed, Abdul Ghaffar, Tanveer Baig Mirza, Muhammad Shahid, Jabir Furqan, Muhammad Iqbal Abbasi, Tanveer Abbas, Rana Zulfiqar, Muhammad Wajid, Irfan Ali, Muhammad Ikhlaq, Danish Sheikh and Muhammad Imran. INTERVAL: Participants in the INTERVAL randomised controlled trial were recruited with the active collaboration of NHS Blood and Transplant England (www.nhsbt.nhs.uk), which has supported field work and other elements of the trial. DNA extraction and genotyping was funded by the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR), the NIHR BioResource (http://bioresource.nihr.ac.uk/) and the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (www.cambridge-brc.org.uk). The academic coordinating centre for INTERVAL was supported by core funding from: NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, UK Medical Research Council (MR/L003120/1), British Heart Foundation (RG/13/13/30194), and NIHR Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre. A complete list of the investigators and contributors to the INTERVAL trial is provided in reference.

The existence of a full-fledged system of training military specialists, which meets the needs of access to content and forms the relevant competencies of students, is an integral feature of higher military education. The article analyzes the architecture and classification of expert training systems for the training of military specialists that can be used for training. Expert training system for military training is based on three groups of principles: cybernetic, pedagogical, psychological, which are the basis for the design, storage and transformation of information, determine the forms of teacher activity and features of formation, functioning and forms of manifestation in relation to the human psyche. The architecture of expert-training systems of military specialists training is described, which interacts with the following categories of users: listener who uses the knowledge embedded in the system; expert teacher who transfers knowledge to the system; expert psychologist, who ensures the adaptation of the system to the individual characteristics of the listener; subject matter expert who transfers professional knowledge and shares experience. The conditions on which the efficiency of expert-educational systems depends are presented: high speed of information processing; accumulation and application of learning outcomes of students; adaptation of the system to the level of knowledge of students. The expert training system for the training of military specialists is classified according to global criteria: by the type of task to be solved; in real time; by the degree of integration with other programs; by degree of access. The criterion for the type of problem to be solved includes: data interpretation, diagnostics, monitoring, design, forecasting, planning, training. The criterion for real-time communication consists of statistical, quasi-dynamic and dynamic expert training systems. Integration is provided with autonomous and hybrid expert training systems. The degree of access is divided into open and closed. The use of expert training systems for the training of military specialists is based on information technology training with the use of distributed knowledge. ; Наличие полнофункциональной системы обучения военных специалистов, которая удовлетворяет потребности в доступе к контенту и соответствующие компетентности у слушателей, является неотъемлемым признаком высшего военного учебного заведения. В статье проанализированы архитектуру и классификацию экспертно-обучающих систем по подготовке военных специалистов, может использоваться для обучения. Экспертно-обучающая система по подготовке военных специалистов построена на трех группах принципов: кибернетических, педагогических, психологических, которые являются основой для проектирования, хранения и преобразования информации, определяют формы деятельности преподавателя и особенности формирования, функционирования и форм проявления по отношению к психике человека. Описаны архитектура экспертно-обучающих систем подготовки военных специалистов, которая взаимодействует с такими категориями пользователей: слушатель, который использует заложенные в систему знания; эксперт-преподаватель, который передает знания в систему; эксперт-психолог, который обеспечивает адаптацию системы к индивидуальным особенностям слушателя; эксперт предметной области, который передает профессиональные знания и делится опытом. Представлены условия, от которых зависит эффективность работы экспертно-обучающих систем: высокая скорость обработки информации; накопления и применения результатов обучения слушателей; адаптация системы под уровне знаний слушателей. Экспертно-обучающая система по подготовке военных специалистов классифицирована по глобальным критериям: по типу решаемой задачи; по связи с реальным временем; по степени интеграции с другими программами; по степени доступа. Критерий по типу решаемой задачи включает: интерпретацию данных, диагностику, мониторинг, проектирование, прогнозирование, планирование, обучение. Критерий по связи с реальным временем состоит из статистической, квазидинамичнои и динамической экспертно-обучающих систем. Интеграция обеспечивается автономными и гибридными экспертно-учебными системами. Степень доступа делится на открытый и закрытый. Использование экспертно-обучающих систем для подготовки военных специалистов базируется на информационной технологии обучения с использованием распределенного знания. ; Наявність повнофункціональної системи навчання військових фахівців, яка задовольняє потреби в доступі до контенту та формує відповідні компетентності у слухачів, є невід'ємною ознакою вищого військового навчального закладу. У статті проаналізовано архітектуру та класифікацію експертно-навчальних систем з підготовки військових фахівців, що може використовуватися для навчання. Експертно-навчальна система з підготовки військових фахівців побудована на трьох групах принципів: кібернетичних, педагогічних, психологічних, які є основою для проектування, зберігання та перетворення інформації, визначають форми діяльності викладача та особливості формування, функціонування і форм прояву по відношенню до психіки людини. Описано архітектура експертно-навчальних систем підготовки військових фахівців, яка взаємодіє з такими категоріями користувачів: слухач, який використовує закладені в систему знання; експерт-викладач, який передає знання до системи; експерт-психолог, який забезпечує адаптацію системи до індивідуальних особливостей слухача; експерт предметної галузі, який передає професійні знання і ділиться досвідом. Представлено умови, від яких залежить ефективність роботи експертно-навчальних систем: висока швидкість обробки інформації; накопичення і застосування результатів навчання слухачів; адаптація системи під рівні знань слухачів. Експертно-навчальна система з підготовки військових фахівців класифікована за глобальними критеріями: за типом задачі, що вирішується; за зв'язком з реальним часом; за ступенем інтеграції з іншими програмами; за ступенем доступу. Критерій за типом задачі, що вирішується включає: інтерпретацію даних, діагностику, моніторинг, проектування, прогнозування, планування, навчання. Критерій за зв'язком з реальним часом складається з статистичної, квазідинамічної та динамічної експертно-навчальних систем. Інтеграція забезпечується з автономними та гібридними експертно-навчальними системами. Ступінь доступу поділяється на відкритий та закритий. Використання експертно-навчальних систем для підготовки військових фахівців базується на інформаційній технології навчання з використанням розподіленого знання.

The existence of a full-fledged system of training military specialists, which meets the needs of access to content and forms the relevant competencies of students, is an integral feature of higher military education. The article analyzes the architecture and classification of expert training systems for the training of military specialists that can be used for training. Expert training system for military training is based on three groups of principles: cybernetic, pedagogical, psychological, which are the basis for the design, storage and transformation of information, determine the forms of teacher activity and features of formation, functioning and forms of manifestation in relation to the human psyche. The architecture of expert-training systems of military specialists training is described, which interacts with the following categories of users: listener who uses the knowledge embedded in the system; expert teacher who transfers knowledge to the system; expert psychologist, who ensures the adaptation of the system to the individual characteristics of the listener; subject matter expert who transfers professional knowledge and shares experience. The conditions on which the efficiency of expert-educational systems depends are presented: high speed of information processing; accumulation and application of learning outcomes of students; adaptation of the system to the level of knowledge of students. The expert training system for the training of military specialists is classified according to global criteria: by the type of task to be solved; in real time; by the degree of integration with other programs; by degree of access. The criterion for the type of problem to be solved includes: data interpretation, diagnostics, monitoring, design, forecasting, planning, training. The criterion for real-time communication consists of statistical, quasi-dynamic and dynamic expert training systems. Integration is provided with autonomous and hybrid expert training systems. The degree of access is divided into open and closed. The use of expert training systems for the training of military specialists is based on information technology training with the use of distributed knowledge. ; Наличие полнофункциональной системы обучения военных специалистов, которая удовлетворяет потребности в доступе к контенту и соответствующие компетентности у слушателей, является неотъемлемым признаком высшего военного учебного заведения. В статье проанализированы архитектуру и классификацию экспертно-обучающих систем по подготовке военных специалистов, может использоваться для обучения. Экспертно-обучающая система по подготовке военных специалистов построена на трех группах принципов: кибернетических, педагогических, психологических, которые являются основой для проектирования, хранения и преобразования информации, определяют формы деятельности преподавателя и особенности формирования, функционирования и форм проявления по отношению к психике человека. Описаны архитектура экспертно-обучающих систем подготовки военных специалистов, которая взаимодействует с такими категориями пользователей: слушатель, который использует заложенные в систему знания; эксперт-преподаватель, который передает знания в систему; эксперт-психолог, который обеспечивает адаптацию системы к индивидуальным особенностям слушателя; эксперт предметной области, который передает профессиональные знания и делится опытом. Представлены условия, от которых зависит эффективность работы экспертно-обучающих систем: высокая скорость обработки информации; накопления и применения результатов обучения слушателей; адаптация системы под уровне знаний слушателей. Экспертно-обучающая система по подготовке военных специалистов классифицирована по глобальным критериям: по типу решаемой задачи; по связи с реальным временем; по степени интеграции с другими программами; по степени доступа. Критерий по типу решаемой задачи включает: интерпретацию данных, диагностику, мониторинг, проектирование, прогнозирование, планирование, обучение. Критерий по связи с реальным временем состоит из статистической, квазидинамичнои и динамической экспертно-обучающих систем. Интеграция обеспечивается автономными и гибридными экспертно-учебными системами. Степень доступа делится на открытый и закрытый. Использование экспертно-обучающих систем для подготовки военных специалистов базируется на информационной технологии обучения с использованием распределенного знания. ; Наявність повнофункціональної системи навчання військових фахівців, яка задовольняє потреби в доступі до контенту та формує відповідні компетентності у слухачів, є невід'ємною ознакою вищого військового навчального закладу. У статті проаналізовано архітектуру та класифікацію експертно-навчальних систем з підготовки військових фахівців, що може використовуватися для навчання. Експертно-навчальна система з підготовки військових фахівців побудована на трьох групах принципів: кібернетичних, педагогічних, психологічних, які є основою для проектування, зберігання та перетворення інформації, визначають форми діяльності викладача та особливості формування, функціонування і форм прояву по відношенню до психіки людини. Описано архітектура експертно-навчальних систем підготовки військових фахівців, яка взаємодіє з такими категоріями користувачів: слухач, який використовує закладені в систему знання; експерт-викладач, який передає знання до системи; експерт-психолог, який забезпечує адаптацію системи до індивідуальних особливостей слухача; експерт предметної галузі, який передає професійні знання і ділиться досвідом. Представлено умови, від яких залежить ефективність роботи експертно-навчальних систем: висока швидкість обробки інформації; накопичення і застосування результатів навчання слухачів; адаптація системи під рівні знань слухачів. Експертно-навчальна система з підготовки військових фахівців класифікована за глобальними критеріями: за типом задачі, що вирішується; за зв'язком з реальним часом; за ступенем інтеграції з іншими програмами; за ступенем доступу. Критерій за типом задачі, що вирішується включає: інтерпретацію даних, діагностику, моніторинг, проектування, прогнозування, планування, навчання. Критерій за зв'язком з реальним часом складається з статистичної, квазідинамічної та динамічної експертно-навчальних систем. Інтеграція забезпечується з автономними та гібридними експертно-навчальними системами. Ступінь доступу поділяється на відкритий та закритий. Використання експертно-навчальних систем для підготовки військових фахівців базується на інформаційній технології навчання з використанням розподіленого знання.

The European Union is currently aiming towards a circular economy. This economic model focuses on reusing materials and creating added value with recycled products using smart solutions. In this research, such an advanced approach was also chosen. Recovered municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (MSWI BA) was used to create aggregate-like products for civil engineering structures. The aim was to potentially increase the value and the image of this waste-derived aggregate in civil engineering applications. The use of waste-derived aggregates in civil engineering is especially attractive and beneficial. Natural and crushed rock aggregates are scarce in many locations and vast amounts of materials are required in different types of structures. Conversely, these drivers can also cause drawbacks in the appropriate use of waste-derived aggregates. For example, building highway noise barriers from such aggregates can hardly be considered as utilization; in fact, it is merely dumping the potentially high-value material from one site to another, and thus, avoiding high waste tax costs for landfilling. In this study, the aggregate-like products from recovered MSWI BA were therefore designed as a replacement of natural and crushed rock aggregates in the structural layers of road and field structures. In such structures, the costs of natural and crushed rock aggregates are generally higher than, for example, those used in the noise barriers, and therefore, added value from reusing this waste-derived aggregate could be gained. Europe produces approximately 20 million tonnes of MSWI BA every year. Untreated MSWI BA contains large amounts of both non-ferrous (NF) and ferrous (F) metals. As a result, the development for metal recovering technologies has been of interest to many parties for the past decade. In this study, an advanced Dutch dry treatment technology called ADR (Advance Dry Recovery) was used to treat approximately 60.000 tonnes of MSWI BA from one waste incineration plant in Finland between the years 2013 - 2014. The treatment process efficiently separates NF and F metals from MSWI BA, generating 75 – 85 % of mineral fractions in different grain sizes (0-2, 2-5, 5-12 and 12-50 mm). These mineral fractions were first characterized thoroughly based on their technical and environmental properties. The aim was to properly understand what type of materials were generated from the process. Thereafter, different material mixtures were designed from these mineral fractions using the mathematical proportioning of aggregates. The aim was to create aggregate-like products for different structural layers (filtration, subbase and base layers) of, for example, road and field structures. Three products were designed, which were considered the most well suited based on their correspondence to the grain size distribution requirements of respective natural and crushed rock aggregates. These products were further analysed from their technical, mechanical and environmental points of view in the laboratory. The aim of these analyses was to understand the possibly unique material properties (e.g., sensitivity to changes in moisture content) that can affect the usability and constructability of these aggregate-like products in civil engineering. Finally, the laboratory findings were verified with a field performance study in which an interim storage field was built within a waste treatment centre using these aggregate-like products designed from recovered MSWI BA. Based on the technical and mechanical properties of the material, the aggregate-like products from recovered MSWI BA were considered the most suitable to be used in the lower structural layers of road and field structures. For base layers, the material cannot be recommended unless an additional base layer of natural aggregate or alternatively thicker asphalt pavement is constructed on top. The main reason for this is that MSWI BA particles are prone to crushing and most likely unable to resist the high stresses occurring in the upper parts of road and field structures. This study also demonstrated that the stiffness and strength properties of recovered MSWI BA were strongly dependent on the material's aging and the changes in its moisture content, especially when the material dries out. For example, in this study the resilient modulus (Mr) was even quadrupled when the material's moisture content decreased 5-7 %. With respect to the environmental properties of ADR recovered MSWI BA, the leaching of antimony (Sb) and chloride (Cl-) were identified as the main possible hindrances to the utilization of this material in civil engineering in Finland. On the other hand, the leaching behaviour of these substances showed consistency between the laboratory experiments and the field studies. These results therefore supported the reliability of laboratory leaching test results on which the utilization decisions in real construction projects are generally based. In general, the findings of this study indicated that the aggregate-like products designed from recovered MSWI bottom ash can be a valuable replacement of natural aggregates in certain structures as long as their unique properties are taken into account. When properly used, the attractiveness of replacing natural aggregates with the recovered MSWI BA can be increased, and the dumping of this material in landfill sites and noise barriers can be decreased. Finally, this study has also provided important background data for the finnish policymakers in order for them to decide that recovered MSWI BA can be added to the scope of a renewed Government Decree (YM14/400/2016). This Decree will further facilitate the use of waste-derived aggregates such as recovered MSWI BA in civil engineering in Finland.

Issues of financial security of banks in the context of potential threats detection and prevention of their implementation into risks are considered in the paper. The concept of financial security of banks together with the need to maintain continuous financial flows is clarified. A logical and functional scheme of the system for preventive recognition of potential threats and eliminating risks for the financial security of banks is also developed. Its structure includes functional, methodological, and object-targeted level.It is not possible to estimate the quality and efficiency of the system with the direct financial figures, because the main purpose of its activities is to prevent realization of potential threats.The concept of threats to the bank's financial security received the further development due to explaining and accounting the effect of irrational expectations. The classification of threats to the bank's security is completed. It includes exogenous and endogenous factors together with current trends of increasing influence of anthropogenic factors and aggravation of conflicts at various levels, such as military, corporate, stakeholders, bank-staff, and bank-customer. The analysis of the statistics of the banking system functioning under conditions of the current crisis is made. A cricial diagnosis of the banks operations was conducted by the National Bank of Ukraine. The major risks to the bank's operations and failures up to date are revealed.The objects of management of the system's information security are described in details depending on the source of emergence and storage of data. The arrangements for potential threats prevention to the implementation of the Internet-banking by introducing advanced methods of validation of information are proposed.It is proved that an effective system of preventive detection of potential threats and elimination of risks in the bank's financial security should include: complete automation of solutions with minimal manual intervention, embedded advanced analytical models of elimination of distorted information, flexible and effective cooperation with customers, and resistance to changes in the regulatory framework and unlawful actions of competitors and criminals. ; В статье рассматриваются вопросы финансовой безопасности банков в контексте выявления потенциальных угроз и недопущения их воплощения в риски. Уточнено понятие финансовой безопасности банков с учетом необходимости поддержания непрерывного движения финансовых потоков. Разработана логико-функциональная схема функционирования системы превентивного распознавания потенциальных угроз и устранения рисков финансовой безопасности банков, которая структурирована на функциональный, методологический и объектно-целевой уровень. Эффективность построенной системы финансовой безопасности банков невозможно оценить прямыми финансовыми показателями, так как главная цель ее деятельности − это недопущение реализации потенциальных угроз.Получило дальнейшего развития понятие угроз финансовой безопасности банков за счет раскрытия и учета эффекта иррациональных ожиданий. Доработана классификация угроз банковской безопасности, формируемых экзо- и эндогенными факторами, с учетом современных тенденций роста влияния техногенных факторов и обострения конфликтов разных уровней, таких как военные, корпоративные, учредительные, банк − персонал, банк − клиент. Проведен анализ статистических данных работы банковской системы в современных кризисных условиях. Выполнен критический анализ диагностики деятельности банков, которая была проведена Национальным банком Украины. Выделены основные риски деятельности и банкротства банков в современных условиях.Детализированы объекты управления системы информационной безопасности в зависимости от источника возникновения и хранения данных. Предложены меры по недопущению реализации потенциальных угроз в сфере интернет-банкинга за счет внедрения передовых методов аутентификации информации.Доказано, что эффективная система превентивного выявления потенциальных угроз и устранения рисков финансовой безопасности банков должна иметь: полную автоматизацию решений с минимальным ручным вмешательством, встроенные передовые аналитические модели учета искаженной информации, гибкое и плодотворное сотрудничество с клиентами, а также устойчивость к изменению нормативно-правовой базы и неправомерных действий конкурентов и преступников. ; У статті розглядаються питання фінансової безпеки банків у контексті виявлення потенційних загроз та недопущення їх перетворення у ризики. Уточнено поняття фінансової безпеки банків з урахуванням необхідності підтримання безперервного руху фінансових потоків. Розроблено логіко-функціональну схему дії системи превентивного розпізнання потенційних загроз та усунення ризиків фінансової безпеки банків, яка структурована на функціональний, методологічний та об'єктно-цільовий рівень. Ефективність побудованої системи фінансової безпеки банків неможливо оцінити прямими фінансовими показниками, тому що головна мета її діяльності – це недопущення реалізації потенційних загроз.Дістало подальшого розвитку поняття загроз фінансовій безпеці банків за рахунок розкриття й урахування ефекту іраціональних очікувань. Дороблена класифікація загроз банківській безпеці, що формуються екзо- та ендогенними факторами, з урахуванням сучасних тенденцій підвищення впливу техногенних факторів та загострення конфліктів різних рівнів, таких як військові, корпоративні, засновницькі, банк – персонал, банк − клієнт. Проведено аналіз статистичних даних роботи банківської системи в сучасних кризових умовах. Зроблено критичний аналіз діагностики діяльності банків, що була проведена Національним банком України. Виокремлені основні ризики діяльності та банкрутства банків у сучасних умовах.Деталізовані об'єкти управління системи інформаційної безпеки в залежності від джерела виникнення та зберігання даних. Запропоновані заходи щодо недопущення реалізації потенційних загроз у сфері інтернет-банкінгу за рахунок упровадження передових методів аутентифікації інформації.Доведено, що ефективна система превентивного виявлення потенційних загроз та усунення ризиків фінансової безпеки банків повинна мати: повну автоматизацію рішень з мінімальним ручним втручанням, вбудовані передові аналітичні моделі врахування спотвореної інформації, гнучке та плідне співробітництво з клієнтами, а також стійкість до зміни нормативно-правової бази та неправомірних дій конкурентів й злочинців.

Issues of financial security of banks in the context of potential threats detection and prevention of their implementation into risks are considered in the paper. The concept of financial security of banks together with the need to maintain continuous financial flows is clarified. A logical and functional scheme of the system for preventive recognition of potential threats and eliminating risks for the financial security of banks is also developed. Its structure includes functional, methodological, and object-targeted level.It is not possible to estimate the quality and efficiency of the system with the direct financial figures, because the main purpose of its activities is to prevent realization of potential threats.The concept of threats to the bank's financial security received the further development due to explaining and accounting the effect of irrational expectations. The classification of threats to the bank's security is completed. It includes exogenous and endogenous factors together with current trends of increasing influence of anthropogenic factors and aggravation of conflicts at various levels, such as military, corporate, stakeholders, bank-staff, and bank-customer. The analysis of the statistics of the banking system functioning under conditions of the current crisis is made. A cricial diagnosis of the banks operations was conducted by the National Bank of Ukraine. The major risks to the bank's operations and failures up to date are revealed.The objects of management of the system's information security are described in details depending on the source of emergence and storage of data. The arrangements for potential threats prevention to the implementation of the Internet-banking by introducing advanced methods of validation of information are proposed.It is proved that an effective system of preventive detection of potential threats and elimination of risks in the bank's financial security should include: complete automation of solutions with minimal manual intervention, embedded advanced analytical models of elimination of distorted information, flexible and effective cooperation with customers, and resistance to changes in the regulatory framework and unlawful actions of competitors and criminals. ; В статье рассматриваются вопросы финансовой безопасности банков в контексте выявления потенциальных угроз и недопущения их воплощения в риски. Уточнено понятие финансовой безопасности банков с учетом необходимости поддержания непрерывного движения финансовых потоков. Разработана логико-функциональная схема функционирования системы превентивного распознавания потенциальных угроз и устранения рисков финансовой безопасности банков, которая структурирована на функциональный, методологический и объектно-целевой уровень. Эффективность построенной системы финансовой безопасности банков невозможно оценить прямыми финансовыми показателями, так как главная цель ее деятельности − это недопущение реализации потенциальных угроз.Получило дальнейшего развития понятие угроз финансовой безопасности банков за счет раскрытия и учета эффекта иррациональных ожиданий. Доработана классификация угроз банковской безопасности, формируемых экзо- и эндогенными факторами, с учетом современных тенденций роста влияния техногенных факторов и обострения конфликтов разных уровней, таких как военные, корпоративные, учредительные, банк − персонал, банк − клиент. Проведен анализ статистических данных работы банковской системы в современных кризисных условиях. Выполнен критический анализ диагностики деятельности банков, которая была проведена Национальным банком Украины. Выделены основные риски деятельности и банкротства банков в современных условиях.Детализированы объекты управления системы информационной безопасности в зависимости от источника возникновения и хранения данных. Предложены меры по недопущению реализации потенциальных угроз в сфере интернет-банкинга за счет внедрения передовых методов аутентификации информации.Доказано, что эффективная система превентивного выявления потенциальных угроз и устранения рисков финансовой безопасности банков должна иметь: полную автоматизацию решений с минимальным ручным вмешательством, встроенные передовые аналитические модели учета искаженной информации, гибкое и плодотворное сотрудничество с клиентами, а также устойчивость к изменению нормативно-правовой базы и неправомерных действий конкурентов и преступников. ; У статті розглядаються питання фінансової безпеки банків у контексті виявлення потенційних загроз та недопущення їх перетворення у ризики. Уточнено поняття фінансової безпеки банків з урахуванням необхідності підтримання безперервного руху фінансових потоків. Розроблено логіко-функціональну схему дії системи превентивного розпізнання потенційних загроз та усунення ризиків фінансової безпеки банків, яка структурована на функціональний, методологічний та об'єктно-цільовий рівень. Ефективність побудованої системи фінансової безпеки банків неможливо оцінити прямими фінансовими показниками, тому що головна мета її діяльності – це недопущення реалізації потенційних загроз.Дістало подальшого розвитку поняття загроз фінансовій безпеці банків за рахунок розкриття й урахування ефекту іраціональних очікувань. Дороблена класифікація загроз банківській безпеці, що формуються екзо- та ендогенними факторами, з урахуванням сучасних тенденцій підвищення впливу техногенних факторів та загострення конфліктів різних рівнів, таких як військові, корпоративні, засновницькі, банк – персонал, банк − клієнт. Проведено аналіз статистичних даних роботи банківської системи в сучасних кризових умовах. Зроблено критичний аналіз діагностики діяльності банків, що була проведена Національним банком України. Виокремлені основні ризики діяльності та банкрутства банків у сучасних умовах.Деталізовані об'єкти управління системи інформаційної безпеки в залежності від джерела виникнення та зберігання даних. Запропоновані заходи щодо недопущення реалізації потенційних загроз у сфері інтернет-банкінгу за рахунок упровадження передових методів аутентифікації інформації.Доведено, що ефективна система превентивного виявлення потенційних загроз та усунення ризиків фінансової безпеки банків повинна мати: повну автоматизацію рішень з мінімальним ручним втручанням, вбудовані передові аналітичні моделі врахування спотвореної інформації, гнучке та плідне співробітництво з клієнтами, а також стійкість до зміни нормативно-правової бази та неправомірних дій конкурентів й злочинців.

Traditional sensitive operations, like banking transactions, purchase processes, contract agreements etc. need to tie down the involved parties respecting the commitments made, avoiding a further repudiation of the responsibilities taken. Depending on the context, the commitment is made in one way or another, being handwritten signatures possibly the most common mechanism ever used. With the shift to digital communications, the same guarantees that exist in real world transactions are expected from electronic ones as well. Non-repudiation is thus a desired property of current electronic transactions, like those carried out in Internet banking, e-commerce or, in general, any electronic data interchange scenario. Digital evidence is generated, collected, maintained, made available and verified by non-repudiation services in order to resolve disputes about the occurrence of a certain event, protecting the parties involved in a transaction against the other's false denial about such an event. In particular, a digital signature is considered as non-repudiation evidence which can be used subsequently, by disputing parties or by an adjudicator, to arbitrate in disputes. The reliability of a digital signature should determine its capability to be used as valid evidence. The reliability depends on the trustworthiness of the whole life cycle of the signature, including the generation, transfer, verification and storage phases. Any vulnerability in it would undermine the reliability of the digital signature, making its applicability as non-repudiation evidence dificult to achieve. Unfortunately, technology is subject to vulnerabilities, always with the risk of an occurrence of security threats. Despite that, no rigorous mechanism addressing the reliability of digital signatures technology has been proposed so far. The main goal of this doctoral thesis is to enhance the reliability of digital signatures in order to enforce their non-repudiation property when acting as evidence. In the first instance, we have determined that current technology does not provide an acceptable level of trustworthiness to produce reliable nonrepudiation evidence that is based on digital signatures. The security threats suffered by current technology are suffice to prevent the applicability of digital signatures as non-repudiation evidence. This finding is also aggravated by the fact that digital signatures are granted legal effectiveness under current legislation, acting as evidence in legal proceedings regarding the commitment made by a signatory in the signed document. In our opinion, the security threats that subvert the reliability of digital signatures had to be formalized and categorized. For that purpose, a holistic taxonomy of potential attacks on digital signatures has been devised, allowing their systematic and rigorous classification. In addition, and assuming a realistic security risk, we have built a new approach more robust and trustworthy than the predecessors to enhance the reliability of digital signatures, enforcing their non-repudiation property. This new approach is supported by two novel mechanisms presented in this thesis: the signature environment division paradigm and the extended electronic signature policies. Finally, we have designed a new fair exchange protocol that makes use of our proposal, demonstrating the applicability in a concrete scenario. --- ; Las operaciones sensibles tradicionales, tales como transacciones bancarias, procesos de compra-venta, firma de contratos etc. necesitan que las partes implicadas queden sujetas a los compromisos realizados, evitando así un repudio posterior de las responsabilidades adquiridas. Dependiendo del contexto, el compromiso se llevaría a cabo de una manera u otra, siendo posiblemente la firma manuscrita el mecanismo más comúnmente empleado hasta la actualidad. Con el paso a las comunicaciones digitales, se espera que las mismas garantías que se encuentran en las transacciones tradicionales se proporcionen también en las electrónicas. El no repudio es, por tanto, una propiedad deseada a las actuales transacciones electrónicas, como aquellas que se llevan a cabo en la banca online, en el comercio electrónico o, en general, en cualquier intercambio de datos electrónico. La evidencia digital se genera, recoge, mantiene, publica y verifica mediante los servicios de no repudio con el fin de resolver disputas acerca de la ocurrencia de un determinado evento, protegiendo a las partes implicadas en una transacción frente al rechazo respecto a dicho evento que pudiera realizar cualquiera de las partes. En particular, una firma digital se considera una evidencia de no repudio que puede emplearse posteriormente por las partes enfrentadas o un tercero durante el arbitrio de la disputa. La fiabilidad de una firma digital debería determinar su capacidad para ser usada como evidencia válida. Dicha fiabilidad depende de la seguridad del ciclo de vida completo de la firma, incluyendo las fases de generación, transferencia, verificación, almacenamiento y custodia. Cualquier vulnerabilidad en dicho proceso podría socavar la fiabilidad de la firma digital, haciendo difícil su aplicación como evidencia de no repudio. Desafortunadamente, la tecnología está sujeta a vulnerabilidades, existiendo siempre una probabilidad no nula de ocurrencia de amenazas a su seguridad. A pesar de ello, hasta la fecha no se ha propuesto ningún mecanismo que aborde de manera rigurosa el estudio de la fiabilidad real de la tecnología de firma digital. El principal objetivo de esta tesis doctoral es mejorar la fiabilidad de las firmas digitales para que éstas puedan actuar como evidencia de no repudio con garantías suficientes.

In den letzten Jahren hat die Diskussion um den Erhalt und die Nutzung von kulturellem Erbe aufgrund des Potenzials für Tourismus, Planung und Bildung sowie der Bedeutung für die Entwicklung in der Informationsgesellschaft verstärkt politisches und gesellschaftliches Interesse auf sich gezogen. Die rasanten informationstechnologischen Entwicklungen im Kulturerbe-Sektor führen zu einer Neubewertung der gesellschaftlichen Rolle von öffentlichen Einrichtungen. Die Beteiligten stellen erhöhte Anforderungen an das Management von Sammlungen, die wissenschaftliche Forschung über die Erhaltung von Materialien sowie die Verfügbarkeit und den innovativen, umfassenden und dynamischen Zugang zu kulturellen Beständen durch Wissenschaftler, Fachkräfte und interessierte Bürger. Mit dem Einsatz der Internettechnologie sowie neueren Entwicklungen der Datenbanktechnologie in Standard-Computeranwendungen oder Spezialsystemen können Informationen zum kulturellen Erbe einer großen Anzahl von Nutzern verfügbar gemacht werden. Seit Anfang der 90er Jahre werden Geoinformationssysteme (GIS) zunehmend auch in Disziplinen außerhalb der Geodäsie und Geografie eingesetzt. Unter anderem beschäftigen sich aktuell die Archäologie, die Geologie und die Denkmalpflege mit der digitalen Datenverarbeitung von kulturell und historisch interessanten Objekten in GIS. Insbesondere zur Bearbeitung von raumbezogenen Problemstellungen stehen in allen gängigen GIS zahlreiche Methoden zur Erfassung, Speicherung, Analyse und Visualisierung zur Verfügung. Der zeitlichen Komponente dagegen, die gerade für historische Entwicklungen oder dynamische Prozesse eine große Rolle spielt, wurde sehr viel weniger Bedeutung beigemessen. Sie wird aber neben der nach wie vor sehr wichtigen dritten Dimension in Anwendungen für das kulturelle Erbe zunehmend geschätzt. Objektorientierte Sprachen und Methoden sind als Softwareentwicklungs-Technologie in der Geoinformatik und ihren Anwendungsgebieten unverzichtbar geworden. Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit ist es daher, durch die Nutzung der Vorteile der Objektorientierung bzw. eines objektrelationalen Datenbanksystems einen durchgängigen objektorientierten Ansatz zur Erfassung und Verwaltung von Geoobjekten in einem temporalen GIS (TGIS) für kulturelles Erbes aufzuzeigen. Die Vorgehensweise beinhaltet die objektorientierte konzeptionelle Modellierung eines temporalen Datenmodells für kulturelles Erbe unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von temporalen Anforderungen der Anwendung mittels der Bildung von Objekten mit räumlichen, zeitlichen und thematischen Eigenschaften sowie der Implementierung in eine objektorientierte Software-Umgebung. Es wird auf punktuelle Aspekte des temporalen Umfelds in GIS für kulturelles Erbe eingegangen und diese werden anhand von Anwendungsbeispielen beschrieben. Bei der Modellierung des Informationssystems wurde ein UML-Klassendiagramm eingesetzt und dieses in ein objektrelationales Datenbanksystem abgebildet. Die Grundlage der vorliegenden Arbeit bildete eine Zusammenarbeit der Technischen Universität München mit Gemeinden des Achentals und Verwaltungen in Lehrveranstaltungen und Projekten in Bereichen der Erfassung, Dokumentation und Analyse von kulturellem Erbe in einem GIS. Der eigentliche Wert von kulturellem Erbe, so wurde von den Beteiligten in einem Workshop im Jahr 2001 festgestellt, liegt für die ländlichen Gemeinden nicht in rein kommerzieller Natur, sondern besteht in der Förderung intellektueller Aktivitäten und der Bewusstmachung, dass kulturelles und historisches Wissen die Wurzel regionaler und lokaler Identität bildet. Durch die Kombination neuer Medien, GIS und Internet können neue Anwendergruppen für eine nachhaltige Nutzung, beispielsweise im Heimat- oder Geschichtsunterricht, hinzu gewonnen werden. Zusätzliche oder neue Einnahmequellen entstehen dann in anderen, mit dem Kultursektor verbundenen wirtschaftlichen Sektoren, wie z. B. der regionalen Entwicklung, dem Tourismus oder der Medienindustrie. ; In recent years, there has been a growing social and political debate about the preservation and use of cultural heritage resources. Attention was drawn to the potential of cultural heritage for tourism, planning and education as well as to its significance for the formation of the information society in general. The rapid development of information technologies in the field of cultural heritage leads to a revaluation of the social role of public facilities. The parties hereto make great demands on the management of collections, scientific research on the preservation of materials as well as the availability and innovative, comprehensive and dynamic access to cultural assets through scientists, specialists and interested citizens. By employing Internet technologies and recent developments in database technologies in standard computer applications or expert systems, information about cultural heritage can be made accessible to a large group of users. From the early nineties, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have increasingly been used outside disciplines such as geodesy and geography. Amongst others, archaeologists, geologists and people concerned with the preservation of monuments and historic buildings work with digital representations of cultural and historical objects in GIS. Particularly with regard to the processing of spatial problems, state-of-the-art GIS provide numerous methods for acquisition, storage, analysis and visualisation. In contrast, the temporal component that plays an important role for historical developments and dynamic processes has received far less attention. However, in addition to the still very important third dimension, the temporal dimension is increasingly being valued in cultural heritage applications. Object-oriented languages and methods have become indispensable software development technologies in geoinformatics and its fields of applications. It is therefore a goal of this work to present an integrated object-oriented approach for the acquisition and management of geo-objects in a temporal GIS (TGIS) for cultural heritage. This is achieved through utilising the advantages provided by object-oriented concepts and object-oriented database management systems respectively. The approach comprises the object-oriented conceptual modelling of a temporal data model for cultural heritage. Special consideration is given to the temporal requirements of applications by modelling objects with spatial, temporal and thematic properties as well as by implementing the solution within an object-oriented software environment. Selected aspects of the temporal environment for cultural heritage in GIS are addressed and further explained on the basis of use case scenarios. An UML class diagram is used for the modelling process which is transformed into an object-relational database management system. The basis of the present work is a co-operation between the Technical University of Munich, local authorities of the "Achental" valley and regional authority in university courses and projects concerned with the acquisition, documentation and analysis of cultural heritage in a GIS. According to the results of a workshop held in 2001, the real value of cultural heritage for rural communities is not merely financial in nature, but lies in an encouragement of intellectual activities and in increasing the awareness that cultural and historical knowledge forms the roots for regional and local identity. Combining new media, GIS and Internet, new user groups for a sustainable utilisation, for example, in social and history lessons, can be found and inspired. Additional or new sources of revenue will then emerge from other economic sectors that are connected to the cultural sector. Examples here are regional development, tourism or the media industry.

Waste management issues have been hounding both urban and rural communities for decades. The passing of Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 was meant to ensure the protection of public health and environment, while encouraging resource conservation and recovery, and public cooperation and responsibility. Among its critical provisions were the formal devolution of waste management to local levels, the forced closure of illegal dumpsites and investment on facilities; and the reduction and proper treatment of solid wastes. This study looked into the implementation of the law in both national and subnational levels through desk review and the conduct of case studies in selected areas, and the processing of available quantitative data. Results showed varying implementation templates across study sites, reflecting different enabling mechanisms and replicable initiatives. Documented best practices include the legal waste facility transition of the Payatas dumpsite in Quezon City and the organization of its informal economy; the clustering of waste management service of Teresa, Rizal and its province-wide incentive mechanism and partnership with construction companies; and the market linkages for revenue generation; and the strong LGU-CSO partnership in San Fernando, Pampanga. The overly simplistic transfer of responsibility to LGUs have largely resulted to two decades of mediocre policy grounding. Common avenues for improvement were also identified including the need to fast-track transition timelines; augment national and local government complementation; invest on appropriate technologies and facilities; and sustain public and private sector engagements.

Den globale befolkning vokser og det samme gør urbaniseringen - i øjeblikket bor over halvdelen af verdensbefolkningen i byområder. Energi- og transportsystemer i byområder er ansvarlige for op til 70% af verdensomspændende drivhusgasemissioner, derfor er klimaforanstaltninger på lokalt plan meget vigtige, hvis målene af Parisaftalen skal opfyldes. Byer anerkender udfordringen og takket være den lokale regerings relativt stabile politiske situation såvel som nærheden til borgerne bliver byerne i stigende grad drivkraften for en bæredygtig energiomstilling. I Danmark implementerer mange kommuner ambitiøs klima- og energipolitik der sigter mod at nå kulstofneutralitet inden for de næste årtier. Planlæggere og beslutningstagere har brug for beslutningsstøtteværktøjer til udarbejdelse af deres strategiske energiplaner. Energisystemmodeller kunne spille en sådanne rolle ved at hjælpe med at vurdere muligheden for projekter inden for vedvarende energi og energibesparelser på et systemniveau, og med at identificere scenarier for en omkostningseffektiv reduktion af CO2 emissioner. Ikke desto mindre er der stadig ikke tilstrækkelig forskning omkring identificering og evaluering af bæredygtige energiscenarier til laveste omkostninger for specifikke lokale energisystemer, egnethedsvurderingen af potentielle værktøjer, der kan bruges, og deres anvendelighed fra kommuneplanlæggernes perspektiv. Derfor undersøger denne ph.d.-afhandling metoderne til at repræsentere byens energisystemer og vurderer, hvilke ændringer er gennemførlige i byernes energisystemer for at reducere CO2 udledningen. Ph.d. afhandlingen anvender matematisk modellering af energiscenarier i tre danske casestudier: Storkøbenhavnsområdet, og to mellemstore kommuner: Helsingør i det østlige Danmark og Sønderborg i det vestlige Danmark. Afhandlingen undersøger også forholdet mellem de tekniske ændringer i energisystemerne forårsaget af en øget andel af vedvarende energi og energieffektivitet, og udvalgte økonomiske egenskaber, såsom systemomkostninger. Derudover bruger den en kvalitativ forskning bestående af interviews og indholdsanalyse for at undersøge rollen af energisystemmodellering i kommunal planlægning. Ph.d. afhandlingen består af fire artikler, der fokuserer på klimaforebyggende handlinger i energiinfrastruktur og det byggede miljø, og forbedringer af modeller og modelleringsprocessen for energisystemer i byer. Denne ph.d. afhandling finder, at det er muligt at betydeligt reducere CO2- emissioner fra energisystemer i byer på en omkostningseffektiv måde ved at implementere en blanding af forskellige typer af energiomdannelse og lagring og en balance mellem fjernvarmeudvidelse og varmebesparelser. Mens de detaljerede konklusioner hovedsageligt finder anvendelse på København, Helsingør og Sønderborg, på et mere generelt niveau er de vejledende for andre områder med lignende klimatiske forhold, befolkning og naturressourcer. Denne ph.d. afhandling betragter fire forskellige energimodelleringsværktøjer og tre forskellige energisystemer som casestudier. Ud fra de anvendte modelleringsværktøjer findes Sifre og Balmorel egnede til at analysere integrerede energisystemer, mens energyPRO og regnearkværktøjet LCT - til at analysere varme og varmebesparelser. Blandt svaghederne ved kvantitativ energiscenariemodellering er en manglende evne til at skildre komplekse og ikke-lineære interaktioner mellem aktører på energiområdet. Derfor skal energisystemmodellering suppleres med andre typer af analyse for bedre at kunne vise bæredygtighedsomstillingen. Den kvalitative analyse viser, at kommunerne ikke er aktive modelbrugere, men er involverede i modelleringsprocessen sammen med konsulentfirmaer, varmeforsyningsfirmaer eller universiteter. Alligevel kan modelleringsprocessen forbedres ved øget indsats for at dele data, antagelser og modeller, interog tværkommunalt samarbejde og konstant dialog om, hvordan man kan gøre værktøjer nyttige til planlægning og implementering af bæredygtighedsmål. Generelt kan resultaterne af denne ph.d. afhandling understøtte planlæggere og beslutningstagere i omstillingen til et mere bæredygtigt planlagt energisystem i en by og på den måde opnå tekniske, miljømæssige, sociale og økonomiske fordele. ; The global population is growing and so is the urbanisation share - currently over half of the world population lives in urban areas. Urban energy and transport systems are responsible for up to 70% of worldwide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, therefore the climate action on the local level is crucial if the objectives of the Paris Agreement are to be fulfilled. Owing to the relatively stable political situation of local governments, as well as their closeness to citizens, cities and towns are recognizing the challenge and increasingly becoming the drivers of sustainable energy transition. In Denmark, many municipalities implement ambitious climate and energy policy aiming to reach carbon neutrality within next decades. Planners and decision-makers need decision support tools for devising their strategic energy plans. Energy system models could play such a role by helping assess the feasibility of renewable energy and energy savings projects on a system level and identify scenarios for cost-efficient reduction of CO2 emissions. Nonetheless, there is still not enough research concerning the identification and evaluation of least-cost sustainable energy scenarios for specific local urban energy systems, the suitability assessment of potential tools to be used and their usefulness from the municipal planners' perspective. Therefore, this PhD thesis investigates the methods for representing urban energy systems and assesses what changes are feasible in urban energy systems in order to reduce CO2 emissions. The PhD thesis employs mathematical modelling of energy scenarios for three Danish cases: the Greater Copenhagen area, and two middle-sized municipalities: Helsingør (Elsinore) in eastern Denmark and Sønderborg in western Denmark. The dissertation also examines relations between the technical changes in energy systems caused by increased share of renewables and energy efficiency, and selected economic characteristics, such as system costs. Moreover, it explores the role of energy system modelling in municipal planning using qualitative research consisting of expert interviews and content analysis. The PhD thesis comprises four papers, focusing on climate mitigation actions in the energy infrastructure and the built environment, and improvements of modelling tools and the modelling process of urban energy systems. This PhD thesis finds that it is possible to significantly reduce CO2 emissions from urban energy systems in a cost-effective way by implementing a mix of different energy conversion pathways and energy storage, and a balance between district heating expansion and heat savings. Whereas the detailed findings are applicable mainly for Copenhagen, Helsingør and Sønderborg, on a more general level they are indicative for other areas with similar climatic conditions, population and natural resources. This dissertation considers three different energy modelling tools and three different energy systems as case studies. Out of the modelling tools used, Sifre and Balmorel are found suitable to analyse integrated energy systems, while energyPRO and the spreadsheet tool LCT - to analyse heating and heat savings. Among the weaknesses of quantitative energy scenario modelling is the inability to depict complex and non-linear stakeholder interactions. Therefore, to better portray sustainability transitions, energy system modelling should be, and often is, supplemented by other types of analysis. The qualitative analysis shows that municipalities are not active model users, but are involved in the modelling process together with consultancy firms, heat supply companies or academia. Yet still, the modelling process can be improved by putting more effort into sharing data, assumptions and models, interand cross-municipal collaboration, as well as a constant dialogue on how to make tools useful for planning and implementing sustainability measures. Overall, the findings of this PhD thesis can support planners and decision-makers in the transition towards a more sustainably-planned energy system of a city, allowing achieving technical, environmental, social and economic benefits.

Inspired by a long-time professional activity in the field of sanitation, and more precisely by wastewater and sludge treatment, this thesis is focusing on the issue of human excreta in urban areas through a double approach based on history and technology. The problem addressed in this research is dealing with the long-term evolution of sanitation systems in urban areas developed by human beings to remove and handle their feces and urine excretion. The study is considering the evolution of latrines and the process of excreta management, from the first and simple equipment such as urinal and chamber pot, then the piping system and the storage tanks. This research is also addressing the issue of water carriage and of how to define the most efficient sewerage network, having in mind it has to cope with the different characteristics of the various effluents to be managed (grey water, runoff water…). The ambition behind this work is to explain and analyze the misunderstood profession of workers in charge of dealing with human waste. Based upon a novel approach of analyzing scientific papers, this research is exploring the timeline of human dejections management in the context of circular economy and energy transition. The period covered in this study, starting at the end of the XVIIIth century until the beginning of the XXth century, corresponds with the extension of sanitation, a new industrial activity connected with numerous other activities (technology, science, public policy, justice…). This historical approach corresponds with major changes in urban areas, with strong impacts in the privacy of housing buildings. Marked by various innovations, tensions and crisis, the system of human excreta management in dense territories is controlled by a large variety of stakeholders, and constrained by the progress of technology, the legal framework and also by available financing mechanisms.Second major characteristic of this research, along with its historical framework, a geographical dimension has been adopted to focus on a major town of France that has not been much studied, the city of Lyon, located on the powerful Rhône and Saône rivers, offering a very different context compared to Paris and the Seine river.In order to make this analysis digest despite the natural repulsive attitude towards human excreta and the enormous corpus of data along with the large diversity of systems, an appropriate structure has been implemented. After considering the technical structure of sanitation systems, the work addresses the relationships between sanitation and health issues, including legal and financial aspects. Then, considering an education in agricultural science, a special attention is paid to the different ways to recycle humanure, and more precisely to treatment technologies and land application practices.The conclusion intends to demonstrate that the conditions of human excreta management in urban areas are becoming more and more complex in time, with a large variety of treatment processes and an increasing number of by-products with the victory of water carriage at the beginning of the XXth century. ; Inspirée par l'exercice d'une longue activité professionnelle dans le domaine de l'assainissement, et plus particulièrement dans l'épuration des eaux usées domestiques, cette thèse a pour objet d'apporter un éclairage sur les conditions de gestion des déjections humaines dans une double réflexion technique et historique. La problématique étudiée porte sur les conditions d'évolution des systèmes d'assainissement des villes développés par les êtres humains pour gérer leurs matières excrémentielles et les soustraire à leur environnement immédiat. Il s'agit d'étudier plus précisément les moyens adoptés pour procéder à l'éloignement des déjections humaines. Le sujet est appréhendé depuis les premiers équipements destinés à recueillir les matières solides et liquides, en passant par les conduites et les fosses de stockage, jusqu'aux opérations logistiques d'extraction, de déplacement et de transformation, pour conclure sur la victoire du tout-à-l'égout. Soulevant le voile sur la part de secret qui caractérise tout ce qui touche aux déjections humaines, ce travail tente d'apporter un éclairage nouveau sur ce secteur d'importance, en particulier dans un contexte d'économie circulaire et de transition énergétique.Sur l'échelle de temps d'une part, si la période retenue pour orienter les investigations conduites est relativement longue, couvrant la fin du XVIIIe jusqu'au début du XXe s., c'est parce qu'elle permet d'appréhender l'essor d'une activité aux multiples connexions (techniques, scientifiques, politique publique, justice…). Cet intervalle caractérise une radicale transformation des activités de gestion des déjections humaines produites par les habitants des grandes villes. Dans une progression rythmée par des tensions et des crises, le système d'évacuation des déjections humaines de la cité se structure en réseau, contrôlé par un nombre croissant d'acteurs, mais également de procédés techniques, de règlementations, et bien sûr pour en assurer le fonctionnement, de mécanismes financiers. Second point déterminant d'autre part, après l'ancrage chronologique et dans le contexte très centralisateur de la France, la recherche porte géographiquement un intérêt marqué pour la ville de Lyon, qui bénéfice d'un contexte particulier par rapport à Paris, avec la présence du Rhône, et qui est restée jusqu'ici relativement peu considérée sous l'angle des déjections humaines. Pour rendre digeste un sujet caractérisé par la profusion de données et la diversité de systèmes, hier et aujourd'hui, un découpage parmi d'autres a été adopté. Après l'analyse des enjeux techniques, puis des aspects liés à la santé, la thèse aborde les aspects juridiques et financiers de la gestion des matières. A la suite, motivé par une formation d'ingénieur agronome, le travail se poursuit avec la question du devenir des déjections, et plus précisément leurs conditions de retour au sol. La conclusion cherche à mettre en évidence que les conditions d'éloignement des déjections humaines en milieu urbain se complexifient au fil du temps, avec la mise en œuvre d'opérations supplémentaires de séparation de phases, et la victoire du tout-à-l'égout au XXe siècle.

Inspired by a long-time professional activity in the field of sanitation, and more precisely by wastewater and sludge treatment, this thesis is focusing on the issue of human excreta in urban areas through a double approach based on history and technology. The problem addressed in this research is dealing with the long-term evolution of sanitation systems in urban areas developed by human beings to remove and handle their feces and urine excretion. The study is considering the evolution of latrines and the process of excreta management, from the first and simple equipment such as urinal and chamber pot, then the piping system and the storage tanks. This research is also addressing the issue of water carriage and of how to define the most efficient sewerage network, having in mind it has to cope with the different characteristics of the various effluents to be managed (grey water, runoff water…). The ambition behind this work is to explain and analyze the misunderstood profession of workers in charge of dealing with human waste. Based upon a novel approach of analyzing scientific papers, this research is exploring the timeline of human dejections management in the context of circular economy and energy transition. The period covered in this study, starting at the end of the XVIIIth century until the beginning of the XXth century, corresponds with the extension of sanitation, a new industrial activity connected with numerous other activities (technology, science, public policy, justice…). This historical approach corresponds with major changes in urban areas, with strong impacts in the privacy of housing buildings. Marked by various innovations, tensions and crisis, the system of human excreta management in dense territories is controlled by a large variety of stakeholders, and constrained by the progress of technology, the legal framework and also by available financing mechanisms.Second major characteristic of this research, along with its historical framework, a geographical dimension has been adopted to focus on a major town of France that has not been much studied, the city of Lyon, located on the powerful Rhône and Saône rivers, offering a very different context compared to Paris and the Seine river.In order to make this analysis digest despite the natural repulsive attitude towards human excreta and the enormous corpus of data along with the large diversity of systems, an appropriate structure has been implemented. After considering the technical structure of sanitation systems, the work addresses the relationships between sanitation and health issues, including legal and financial aspects. Then, considering an education in agricultural science, a special attention is paid to the different ways to recycle humanure, and more precisely to treatment technologies and land application practices.The conclusion intends to demonstrate that the conditions of human excreta management in urban areas are becoming more and more complex in time, with a large variety of treatment processes and an increasing number of by-products with the victory of water carriage at the beginning of the XXth century. ; Inspirée par l'exercice d'une longue activité professionnelle dans le domaine de l'assainissement, et plus particulièrement dans l'épuration des eaux usées domestiques, cette thèse a pour objet d'apporter un éclairage sur les conditions de gestion des déjections humaines dans une double réflexion technique et historique. La problématique étudiée porte sur les conditions d'évolution des systèmes d'assainissement des villes développés par les êtres humains pour gérer leurs matières excrémentielles et les soustraire à leur environnement immédiat. Il s'agit d'étudier plus précisément les moyens adoptés pour procéder à l'éloignement des déjections humaines. Le sujet est appréhendé depuis les premiers équipements destinés à recueillir les matières solides et liquides, en passant par les conduites et les fosses de stockage, jusqu'aux opérations logistiques d'extraction, de déplacement et de transformation, pour conclure sur la victoire du tout-à-l'égout. Soulevant le voile sur la part de secret qui caractérise tout ce qui touche aux déjections humaines, ce travail tente d'apporter un éclairage nouveau sur ce secteur d'importance, en particulier dans un contexte d'économie circulaire et de transition énergétique.Sur l'échelle de temps d'une part, si la période retenue pour orienter les investigations conduites est relativement longue, couvrant la fin du XVIIIe jusqu'au début du XXe s., c'est parce qu'elle permet d'appréhender l'essor d'une activité aux multiples connexions (techniques, scientifiques, politique publique, justice…). Cet intervalle caractérise une radicale transformation des activités de gestion des déjections humaines produites par les habitants des grandes villes. Dans une progression rythmée par des tensions et des crises, le système d'évacuation des déjections humaines de la cité se structure en réseau, contrôlé par un nombre croissant d'acteurs, mais également de procédés techniques, de règlementations, et bien sûr pour en assurer le fonctionnement, de mécanismes financiers. Second point déterminant d'autre part, après l'ancrage chronologique et dans le contexte très centralisateur de la France, la recherche porte géographiquement un intérêt marqué pour la ville de Lyon, qui bénéfice d'un contexte particulier par rapport à Paris, avec la présence du Rhône, et qui est restée jusqu'ici relativement peu considérée sous l'angle des déjections humaines. Pour rendre digeste un sujet caractérisé par la profusion de données et la diversité de systèmes, hier et aujourd'hui, un découpage parmi d'autres a été adopté. Après l'analyse des enjeux techniques, puis des aspects liés à la santé, la thèse aborde les aspects juridiques et financiers de la gestion des matières. A la suite, motivé par une formation d'ingénieur agronome, le travail se poursuit avec la question du devenir des déjections, et plus précisément leurs conditions de retour au sol. La conclusion cherche à mettre en évidence que les conditions d'éloignement des déjections humaines en milieu urbain se complexifient au fil du temps, avec la mise en œuvre d'opérations supplémentaires de séparation de phases, et la victoire du tout-à-l'égout au XXe siècle.

The energy demand in mobile networks is increasing due to the emergence of new technologies and new services with higher requirements (data rates, delays, etc). In this context, the Mobile Network Operator (MNO) has to provide more radio and processing resources in its network leading for higher financial costs. The MNO has no choice but to implement energy saving strategies in all the parts of its infrastructure and especially at the Radio Access Network (RAN).At the same time, the electrical grid is getting smarter including new functionalities to balance supply and demand by varying the electricity prices, allowing some aggregators to be part of the supply process and signing demand response agreements with its clients. In the context of reliable smart grid, the MNO having thousands of evolved NodeB (eNB) spread over all the country, has to play major role in the grid by acting as a prosumer able to sell electricity. In African Sub-Saharan countries however, the grid may be not reliable or even non existent, the MNO has no choice but to deploy a Virtual Power Plant (VPP) and rely partially or totally on it.In this thesis, we study the interactions between the network operator and the grid either reliable or not in both developed and developing countries. We investigate both long term and short term optimal energy related management, with the aim of minimising the operator's Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) for energy per base station which is the sum of its Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) and Operational Expenditure (OPEX) while satisfying the growing needs of its user traffic in the cell.The long term study enables us to make semestral based investment decisions for the battery and renewable energy sources dimensioning considering equipment performance degradation, predictions on users traffic growth and electricity market evolution over a long period of time counted in years.In the case of being powered by a reliable smart grid, the short term policy helps the operator to set on a daily basis, an optimal battery management strategy by performing electricity arbitrage or trading that takes advantage of the electricity prices hourly fluctuations in order to minimize the MNO daily energy bill while respecting some rules on the usage of its equipments.In the case of a non reliable or off-grid environment, the operator is powered by hybrid sources coupling storage, diesel generators, solar power and the grid if the latter is operational. Here, we define a fixed order of priority on the use of these sources that extends the battery lifetime and maintain its performance ; La demande en énergie dans les réseaux de téléphonie mobile augmente en raison de l'émergence de nouvelles technologies et de nouveaux services aux exigences de plus en plus élevées (débits de données, délais, etc.). Dans ce contexte, l'opérateur de réseau mobile (ORM) doit fournir d'avantage de ressources radio et de capacité de traitement dans son réseau, entraînant ainsi des coûts financiers plus élevés. L'ORM n'a pas d'autre choix que de mettre en œuvre des stratégies d'économie d'énergie sur plusieurs niveaux de son infrastructure, notamment au niveau du réseau d'accès radio (RAN).En parallèle, le réseau électrique devient plus intelligent, avec de nouvelles fonctionnalités pour équilibrer l'offre et la demande en faisant varier les prix de l'électricité, permettant ainsi à certains agrégateurs d'énergie de faire partie du processus d'approvisionnement et en signant des accords de réponse à la demande avec ses clients les plus important. Dans le contexte d'un réseau électrique intelligent et fiable, l'ORM, qui compte des milliers de evolved NodeB (eNB) répartis sur tout le pays, doit jouer un rôle majeur dans le réseau en agissant en tant que consommateur potentiel capable de vendre de l'électricité. Toutefois, dans les pays d'Afrique subsaharienne, le réseau peut ne pas être fiable, voire même inexistant, l'ORM n'a d'autre choix que de déployer une centrale électrique virtuelle (VPP) qui l'alimente partiellement ou totalement.Dans cette thèse, nous étudions les interactions entre l'opérateur de réseau et le réseau électrique, qu'il soit fiable ou non, dans les pays développés comme dans les pays en cours de développement. Nous étudions la gestion optimale de l'énergie à long et à court terme, dans le but de minimiser le coût total de possession (TCO) en énergie de l'opérateur par station de base, qui correspond à la somme de ses dépenses d'investissement (CAPEX) et de ses dépenses opérationnelles (OPEX), en assurant la satisfaction des besoins croissants en trafic de ses utilisateurs dans la cellule.L'étude à long terme nous permet de prendre des décisions d'investissement semestrielles pour le dimensionnement de la batterie et des sources énergies renouvelables, en tenant compte de la dégradation des performances des équipements, des prévisions de la croissance du trafic des utilisateurs et de l'évolution du marché de l'électricité sur une longue période de temps comptée en années.Dans le cas où elle est alimentée par un réseau intelligent fiable, la politique à court terme aide l'opérateur à définir quotidiennement une stratégie de gestion optimale de la batterie assurant l'arbitrage ou à le trading d'électricité tout en exploitant les fluctuations horaires des prix de l'électricité afin de minimiser la facture énergétique journalière de l'ORM tout en respectant certaines règles d'utilisation de ces équipements.Dans le cas d'un réseau électrique non fiable ou complètement inexistant, l'opérateur est alimenté par des sources hybrides couplant stockage (batteries), générateurs diesel, énergie solaire et le réseau électrique si ce dernier est opérationnel. Ici, nous définissons un ordre de priorité fixe sur l'utilisation de ces sources qui vise à étendre la durée de vie de la batterie et maintenir ses performances

Currently inventory management is one of the most complex problems of organizations, because it implies maintaining stocks to respond efficiently against uncertainties at lower cost, this problem becomes more complex where there are external, economic, political and social factors. That is why it is important to have a good inventory management that allows planning, coordination, control of acquisition, storage, handling, movement, and distribution of necessary resources to satisfy client needs, allowing to meet the main priorities of the organization. The advantage of performing inventory management is that it allows companies to know three important factors: How often should the level of inventory be determined for each item? When should an order be placed? and What is the optimal quantity to order? Therefore, the purpose of this research work is to develop an inventory management model based on E.O.Q. (Economic Quantity of Order), model that will allow to determine xvi which is the optimal quantity to request as well to know the time in which a new order must be placed, contributing to Technical University of Cotopaxi to reduce administrative and acquiring cost. The study is based on how to determine if the management of inventories is a factor that influences on cost acquisition, for which optimal quantity of order was calculated and then the administration cost; data that allowed a comparison between costs of administering without Q * optima and the costs of administering with Q * optima, and as a result of the research and after have been carried out the respective analysis of the obtained information, it is concluded that management of inventories influences on acquisition cost, for this reason is very important to take an efficient inventory management that allows a properly manage and control inventories and reduce the expenses of the Institution. Therefore ABC analysis was carried out at first instance, which allowed to determine that goods of current uses and consumption are in A category (reams of bond paper, staplers, official size file folders 8 and N15 cardboard filing cabinets with cover ) generate the greatest investment to the Institution, for this reason they are goods which must be control more in order to avoid waste and therefore to reduce investment; an inventory management model based on E.O.Q model was also made, which allowed to determine optimal amount of order and the time in which new purchase orders should be issued; and finally, a manual of policies and procedures for administration and control of movable and goods consumer and current consumption of Technical University of Cotopaxi is proposed. ; En la actualidad la gestión de inventarios constituye uno de los problemas más complejos de las organizaciones, ya que implica mantener existencias para responder de manera eficiente contra incertidumbres y al menor costo, este problema se hace más complejo donde existen factores externos de tipo económico, político y social. Es por ello de la importancia de tener una buena gestión de inventarios que permita la planificación, coordinación, control de adquisición, almacenaje, manejo, movimiento y distribución de recursos necesarios para satisfacer las necesidades del cliente, permitiendo cumplir las principales prioridades de la organización. La ventaja de realizar gestión de inventarios es que permite a las empresas conocer tres factores importantes: ¿Con qué frecuencia debe ser determinado el nivel de inventario para cada artículo?, ¿Cuándo debe colocarse un pedido? y ¿Cuál es la cantidad óptima a ordenar?. Por lo tanto, el propósito de este trabajo de investigación es desarrollar un modelo de gestión de inventario basado en el modelo E.O.Q. (Cantidad Económica de Pedido, modelo que permitirá determinar cuál es la cantidad óptima a pedir así como también conocer el tiempo en el que debe colocarse un nuevo pedido, contribuyendo a la Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi a que reduzcan sus costos de administrar. El estudio se basa en determinar si la gestión de inventarios es un factor que influye en los costos de administración, para lo cual se calculó la cantidad óptima de pedido y posteriormente los costos de administración; datos que permitieron realizar una comparación entre los costos de administrar sin Q* y los costos de administrar con Q* y como resultado de la investigación y una vez realizado el análisis respectivo de la información obtenida, se concluye que la gestión de inventarios si influye en los costos de administración, por tal razón es muy importante llevar una eficiente gestión de inventarios que permita administrar y controlar de manera adecuada sus inventarios y por ende reducir los gastos de la Institución. Para lo cual se realiza en primera instancia el análisis ABC, modelo que permitió determinar los bienes de usos y consumo corriente que se encuentran en la categoría A (resmas de papel boon, grapadoras, archivadores tamaño oficio lomo 8 y archivadores de cartón N15 con tapa), son bienes que generan mayor inversión a la Institución, por esta razón son bienes a los cuales se debe llevar un mayor control a fin de evitar desperdicios y por ende reducir la inversión; se realizó también un modelo de gestión de inventarios basado en el modelo E.O.Q el cual permitió conocer la cantidad óptima de pedido y el tiempo en el cual se debe emitir nuevas órdenes de adquisición y por último se propone un manual de políticas y procedimientos para la administración y control de bienes muebles y bienes de uso y consumo corriente de la Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi. Propuestas cuyo objetivo es contribuir a la Institución objeto de estudio a administrar y controlar de manera eficiente sus inventarios.

In dieser Arbeit untersuche ich den Einfluss des urbanen Kontexts von Kinshasa (Demokratische Republik Kongo) auf die Nutzung von Heilpflanzen sowie die Strategien der Heilpflanzen nutzenden Bewohner. Heilpflanzen sind Dreh- und Angelpunkt verschiedenster medizinischer, politischer und ökonomischer Interessen und bieten daher ein spannendes Forschungsfeld für die Analyse von Mensch-Umwelt-Beziehungen sowie Machtkonstellationen und Aushandlungsprozessen. Sie nehmen in einer Großstadt wie Kinshasa eine besondere Position ein, da sie einerseits eine kostengünstige medizinische Ressource für die meist arme Bevölkerung darstellen und für Heiler eine Möglichkeit bieten, mit ihnen Geld zu verdienen. Andererseits zeigen sich Vorbehalte gegenüber ihrer Anwendung und wilde Pflanzen wachsen zunehmend seltener in der Umgebung. Ob es deswegen zu einem Rückgang ihrer Nutzung kommt, und wie Heilpflanzen verwendende Akteure damit umgehen, untersuche ich über quantitative und qualitative Methoden. Die Daten basieren auf drei Feldforschungsaufenthalten in Kinshasa über insgesamt 15 Monate in den Jahren 2007 bis 2009. Für die Arbeit mit den Herbalisten wendete ich qualitative, für die Arbeit mit nicht-Heilern (sogenannte Laien) vorwiegend quantitative Methoden an. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Heilpflanzen von vielen Bewohnern genutzt und geschätzt werden und kein Rückgang der Nutzung erkennbar ist. Durch die Betrachtung von Heilpflanzen als Objekte therapeutischen Handelns wird deutlich, dass diese einen besonderen Stellenwert in den Behandlungen gegen bestimmte Leiden haben. Dies bestätigen die quantitativen Daten der Studie in 171 Haushalten, in denen eindeutige Präferenzen zur Nutzung von Heilpflanzen gegen bestimmte Leiden erkennbar sind, und in denen eine Verdrängung durch die Nutzung von Produkten wie Aspirin nicht nachweisbar ist. Weiterhin zeigten Befragte mit hohem Bildungsstand und somit höherer Einkommenslage entgegen der Erwartungen ein stärkeres Interesse an Heilpflanzen als solche mit geringerem Bildungsstand. Die Analyse der Praktiken, Selbstreflektionen und Darstellungsweisen von Herbalisten zeigen, dass sie trotz der gefühlten benachteiligten Position im Vergleich zu biomedizinischen Akteuren wie Ärzte vielfältige Formen finden, Anerkennung für ihre Arbeit mit Heilpflanzen zu erhalten. Da Herbalisten die besonders in der Stadt geforderte biomedizinische Prüfung ihrer Produkte und Praktiken nicht leisten können oder wollen, suchen sie Anerkennung auf andere Weise. So schaffen sie durch die Zugehörigkeit zu einem Heilerverein und vielfältige Verweise auf ihr Können ihre individuellen Stile als urbane Herbalisten. Wegen des Rückgangs ehemals vorhandener Bestände in der Umgebung, greifen die Herbalisten zunehmend auf Händler zurück, um Heilpflanzen weiterhin nutzen zu können. Dabei verlagern viele die Verantwortung für die ordnungsgemäße Ernte und Lagerung, die teilweise mit Ver- und Geboten verbunden ist, auf die Händler. Laien passen ihre Versorgungsweisen auch an den städtischen Kontext an, indem viele von ihnen leicht zugängliche Pflanzen von Parzellen nutzen und weiter entfernt wachsende Arten bei Verkäufern erwerben. Weiterhin deutet der hohe Anteil kosmopolitischer Arten darauf hin, dass die Bewohner zahlreiche, ehemals fremde Arten in ihr Nutzungsrepertoire aufgenommen haben. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass viele Laien kultivierte Heilpflanzen bei Gemüse-, Obst- und Gewürzhändlern erwerben, welche in Marktstudien zu Heilpflanzen meist nicht befragt wurden. Somit erscheint dem Leser solcher Studien, dass sich die Bewohner weni-ger nachhaltig versorgen, als es insgesamt für den Handel mit Heilpflanzen tatsächlich der Fall ist. Diese Arbeit leistet am Beispiel von Heilpflanzen im urbanen Kontext Kinshasa einen empirischen Beitrag zur Medizinethnologie, zur Stadtethnologie und zur Biodiversitätsforschung, indem sie die komplexen Beziehungen und wechselseitigen Dynamiken zwischen Bewohnern und ihrer Umwelt erforscht. Sie widerlegt populäre Ideen zum Rückgang der Heilpflanzennutzung im urbanen Kontext und verdeutlicht die Notwendigkeit, Untersuchungen zur Nutzung von Heilpflanzen auch auf Ebene von Laien durchzuführen. ; This dissertation explores how the urban context of Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of Congo) influences the use of medicinal plants and the strategies of medicinal plant users. Medicinal plants are a highly contested resource and in the center of various medical, political and economic debates and conflicts. They are, on one side, a cheap medical resource for the mostly poor population, and, for herbalists, they constitute the main ingredient in their therapies through which they earn money. However, their use seems contested: biomedical products such as aspirin are popular and readily available, state actors condemn the traditional use of medicinal plants as being insecure, and gathering of plants becomes more difficult in the increasingly urbanized immediate surroundings. This thesis analyzes whether these aspects lead to a decrease of medicinal plant use, and how medicinal plant users deal with it. It is based on quantitative and qualitative data gathered among herbalists and lay population during a total of 15 months of fieldwork in Kinshasa from 2007 to 2009. Results show that medicinal plants play an important role in the treatment of specific illnesses, as interview partners show clear preferences for the use of medicinal plants when dealing with certain illnesses such as pota ya libumu or ameba. In addition, the widespread consumption of biomedical drugs such as aspirin does not replace the use of medicinal plants. Moreover, contrary to our expectations, lay persons with a higher educational level and thus lesser economic restrictions to access biomedical services show a greater interest in the use of medicinal plants compared to those with a lower level of education. The analysis of the practices, self-reflections, and styles displayed by herbalists reveal that, despite their perceived disadvantageous position in comparison to biomedical actors such as physicians, they find various ways to gain recognition for their work. For instance, they do so via the affiliation to healer associations or by pointing out their competence. They signify their competence by referring to aspects associated with biomedicine as well as traditional medicine and by doing so create their own styles as urban herbalists. Most herbalists increasingly rely on medicinal plant traders in order to have access and continue using medicinal plants. Thereby, they transfer the responsibility for the correct harvest, storage, and the sometimes associated prohibitions and imperatives to the traders. Laymen also adapt their ways of accessing medicinal plants to the urban context: they start using plants coming from other places and use mainly plants growing on their urban plots. Furthermore, they buy wild species which do not grow nearby from vendors. Contrary to general perception, the supply of the urban population with plants used for medical purpose is more sustainable than what most studies reflect, as most of the studies predominantly focus on market-dynamics and vendors specialized in wild medicinal plants. In the present study, laymen show a vast knowledge for the medicinal use of cultivated plants like ginger, garlic or lemongrass, which they buy from vegetable, fruit or spice sellers. The results suggest that sustainable supply with plants used medicinally is much bigger than what observers usually conclude, as cyclical cultivation of these plants provides a more sustainable supply. In summary, this thesis provides a contribution to medical anthropology, urban anthropology, and biodiversity research by analyzing the complex relationships and dynamics between city inhabitants and their environment through the example of medicinal plant use in Kinshasa. It refutes popular ideas of medicinal plant use decreasing in urban contexts, and underlines the necessity to focus on medicinal plant research and the various actors connected to it – including the often-overlooked laymen.