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In this text, which comes from Chapter 3 of his book, Jacques Le Mouel completes the philosophical reflection about the entrepreneurial myth of effectiveness founded in the sophism: "What is effective is true. What is true is faie. Therefore, what is effective is fair". The fact that management is elevated to the category of paradigm for the economic model of Western society and the collapse of the economies of the East has led to neglect that, now, we ourselves are the modelo His analysis of the supposed neutrality of science and of the differences between ethics and morality, in the framework of the firm and its relations with society, lead him to conclude that it is not true that what is effective is fair, and that the firm cannot serve as a model for contemporary society, since the end does not justify the means. ; En este texto, que corresponde al capitulo 3 de su libro, Jaques Le Mouël completa la reflexión filosófica sobre el mito empresarial de la eficacia funadado en el sofisma: "Lo eficaz es verdadero. Lo verdadero es justo. Luego, lo eficaz es justo". El hecho de elevar la administración a la categoría de paradigma del modelo económico de la sociedad occidental y el hundimiento de las economías del Este han llevado a ignorar que, ahora, el modelo somos nosotros mismos. Su análisis de la pretendida neutralidad de la ciencia y las diferencias entre ética y moral, en el marco de la empresa y en sus relaciones con la sociedad, lo lleva a concluir que no es cierto que lo eficaz sea justo y que la empresa no puede servir de modelo a la sociedad contemporánea, pues el fin no justifica los medios.

This paper offers the analysis on Russia in the settings of German political parties. The author focuses on reactions of German political parties to the last trends in Russian social and political development. Parties' influence on the creation of German policy towards Russia, and relations between the parties and interest groups (economic actors and human rights activists, which determine the policy towards Russia) are thoroughly examined in the article.

This article analyzes the problems of the implementation of accepting effective decisions in local authorities. Besides, certain suggestions and reccomendations related to the participation of social public control in decision accepting process in local state governmental bodies.

Introducing the concept of observation to social work students can be a complex and challenging task. Assessing their observation skills and assignments can be even harder, especially if much of this work takes place implicitly, throughout their training and placements. This book will help students to grasp the fundamentals of social work observation, from the theories and methods to how these can be demonstrated in everyday practice. Skills are covered throughout, as well as effective observation work with different client groups and in different settings. The authors argue that an observant social worker is an effective and resilient one, and demonstrate this through case study material and research summaries.

This article measures the influence of political party variables on the electoral process in Nepal. In the findings, in general, the research found that a free and fair election in Nepal does not perform at par with their counterparts in the Western world. In Nepal, it is the confrontational political culture among the political parties which is challenging to ensure free and fair elections.

none ; 4 ; Authors: Ciucci A., D'Elia I., Wagner F., Sander R., Ciancarella L., Zanini G., Schöpp W. ; In recent years several European air pollution policies have been based on a cost-effectiveness approach. In the European Union, the European Commission starts using the multi-pollutant, multi-effect GAINS (Greenhouse Gas Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies) model to identify cost-effective National Emission Ceilings and specific emission control measures for each Member State to reach these targets. In this paper, we apply the GAINS methodology to the case of Italy with 20 subnational regions. We present regional results for different approaches to environmental target setting for PM2.5 pollution in the year 2030. We have obtained these results using optimization techniques consistent with those of GAINS-Europe, but at a higher resolution. Our results show that an overall health-impact oriented approach is more cost-effective than setting a nation-wide limit value on ambient air quality, such as the one set for the year 2030 by the European Directive on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe. The health-impact oriented approach implies additional emission control costs of 153 million €/yr on top of the baseline costs, compared to 322 million €/yr for attaining the nation-wide air quality limit. We provide insights into the distribution of costs and benefits for regions within Italy and identify the main beneficiaries of a health-impact approach over a limit-value approach. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. ; none ; 10840/7815 ; Zanini, G.; Ciancarella, L.; D'Elia, I.; Ciucci, A. ; Zanini, G.; Ciancarella, L.; D'Elia, I.; Ciucci, A.

In this paper, we elaborate on the notion of effective consumption and its role in determining the outcome of fiscal changes. More specifically, we investigate whether government consumption, by acting either as a complement or a substitute to private consumption, can help explain the non-Keynesian effects of fiscal policy that have been previously documented. We let the periods, where government consumption has acted as a complement or a substitute to private consumption, constitute different regimes. By using econometric methodologies that allow the these regimes to be determined both exogenously and endogenously, we find that the notion of effective consumption can assist in understanding the non-Keynesian effects of fiscal policy that have been documented in Denmark, Ireland and Sweden.

Abstract
Background
Non-native species can have significant negative impacts on the environment, economies, and amongst others, also human Non-native species can have significant negative impacts on the environment, economies, and human Non-native species can have significant negative impacts on the environment, economies, and human well-being, among other factors. Globalisation and economic incentives have substantially facilitated the growth in the numbers of newly recorded non-native species in the European Union. The European Union's diversity in terms of political and socio-economic differences across member states may have contributed to the introduction of non-native species.

Results
Data reported in the Alien Species First Record Database, however, suggests a decreasing trend in the number of non-native species recorded over the past three decades. InvaCost, a database of non-native species with economic impacts, similarly shows increasing numbers of reported non-native species with costs until the 2010s, which were, however, followed by a plateauing and ultimately decline. Although the recent trends in non-native species reports may be affected by a lag time in reporting and data allocation as well as possibly a disparity in research efforts, their impacts persist, leading to a growing ecological but also economic burden. We further identified substantial spatial differences as western European member states generally reported higher numbers of non-native species and non-native species with monetary impacts.

Conclusions
Without improved actions, biological invasions and their associated impacts will continue to rise, degrading natural capital and hampering sustainable development and sustainability targets. Therefore, improved coordinated efforts across the European Union are necessary to improve reporting of non-native species and a centralized collation of data through accessible databases should be considered.

Declines in biodiversity have caused concern because of ethical and aesthetic reasons, but also because of the consequences for the goods and services provided by natural ecosystems. Consequently, ecologists have focused for decades on testing the idea that systems with more species are more stable. The results, however, have been complex and inconsistent. In particular, it is still unclear whether high stability in species-rich communities is due to the number of species per se (species richness) or to the increased likelihood of including particular species or functional types (species composition). In this thesis, I evaluated the contribution of species richness and species identity to the stability of marine hard-bottom communities. Combining observational and manipulative experimental methods, I conducted three field studies in intertidal and shallow subtidal habitats of Helgoland Island, NE Atlantic. First, I conducted an observational study to test whether intertidal communities containing many species are more stable (i.e. do vary less over time) than communities containing fewer species. Species covers were estimated every 6 months for 24 months and an index of stability was calculated for total community cover across time (S = mean SD-1). Second, I conducted a synthetic-assemblage experimentin which I increased the diversity of field-grown sessile suspension-feeding invertebratesto determinate whether assemblages containing several functional groups consume a greater fraction of resources than is caught by any of the functional types grown alone...