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Argues that the "Wisconsin Works" (W-2) public welfare reform law is flawed as a behavior-modification program for women on Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), and fails as a defense against children living in poverty.

This document synthesizes the findings contained in a series of reports prepared by IFPRI for PROGRESA between November 1998 and November 2000. PROGRESA is one of the major programs of the Mexican government aimed at developing the human capital of poor households. Targeting its benefits directly to the population in extreme poverty in rural areas, PROGRESA aims to alleviate current and future poverty levels through cash transfers to mothers in households. One of the most important contributions of IFPRI's evaluation of PROGRESA has been the continuation of the program in spite of the historic change in the government of Mexico in the 2000 elections. The overwhelming (and unprecedented) evidence that a poverty alleviation program shows strong signs of having a significant impact on the welfare and human capital investment of poor rural families in Mexico has contributed to the decision of the Fox administration to continue with the program and to expand its coverage in the poor urban areas of the country after some improvements in the design of the program. The majority of the improvements in the design of PROGRESA (renamed Oportunidades by the Fox administration) were based on findings of the evaluation of PROGRESA that revealed areas of needed improvements in some of the structural components and the operation of the program. Yet in spite of these improvements in the program, the evaluation findings suggest that some issues remain to be resolved." -- from Text ; PR ; IFPRI1; PROGRESA; Public Policy and Investment ; FCND

39 páginas ; Our study situates the implementation of big data and artificial intelligence, advancing today within the "development data" agenda in the Global South, in Latin American cultures characterized by marked social asymmetries and structural corruption —as heirs of colonization—. It aims to highlight au-tomation problems in systems fed by data historically subject to manipu-lation or corruption. For this, we examine two failures in the information infrastructures of Colombian social assistance programs (Ingreso Solidarioand Sisben) and explore the archive of Latin American critical theory to en-lighten datafication in these conditions. Our approach arises from calls to question alleged data universalism and go beyond technocentric views on the operation of these technologies, shifting the focus from the moments when they fail to local sociotechnical imaginary and the political agency of those who resist regulatory control. ; Nuestro estudio localiza la implementación de macrodatos (big data) y la inteligencia artificial que avanza hoy en el Sur Global dentro de la agenda de "datos para el desarrollo", en culturas como las latinoamericanas, caracterizadas por grandes asimetrías sociales y una corrupción estructural –herederas del proceso de colonización–, con el fin de evidenciar los problemas de automatización en sistemas alimentados por datos que han sido históricamente objeto de manipulación, o corrupción de datos. Para ello examinamos dos casos de mal funcionamiento en infraestructuras de información de programas de asistencia social en Colombia (Ingreso Solidario y Sisben) y exploramos el archivo de la teoría crítica latinoamericana con el objetivo de iluminar los procesos de datificación en estas condiciones. Finalmente, nuestra aproximación responde a los llamados a cuestionar el supuesto universalismo de los datos y a ir más allá de las miradas tecnocéntricas sobre el funcionamiento de estas tecnologías, desplazando el foco de atención a los momentos en que estas fallan, a los imaginarios sociotécnicos locales y a la agencia política de aquellos que se resisten a su control normativo. ; Nosso estudo localiza a implementação de megadados (big data) e a inte-ligência artificial que hoje avança no Sul Global dentro da agenda de "da-dos para o desenvolvimento", em culturas como as que estão presentes na América Latina, caracterizadas por grandes assimetrias sociais e corrupção estrutural — herdadas do processo de colonização — para evidenciar os problemas de automação em sistemas alimentados por dados que histori-camente foram sujeitos a manipulação ou corrupção de dados. Para isso, examinamos dois casos de mau funcionamento das infraestruturas de in-formação dos programas de assistência social na Colômbia (Ingreso Soli-dario e Sisben) e exploramos o arquivo da teoria crítica latino-americana para iluminar os processos de datificação nessas condições. Finalmente, nos-sa abordagem responde a apelos para questionar o suposto universalismo dos dados e ir além das visões tecnocêntricas sobre o funcionamento des-sas tecnologias, deslocando o foco da atenção para os momentos em que elas falham, para os imaginários sociotécnicos locais e para a agência polí-tica daqueles que resistem ao seu controle normativo.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1: Introduction: Embedding the Analysis of Housing Contention in the Sociopolitical Complexity of Structural Crises -- Studying Contention in Its Structural Context: The Structural Field of Contention Approach -- Methodology -- The Book's Contributions -- Chapter Outline -- References -- 2: The Structural Field of Contention Approach -- Dynamics of Contention -- Coalition Models -- Fligstein and McAdam's Strategic Action Field -- Field Relations Beyond Strategic Action: Crossley's Field of Contention -- Adding Context to the Field: The Structural Field of Contention Approach -- Conclusion: The Structural Field of Contention Approach -- References -- 3: The Structural Background of Housing Contention in Bucharest and Budapest -- Urban Development Before 1945 -- Housing Policies and Their Political-Economic Context in the Socialist Period -- Regime Change and Housing Policies After 1989 -- Differences in Late Socialist and Postsocialist Global Economic Integration -- The Privatization of Housing and Postsocialist Housing Policies -- The 2000s: Problems of Housing Access and the Mortgage Boom -- Political-Economic Transformation After 2008 -- Tensions Around Housing Poverty After 2008 -- The Politics of Debt Crisis Management and the New Housing Boom -- After 2019: Changes in the Structural and Political Context of Housing Contention During the Pandemic -- Conclusion: Long-term Structural Factors in the Dynamics of the Contention Field -- References -- Interviews (cited) -- 4: Housing Contention in Budapest -- The 1990s: Hierarchical Privatization, the Peripheralization of Poverty, and the Institutionalization of Homeless Assistance -- The Silent Peripheralization of Housing Poverty -- Responses to Inner-City Housing Poverty and Homelessness: Self-Advocacy, Volunteer Social Work, and Professional Homeless Assistance.

"This book addresses the role of religious reformers in the development of poor relief in the sixteenth century. During the Reformation, religious leaders served as catalysts, organizers, stabilizers, and consolidators of poor relief programs to alleviate poverty. Although once in line with the religious piety, voluntary poverty was no longer a spiritual virtue for many religious reformers. Rather they imagined social welfare reform to be an integral part of religious reform and worked to modify existing common chests or set up new ones. As crises and migration exacerbated poverty and caused begging to be an increasing concern, Catholic humanists and Protestant reformers moved beyond traditional charity to urge coordination and centralization of a poor relief system. For example, Martin Luther promoted the consolidation of former ecclesiastical property in the poor relief plan for Leisnig in 1523, while Juan Luis Vives devised a new social welfare proposal for Bruges in 1526. In negotiations with magistrates and city councils, reformers helped to shape various local institutions, such hospitals, orphanages, job creation programs, and scholarships for students, as well as to develop new ways of supporting foreigners, strangers, and refugees. Religious leaders contributed to caring for the vulnerable because poverty was a problem too big for any one group or one government to tackle. As religious options multiplied within Christianity, one's understanding of community would determine the boundaries, albeit contested and sometimes fluid, of responsible poor relief."

Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1: Crossing Borders in South and Southeast Asia: Assessing Existing Problems through a New Lens -- Foundation of Academic Diplomacy -- Empowering the Poor, Protecting Rights and Promoting Equality -- Cooperation, Partnership and Human Security -- References -- Chapter 2: Addressing Urban Poverty through Empowerment and Inclusion in India -- Prologue -- Facets of Urban Poverty -- Urban Governance in Poverty Eradication -- Empowerment Vis-à-Vis Inclusion -- Institutionalizing Empowerment and Inclusion -- Building Institutions -- Epilogue -- Urban Poverty Narratives in India -- References -- Chapter 3: Development Efforts towards Ecological Sustainability in Calcutta: Transformation of a Metropolis -- Introduction -- Foundation of the City, its Evolution and Impact on Regional Ecosystem -- East Calcutta Wetlands-Life Support System of the Metropolis in the Process of Transformation -- Metropolitan Planning and Development Efforts -- Ecological Threats-Summary -- Encroachment of Wetlands -- Fall of Piezometric Surface -- Destruction of Mangrove Ecosystem of Sundarbans -- Siltation and Blocking of the Canals and Waterways -- Congestion of Open Space -- Loss of Small Water Bodies Owing to Urban Expansion -- Need for Alternative Strategy -- Responding to Ecological Imperatives for Urban Development Programmes -- Using the Concept of Urban Agriculture -- Ensuring Participation of Urban Communities Dependent on Waste Recycling in the Process of Decision Making -- Introducing the Concept of Ecological Planning as a Tool for Metropolitan Planning -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: De facto State Religion as a Threat to Freedom of Religion and Belief: Case Study of Ethnic Chin Christians in Burma/Myanmar -- Introduction.

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- A Policy Perspective -- References -- Chapter 2 A Nation of Immigrants? -- Historical Migration -- Migration in the Modern Era -- References -- Chapter 3 The Economics of Migration -- Measuring Nonemployment -- The Gap -- Fiscal Effects of Immigration -- References -- Chapter 4 A Moral Superpower -- Volumes -- Comparison of Outcomes -- The Second Generation -- The Swedish Paradox -- A True Moral Superpower -- References -- Chapter 5 The Long Run -- Multicultural Cities -- The Challenges of Malmö -- The Long Run Arrives -- References -- Chapter 6 Smoldering Concrete -- Burning Automobiles -- Quantifying Vehicle Arson -- Happy Days -- Normalizing the Abnormal -- Torching Utopia -- References -- Chapter 7 Inequality -- Income Distribution -- Wealth Disparity -- Relative Poverty -- Absolute Poverty -- References -- Chapter 8 Parallel Societies -- Effects for Residents -- COVID-19 Segregation -- White Flight -- Separate Societies in Ethnic Enclaves -- Patriarchal Structures and the Morality Police -- The Caliphate in the North -- References -- Chapter 9 Social Exclusion -- Neo-Poverty -- Outsiders -- A Map of Social Exclusion -- Development Over Time -- References -- Chapter 10 Immigration and Causality -- Unemployment and School Performance -- Explanations and Excuses -- Simpson's Paradox and Child Poverty -- References -- Chapter 11 Law and Order -- Measuring Crime -- Self-Reported Surveys of Crime -- Sex Crime -- Property Crime -- Historical Homicide -- Shootings -- Criminal Behavior -- References -- Chapter 12 Immigration and Crime -- Research on Immigrant Overrepresentation -- Discrimination -- Cultural Factors -- Controlling for Socioeconomic Factors -- References -- Chapter 13 Gang Crime -- Organized Crime -- Disorganized Crime.

Introduction and background : global goals, local action / Fayyaz Baqir -- Anatomy of a loan : a finance minister considers whether to borrow from the World Bank / Anthony Cholst -- South-South cooperation (SSC) for better SDG spending through SDG tracking / Hasanuzzaman Zaman and Syed Sajjadur Rahman -- Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty (SERP) : an Indian experience of rapid poverty reduction through women's empowerment / Shoaib Sultan Khan -- An inspirational story : galvanizing local action for realizing global development goals : the story of BRAC making the 21st century drive to eradicate extreme poverty at local levels / Nipa Banerjee -- Water management is water measurement / Fayyaz Baqir -- Redefining and localizing development in Pakistan / Furqan Asif -- Market led development / Shakeel Ahmad -- Community driven development as a mechanism for realizing global development goals : the National Solidarity Program and Citizen Charter Afghanistan Program / Nipa Banerjee -- Multidimensional poverty measurement and aid efficiency : a case study from Afghanistan / Abdullah Al Mamun and Sanni Yaya -- Development aid and access to water and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa / Sanni Yaya, Ogochukwu Udenigwe and Helena Yeboah -- From more spending to better spending : the case of food and nutrition security in Ethiopia / Sanni Yaya, Neville Suh and Richard Nyiawung -- Don't spend more, spend better : improving the social efficiency of waterand sanitation services in Uruguay and South Africa / Adrian Murray and Susan Spronk -- Indigenous peoples in Canada : the case of global South in the global North -- Conclusion : can a single spark create a prairie fire? / Fayyaz Baqir.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Tables, Figures, and Box -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Currency Equivalents -- Executive Summary -- I. Background -- A. Definition of Inclusive Business -- B. Methodology of the Study -- C. The ADB Inclusive Business Initiative -- D. Rationale for the Study -- E. Inclusive Business in the People's Republic of China -- F. Inclusive Business in Companies from the People's Republic of China Operating Abroad -- G. Corporate Social Responsibility -- II. Poverty, Economic Development, and Its Relevance for Private Sector Support -- A. Macroeconomic Background of the People's Republic of China -- B. Poverty -- C. Inclusive Business and Poverty Reduction -- D. Opportunities for Private Sector Development -- E. Promoting Innovation through E-Commerce -- F. Provincial Interest in Inclusive Business -- G. Slowing of Economic Growth and Implications for Inclusive Business -- H. Current Poverty Alleviation Policies and Inclusive Business -- III. The Inclusive Business Market in the People's Republic of China -- A. Characteristics of the Sample Companies -- B. Inclusive Business Activity by Sector -- C. Inclusive Business Models in Companies from the People's Republic of China Operating Abroad -- D. Inclusive Business Investors in the People's Republic of China -- E. Nongovernment Organizations -- IV. Conclusions and Recommendations -- A. Government Support of Inclusive Business -- B. ADB Promotion and Awareness of Inclusive Business -- C. ADB Technical and Financial Support for Inclusive Business -- D. Promotion, Awareness, and Support of Inclusive Business by Business Associations -- E. Academic Support of Inclusive Business -- Appendixes -- 1 Organizations Interviewed -- 2 Key Criteria and Metrics for Assessing Social Returns.

Intro -- THE HUMAN ATLAS OF EUROPE -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- A - Introduction -- A 'human' atlas -- Europe today -- Our approach to mapping Europe -- The countries included in this atlas -- The maps -- Reference Map A1: Land area map of Europe -- Reference Map A2: Population cartogram of Europe -- Reference Map A3: Gridded population cartogram of Europe -- B - Population -- Population by age and sex -- Adults (working age) -- Children -- Older people -- Gender -- Asylum-seekers -- Populations of concern -- Asylum holders -- Born abroad -- Born abroad, increase -- Born abroad, decrease -- Foreign citizens -- Roma people -- International tourist arrivals -- Population increase -- Population decline -- Projected population 2050 -- Total births -- Life expectancy (national) -- Life expectancy (regional) -- Prisoners -- Homicides -- C - Wealth and Poverty -- Gross Domestic Product (GDP) -- GDP increase -- GDP decline -- GDP per inhabitant -- Disposable income -- Disposable income change -- Government debt -- Stock exchange listed companies -- Market value of stock exchange listed companies -- Stocks traded -- Internet access -- Telephone lines -- Mobile phones -- Vulnerable employment -- Relative poverty (national) -- Relative poverty (regional) -- Poverty below US2 a day -- Billionaires -- Income inequality -- Gender inequality -- Human Development Index -- D - Health -- Mortality rate -- Deaths from non-communicable diseases -- Deaths from injuries -- Deaths from communicable diseases -- Deaths from diseases of the circulatory system -- Deaths from cancer -- Deaths from diseases of the respiratory system -- Deaths from alcohol use -- Deaths from drug use -- Obesity -- Female smokers -- Male smokers -- Suicides -- Total health spending -- Public/private share of health spending -- Doctors (national) -- Dentists -- Health professionals.

"Cover page " -- "Half title page " -- "Title page " -- "Copyright page " -- "Title page " -- "Copyright page " -- "CONTENTS" -- "PREFACE" -- "1 INTRODUCTION" -- "2 URBAN POVERTY AND BASIC NEEDS: The Role of the Public Sector" -- "Introduction" -- "Measuring the extent of urban poverty" -- "Urban and rural poverty" -- "Characteristics of the urban poor" -- "Government attitudes towards urban poverty" -- "Government provision of basic needs services" -- "3 URBAN LOW-INCOME HOUSING IN SOUTH-EAST ASIA" -- "Introdu]ction" -- "Determinants of housing conditions" -- "Urban housing demand and supply" -- "Survey of policies and programmes Hong Kong" -- "Implementation -- Lessons of experience The policy framework" -- "Conclusions" -- "4 BUILDING CODES AND REGULATIONS IN LOW INCOME SETTLEMENTS" -- "Introduction" -- "The built environment" -- "Social and economic aspects" -- "Environmental health and fire aspects" -- "Legal, financial and administrative aspects" -- "Need for building regulations" -- "Recommendations" -- "5 HEALTH CARE AND THE URBAN POOR" -- "Introduction" -- "Measuring health and welfare" -- "Common health problems of the urban poor in the developing world" -- "Appropriate health care for squatter settlements – what do the urban poor need?" -- "Urban health services – experience in industrial countries" -- "Concepts into practice – the problems" -- "Concepts into practice – examples Hong Kong" -- "Concepts into practice - measuring the impact" -- "Conclusion" -- "6 WATER SUPPLY ISSUES" -- "Introduction" -- "Assessing need" -- "Supply systems" -- "Water tariffs" -- "Improvement projects" -- "Impact on the urban poor" -- "Conclusions from the case studies" -- "Policy options" -- "7 HUMAN WASTE DISPOSAL IN URBAN AREAS" -- "Introduction" -- "A world-wide problem" -- "The Water Decade" -- "Sanitation statistics

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Boxes -- List of Contributors -- Series Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Publisher's Acknowledgements -- 1 Development challenges and debates in eastern and southern Africa -- Introduction -- Eastern and southern Africa: defining a diverse region -- Global political economy changes: regional perspectives -- Development challenges in the region -- Development theory and development debates -- 2 Demographic change in eastern and southern Africa -- Introduction -- Population size -- Mortality -- Age-sex structure -- Family structure -- Concluding remarks -- 3 Structural adjustment in eastern and southern Africa: the tragedy of development -- False dawn: a brief history of the first two decades -- Triumph of market-Leninism over Marxist-Leninism -- Stabilisation or adjustment? -- A taxonomy of countries in the region -- Conclusion -- 4 The persistence of poverty -- Poverty in context -- Poverty measurement -- Poverty trends -- Food and hunger -- Healthcare -- Education -- The debt issue -- Conclusions -- 5 Natural resources: use, access, tenure and management -- 'Wild' plant and animal resources: biophysical determinants of availability -- Common uses of 'natural resources' and relevance for livelihoods -- Tenure and access rights -- Indigenous knowledge, resources and trade-related intellectual property rights (TRIPs) -- Conservation of natural resources: from criminals to community -- Some thoughts for the future … -- 6 Agricultural production in eastern and southern Africa: issues and challenges -- The current status of agricultural production -- Macro-environmental operating conditions for agriculture -- Population growth -- The political economy environment -- Micro-environmental operating conditions for agriculture.

Cover -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Contents -- Acronyms -- About Authors -- Introduction: Tracking Progresses and Challenges in the Implementation of the MDGs in Africa -- 1. Progress and Challenges in Eradicating Extreme Poverty and Hunger and Combating HIV/AIDS and Other Diseases in Lesotho -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. An Overview of Poverty and Hunger, HIV and AIDS, and Tuberculosis -- 3. Progress Made in Reducing Poverty and Hunger in Lesotho -- 3.1 Intervention Programmes on Poverty and Hunger in Lesotho -- 3.1.1 Economic Development and Food Security -- 3.1.2 Social Protection Measures -- 3.2 Progresses and Challenges in Combating HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis in Lesotho -- 3.3 HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis Intervention Programmes -- Conclusion -- References -- 2. Schooling without Learning: Long-Term Implications of Free Primary Education for Income and Welfare Inequalities in Kenya -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Theoretical Literature -- Discussion of Empirical Findings -- Educational Attainment -- Conclusion -- Lessons Learnt and Way Forward -- Notes -- References -- 3. Universal Primary Education in Botswana: Implementation, Achievements, and Challenges -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Provision of UPE in Botswana -- Progress in Achieving UPE in Botswana -- Challenges for Botswana -- Relevance and Quality of Education -- Global Financial and Economic Crisis -- Role of Civil Society Organizations -- Overcoming the Challenges -- Conclusion -- References -- 4. The Challenges of the Implementation of MDGs in a Fragile State: Universal Primary Education and Gender Equality in Madagascar -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Madagascar: A Fagile State? -- A Fragile Educational System in a Fragile State -- Conditions for Sustainable Growth of the Primary Education System -- Selected External Factors.

Economic inequality is one of the most divisive issues of our time. Yet few would argue that inequality is a greater evil than poverty. The poor suffer because they don't have enough, not because others have more, and some have far too much. So why do many people appear to be more distressed by the rich than by the poor?In this provocative book, the #1 New York Times bestselling author of On Bullshit presents a compelling and unsettling response to those who believe that the goal of social justice should be economic equality or less inequality. Harry Frankfurt, one of the most influential moral philosophers in the world, argues that we are morally obligated to eliminate poverty-not achieve equality or reduce inequality. Our focus should be on making sure everyone has a sufficient amount to live a decent life. To focus instead on inequality is distracting and alienating.At the same time, Frankfurt argues that the conjunction of vast wealth and poverty is offensive. If we dedicate ourselves to making sure everyone has enough, we may reduce inequality as a side effect. But it's essential to see that the ultimate goal of justice is to end poverty, not inequality.A serious challenge to cherished beliefs on both the political left and right, On Inequality promises to have a profound impact on one of the great debates of our time