Suchergebnisse

The money from European funds opened new horizons for the inhabitants of Romanian villages. They began to look at the future with other eyes, got acquainted with modern technologies and made their work easier. The communal roads were paved, the houses became more beautiful, the living conditions of the villagers improved with the help of modern utilities – sewerage, natural gas, almost all agricultural plots are worked, the number of social workers decreased. The internet and the media have brought new information, many of which are useful and open to ideas. The number of advantages of accessing European funds far exceeds the number of disadvantages, including in Romanian village.

Part 3: Policies ; International audience ; This paper presents the extraction of a legal access control policy and a conflict resolution policy from the EU Data Protection Directive [1]. These policies are installed in a multi-policy authorization infrastructure described in [2, 3]. A Legal Policy Decision Point (PDP) is constructed with a legal access control policy to provide automated decisions based on the relevant legal provisions. The legal conflict resolution policy is configured into a Master PDP to make sure that the legal access control policy gets priority over access control policies provided by other authorities i.e. the data subject, the data issuer and the data controller. We describe how clauses of the Directive are converted into access control rules based on attributes of the subject, action, resource and environment. There are currently some limitations in the conversion process, since the majority of provision require additional interpretation by humans. These provisions cannot be converted into deterministic rules for the PDP. Other provisions do allow for the extraction of PDP rules but need to be tailored to the application environment before they are configured into the Legal PDP.

The primary aim of this research paper is to offer a multidimensional assessment of the implementation and performance of the Cohesion Policy by its regional stakeholders. This is accomplished by fulfilling three specific objectives. Firstly, the paper identifies the main dimensions of differences in the stakeholders' opinions concerning the Cohesion Policy. In particular, it investigates the correlation between the stakeholders' opinions about the Cohesion Policy implementation and performance, operational programme management and application of the partnership principle. Secondly, it explores the reasons behind these opinions, notably the potential impact of the scale and structure of the allocation of the Cohesion Policy funds, the significance of the reported Cohesion Policy effects, the dynamics of economic growth and the degree of decentralisation of the Cohesion Policy implementation structures. Thirdly, based on the opinions expressed by the stakeholders, the study defines the conditions which are conducive to a positive impact of the Cohesion Policy on the resident's opinions about the European Union. The factors comprised by the analysis include those associated with the stakeholders' opinions about the implementation and performance of the Cohesion Policy and those based on the statistics capturing the nature of the Cohesion Policy intervention and its effects. ; COHESIFY Research paper 10. COHESIFY WP3 - Task 3.3: Output 3.3

European Commission expert groups provide powerful platforms from which interest organisations can steer the EU consultation process and weigh in on policy outcomes. Commission decision-makers and bureaucrats rely heavily on expert groups to provide expert policy advice on highly technical issues in the early stages of the policymaking process. Interest organisations provide this advice in order to have their voices heard at the EU level. But whose interests are being represented in these expert groups? Which types of interest organisations, in other words, get a seat at the table and why? This article, using data on over 800 expert groups and nearly 3,000 interest organisations, argues that expert group membership is largely a function of superior resources, EU-level interests and existing institutionalised ties to decision-makers. Far from simply addressing the Commission's need for expertise, expert group membership is more a story of capital and capture. Adapted from the source document.

"This volume brings together new contributions from renowned academic scholars, from experts on economies in transition and from the United Nations, the European Union, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development as well as other international agencies. It aims to answer fundamental questions and spell out policy options to address the challenges for economies in transition. The volume includes comparative studies focusing on all transition economies, including Central and Eastern Europe, as well as regions such as Western Balkans and the Commonwealth of Independent States."--Publisher's description

The article focuses on projects, which are managed by the EU in the field of education and training, recent changes to the EU policy in educational programmes. Erasmus+ unites programmes and actions in the field of education and training, fostering the EU added value in education and European dimension. It gives an insight into the concept of projects management in education, European legal regulations, specific European programmes in education and training.

This book integrates two disciplines- economics and political science- to map the past, present and future of the territorial allocation of authority in the decentralized big countries of Western Europe. By comparing different states, attention is drawn to the interesting similarities and differences that exist in the health and social case policies of varying countries in Europe. The result is an analysis that highlights the ubiquity of territorial politics and the necessarily territorial nature of many health and social care policies. By clarifying assumptions that economists, political scientists and practitioners have often introduced into their analyses of decentralization and the allocation of authority in health, this book brings to the fore theoretical discussions from second generation fiscal federalism and new politics of the welfare state alongside both quantitative and qualitative empirical evidence of different European countries that differ widely in institutional design and historical inertias.

This book reflects on the many contributions made in and to European bioethics to date, in various locations, and from various disciplinary perspectives. In so doing, the book advances understanding of the academic and social status of European bioethics as it is being supported and practiced by various disciplines such as philosophy, law, medicine, and the social sciences, applied to a wide range of areas. The European focus offers a valuable counter-balance to an often prominent US understanding of bioethics.The volume is split into four parts. The first contains reflection on bioethics in the past, present and future, and also considers how comparison between countries and disciplines can enrich bioethical discourse. The second looks at bioethics in particular locations and contexts, including: policy, boardrooms and courtrooms; studios and virtual rooms; and society, while the third part explores the translation of theories and concepts of bioethics into the clinical setting.

Decision formation in the Community has reflected an adaptability responding to different times & circumstances. The process of decision making has grown in capacity, complexity, & sophistication. It evolves slowly, however, to allow the diversity of its component parts to adjust & adapt. The actual EC decisional performance record indicates both the expansion of cooperative initiatives & the long-range increase in joint action. The overall consensus formation capacity appears not to lead to political federation but has produced numerous noteworthy & viable means to collective programs. Some limited definitions of "European interests" have emerged in the summitry, ministerial, & Commission decisions of the 1970s, which illustrate the evolution of a flexible & viable decision-making structure as the EC faces a more demanding set of problems. HA.

AbstractThe Ukraine crisis brings European Union (EU) refugee policy into the spotlight. Temporary protection for Ukrainian refugees was granted under Directive 2001/55/EC—a directive that had never been applied until 2022. This article seeks to explain why a directive that had not been used for 20 years was now applied. Our argument rests on liberal intergovernmentalism: Conflicts between countries with high and low migration pressure dominated negotiations in the Council of Ministers. These intergovernmental conflicts were not solved but built into the wording of the Directive. Each attempt to apply the Directive triggered a new round of intergovernmental conflict. However, in the Ukraine crisis, the cost–benefit calculation of the countries that had hitherto opposed application of the Directive changed, because they received most of the refugees. Hence, a policy window opened, and the Commission could use old 'dormant' legislation to further integration.

This article introduces and discusses the concept of Emergency Language Policy. Research in language policy and planning has not paid enough attention to the study of language policies in emergency situations, when usually there is little or no time to study and investigate in-depth the existing conditions of a language before planning interventions. The Covid-19 outbreak provided the opportunity to critically examine the way multilingual communication was handled in 2020, particularly in relation to linguistic minorities in Europe. While this article does not aim at proposing a theory of Emergency Language Policy, it sets out some recommendations and principles for future policies to minimise inequalities that structurally disadvantage linguistic minorities. The study of language policy in an emergency should focus on the preparation of flexible, rapid intervention contingency plans to be deployed in case of need, and on the creation and maintenance of systems capable of reacting to the unpredictable and of monitoring short-term changes.