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The transfer system was created in order to control player movement between football clubs and has existed since the late nineteenth century. During the negotiation of today's transfer rules FIFA, UEFA and the Commission found that a breach of contract during the season could upset the balance of competition and therefore should be restricted. It was considered necessary to strengthen the contractual stability and to apply a special rule to preserve the regularity and proper functioning of competition. This was done by the means of a provision stipulating that a football player only can be registered to play with a national association during one of the two registration periods per year, generally known as the transfer windows. Sport has never been included in the formal structures of the European Union and the regulation of sport has instead materialized through verdicts from the European Court of Justice. One of the most influential statements emerging from the Court is that sport is subject to Community law in so far it constitutes an economic activity. Consequently, if the activity is economic there is a risk that it infringes EU law. The purpose of this master thesis is to examine the FIFA transfer window system and to determine whether it violates Article 39 and/or Article 81 EC. The transfer windows, a regulation strengthened by the ECJ in the case of Lehtonen, restrict the ability of players to seek alternative employment and could therefore be regarded as a violation of the free movement of workers. In order to trigger the Treaty provisions guarding the right of freedom of movement the person in question must be a national of a Member State of the European Union and the activity must have a territorial dimension beyond the borders of a single Member State of the European Union. The person in question must also be engaged in some kind of economic activity. It is, however, clear that football players who are members of the European Union and are applying for a job in another Member State, and are performing at a certain level, fulfil these requirements. Footballers should therefore be considered as workers within the meaning of Article 39 EC and the prohibition of discrimination contained in that article which catches non-discriminatory private collective measures, such as the transfer system, invented by regulatory bodies like FIFA and UEFA. When considering the FIFA "windows system" it is clear that it is liable of restricting the ability of players to seek alternative employment in another Member State and should therefore be regarded as a violation of Article 39 EC. Nevertheless, restricted transfer periods have been found by the ECJ to be objectively justified as having sporting benefits in the Belgian Basketball league. It is, however, likely that the "window system", as it operates in European football, goes beyond what is necessary to achieve team and player contract stability since it is too restrictive and somewhat redundant. Consequently, the FIFA transfer windows do not comply with the requirements of the principle of proportionality and should therefore, if challenged, be regarded as a violation of Article 39 EC. The use of transfer windows in European football can also be considered to be an issue for competition law and in particular Article 81 EC. The article prohibits all agreements between undertakings that restrict competition and affect trade between Member States and has the objective to protect consumers, enhance their welfare and to facilitate the creation of a single European market. The ECJ has, however, acknowledged a certain type of sporting rule that, even though it restricts competition, will be granted immunity from Article 81 EC. The FIFA "windows system" should not be regarded as such a rule since it does not fulfil the required conditions. The transfer windows do little for the competitive balance within the European football. It may be argued that it preserves the appeal and the unpredictability of the finishing stages of a championship. However, they also prevent clubs from developing their economic activity and restrict the free play of the market forces of supply and demand. Furthermore, the "windows system" hinders certain clubs from raising the quality of their sporting performance since clubs in minor leagues with a closed window are losing their best players to clubs in a better league with an open window, without being able to replace them. All of this affects the small and economically weak clubs and strengthens the position of the financially strong clubs. As a result a few strong clubs will, contrary to the best interest of consumers, continue to dominate European football. The FIFA regulation of transfer windows is therefore likely to fall under Article 81(1) EC. It is unlikely that the pro-competitive benefits of the FIFA transfer windows outweigh its restrictive effects since it is improbable that they would be considered the least restrictive means of creating these benefits. Subsequently, the FIFA "windows system" would not qualify for an exemption under Article 81(3) EC and should, if challenged, be void under Article 81(2) EC.

2010/2011 ; Quality is one important characteristic of products and services, but customers can find some difficulties in evaluating it. If information is not uniformly distributed (e.g. sellers have more information than buyers), trade can be difficult (Akerlof 1970). Certification, defined as the assurance that certain requirements are respected, is a possible mechanism to mitigate the asymmetric information. A typical example of certification is the university degree that assures of the fulfillment of academic requirements. This thesis focuses on the ISO 9000 certification, which assures that the quality management system respects the requirements of the ISO 9000 standards family. Having been adopted by more than 1.000.000 organizations in the world, ISO 9000 is a well-known family of standards based on Total Quality Management, a managerial approach aimed to improve quality and organization performance. Several studies investigated ISO 9000 focusing mainly on the manufacturing sector where ISO 9000 originated. However, over the last years, ISO 9000 has being increasingly adopted in service sector. The current study contributes to this research stream taking on both qualitative and quantitative methods to investigate the adoption and the impact of ISO 9000 certification in services. More precisely, the thesis focuses on two main research questions: Why do companies choose to be ISO 9000 certified? What is the relationship between ISO 9000 and innovation? The two research questions are investigated through the lens of the signaling model of education (Spence 1973, Weiss 1995). According to this framework, education can benefit the employee directly by increasing his expertise of an employee and by indirectly signaling his unobserved but relevant abilities (e.g. persistence). Similarly to education, ISO 9000 can improve organization performances and ISO 9000 certification can signal unobservable abilities of better companies. Some implications are drawn from this theoretical framework and they are tested using a dedicated dataset obtained by combining firm-level data from the Community Innovation Survey (CIS 2006) with the list of ISO 9000 certified companies from Mouvement Luxembourgeois pour la Qualité (MLQ). In the quantitative analysis, the decision of ISO 9000 certification is modeled within a discrete choice model. The quantitative analysis is integrated by a multiple-case study that considers both manufacturing and service companies rigorously selected with the Coarsened Exact Matching method. Addressing the first research question, the study focuses on the signaling effect of ISO 9000 certification. Results shows that companies seek for certification in order to signal to the market unobserved abilities only in specific contexts (e.g. when operating in international market). In addition, it appears that large companies are more likely to be certified than smaller companies. The quantitative analysis shows that the main motivation for certification is the requirements of business customers suggesting that certification is more effective in business to business market that than business to consumers. From a signaling point of view, it can be concluded that qualitative and quantitative findings are not in contrast but the hypothesis that ISO 9000 certification acts as signal is only partially supported. Addressing the second research question, the study suggests that management of quality and management of innovation are not conflicting. Even if distinguishing between organizational benefits and the signaling effect can be difficult, qualitative results shows that ISO 9000 certified companies are more likely to successfully introduce new products and services or new organization and marketing techniques. ISO 9000 certification is correlated with technological innovation (product and process) of manufacturing companies and with innovation of service sector companies when non-technological innovation is considered (organizational and marketing). The qualitative results suggest that ISO 9000 especially in recent versions is not hindering innovation. Reading together the results for both research questions, it appears that ISO 9000 could be a tool for policy-makers willing to improve innovation performance targeting specific groups of companies. Practitioners can better understand the features of firms for which the certification provides the best potential, also in terms of innovation. In this respect, management standards can be an effective tool to diffuse organizational skills among companies especially to companies that have less access to external managerial skills, like small companies. Additionally, the findings of the research can be interpreted as an example of the positive impact that standardization can have on innovation, in line with the policies of European Union that recognize standardization as a potential catalyst for innovation. ; La qualità è una caratteristica importante di prodotti e servizi, ma gli acquirenti possono trovare alcune difficoltà nella sua valutazione. Nei caso che l' informazione non sia uniformemente distribuita (ad esempio, chi vende ha più informazioni di chi compra), le transazioni possono essere difficili da realizzarsi (Akerlof 1970).La certificazione, definita come la garanzia che determinati requisiti sono rispettati, è un possibile meccanismo per mitigare l'asimmetria informativa. Ad esempio, la laurea é un tipico esempio di certificazione che assicura il rispetto dei requisiti accademici. Partendo da queste premesse, questa tesi studia la certificazione ISO 9000, che assicura che il sistema di gestione della qualità rispetti i requisiti della famiglia di standard ISO 9000. L' ISO 9000, che trova origine nel Total Quality Management, un approccio manageriale volto a migliorare la qualità e le performances dell'organizzazione, è la piú nota famiglia di standards al mondo ed è adottata da più di 1.000.000 organizzazioni. Molte ricerche hanno studiato l' ISO 9000, concentrandosi principalmente sul settore manifatturiero, ove l' ISO 9000 ha avuto origine. Tuttavia, negli ultimi anni, ISO 9000 è sempre più adottato nel settore dei servizi. Il presente studio contribuisce a questo linea di ricerca adottando metodologie qualitative e quantitative per indagare l'adozione e l'impatto della certificazione ISO 9000 nel settore dei servizi. Più precisamente, la tesi si focalizza su i due seguenti quesiti: Perché le aziende scelgono di essere certificate ISO 9000? Qual è il rapporto tra ISO 9000 e l'innovazione? Le due domande sono studiate attraverso la lenti del modello di segnale sviluppato originariamente nella ambito degli studi sull' istruzione (Spence 1973, Weiss 1995). In base a questo approccio teorico, l'istruzione può beneficiare il lavoratore sia aumentandone il capitale umano sia segnalando abilità inosservate, ma rilevanti (es. persistenza). Si ipotizza che in maniera simile all' istruzione, l' ISO 9000 può migliorare le prestazioni aziendali di per sé e la certificazione ISO 9000 sia in grado di segnalare abilità inosservabili delle aziende. Alcune implicazioni tratte da questo quadro teorico sono state verificate su un set di dati ottenuto combinando i dati lussemburghesi a livello di impresa della Community Innovation Survey (CIS 2006) e l'elenco delle aziende certificate ISO 9000 del Mouvement Luxembourgeois pour la Qualité (MLQ). La decisione di certificazione è modellata quantitivamente in un modello a scelta discreta. L'analisi quantitativa è poi integrata dallo studio di casi indagando alcune imprese manifatturiere e di servizi opportunamente selezionate sulla base del Coarsened Exact Matching. Affrontando il primo quesito, la tesi si concentra sugli effetti di segnale della certificazione ISO 9000. I risultati quantitativi suggeriscono che le aziende si certificano al fine di segnalare al mercato capacità difficilmente osservabili in contesti specifici (ad esempio, quando opera sui mercati internazionali). Inoltre, lo studio quantitativo mostra che le imprese piú grandi hanno maggiore probabilità di essere certificate rispetto alle aziende più piccole. Lo studio di casi mostra che le aspettative della clientela sono il motivo principale per certificarsi e che le aziende sono più sensibili alla certificazione ISO 9000 rispetto a consumatori suggerendo che la certificazione è più efficace nel mercato Business to Business. In una ottica di segnale, si può concludere che i risultati quantitativi e qualititativi non sono in contrasto ma l'ipotesi che la certificazione ISO 9000 agisca da segnale è solo parzialmente supportata. Riguardo al seconda quesito, i risultati della tesi sembrano suggerire che la gestione della qualità e gestione dell'innovazione non sono in conflitto. Anche se distinguere tra effetto organizzativo e effetto di segnale non è agevole, i risultati qualitativi mostrano che le aziende certificate sono ,generalmente più propense a introdurre con successo nuovi prodotti e servizi o nuovi tipi di organizzazione e tecniche di marketing. Piú precisamente, la certificazione ISO 9000 è correlata con l'innovazione tecnologica (di prodotto e di processo) delle aziende manifatturiere e con l'innovazione delle imprese del settore dei servizi, quando l'innovazione non tecnologica è considerato (organizzative e di marketing). I risultati qualitativi suggeriscono che l' ISO 9000, soprattutto nelle versioni più recenti, non è ostacola l'innovazione. Complessivamente, appare che ISO 9000 può essere un valido strumento per i policy makers che desiderano migliorare l' innovazione di specifici tipi di aziende. Inoltre, gli operatori del settore possono comprendere meglio le caratteristiche di imprese per le quali la certificazione fornisce il miglior potenziale, anche in termini di innovazione. In questo senso, standards di gestione possono essere uno strumento efficace per diffondere capacità organizzative tra le imprese, in particolare tra le aziende che hanno meno accesso a competenze manageriali esterne, come le piccole e imprese. Complessivamente, i risultati presentati nella tesi possono essere interpretati come un esempio di impatto positivo che la standardizazione può avere sull'innovazione, in linea con le politiche dell'Unione Europea che riconoscono la standardizzazione come potenziale catalizzatore per l'innovazione. ; XXIII Ciclo ; 1981

Tourism is multi-faceted phenomenon and various stakeholders, levels of government, and sectors are closely interlinked. Governmental and non-governmental institutions, local communities, diverse professionals, and different sectors and tourists do show various perspectives about the management of tourism. In this dissertation, a comprehensive analysis on the current situation of tourism in two biosphere reserves (Galapagos and Sumaco) in Ecuador is presented. Tourism is considered as one of the key strategies to promote environmental conservation and socio-economic development of local communities living in these places. UNESCO biosphere reserves are protected areas of extraordinary natural and cultural value, conceived as places for reconciliation between conservation and development. The concept of sustainable tourism can be seen as an umbrella that unites various forms of tourism in these protected areas (e.g. ecotourism, community-based tourism). The primary objective was to evaluate the main factors of success and failure in the management of tourism and its contribution to biodiversity conservation. Thus, a detailed review of the legal, political, and institutional framework of the country and a description of the two biosphere reserves (physical, biogeographic, demographic, socio-economic, institutional and legal elements) was given. Data collection for the case studies (Galapagos and Sumaco) was performed by the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. As for qualitative tools, in-depth semi-structured interviews with the main stakeholders in both biosphere reserves were applied. Experts and specialists in the management of protected areas, as well as representatives of different sectors directly and indirectly associated with tourism were interviewed. Moreover, surveys were applied to two different target groups. Tourists were surveyed in order to establish their socio-demographic profile, travel preferences, and degree of knowledge about sustainable tourism, as well as their perception of the sustainability of tourism in the destinations visited. Furthermore, residents in both reserves were surveyed in order to find out about their socio-demographic characteristics, their main economic activities for supporting themselves and their attitude towards tourism, their level of knowledge about biosphere reserves, and their perception about advantages or disadvantages of living in a biosphere reserve. In general, although tourism is a concept that could be developed in accordance with the environment in these natural areas, in the case of Galapagos it is one of the main risk factors for the conservation of biodiversity in the archipelago due to the increasing number of tourists. In contrast, in Sumaco tourism could be an important sustainable alternative to mining, oil extraction and hydroelectric projects, which are the current threats to the conservation of the area. From the environmental point of view, there are serious problems in both reserves, mainly linked to the contamination of water resources. Such pollution imposes risks to the health to both, residents and tourists. The lack of freshwater is particularly critical in Galapagos, given its insular habitat. The invasion of exotic species in Galapagos is one of the most serious threats to the conservation, while deforestation in combination with illegal logging and mining activities is the greatest danger in Sumaco. In terms of sociocultural factors, migration processes undoubtedly shape the attitudes and values of the current population in both reserves. In Galapagos most residents are immigrants, whereas in Sumaco a significant portion are Kichwa people who belong to the area's native population. In general, the inhabitants in both areas have not yet developed a true environmental awareness. The distribution of human population groups is also associated with the different types of tourism. In both reserves, tourist services offered by local communities have low quality standards and are targeted on a market segment consisting of tourists with a low budget. Thus, the community revenues obtained from tourism are generally only a small percentage of the total tourism market. This situation is much more noticeable in Galapagos where large companies that operate luxury cruises and hotels gain most of their revenues from tourism. Many of them have their headquarters in the main cities of Ecuador and abroad, which means that they pay their taxes in those cities and not in the places where they operate. Inequality in the distribution of the economic benefits of tourism leads to a situation of frustration and discontentment among the residents of the regions involved. Despite this situation, tourism is still a profitable business and residents try to make the most of it, no matter the cost impacts. Temporary and illegal tourism activities is often the normal state of the things: unregistered houses that offer rooms for tourists, taxi drivers who offer tours without being in possession of permits, tourist boat owners, tour guides and even large tourist companies that operate without legal licenses. This situation inevitably leads to a decrease of the quality of services, an uncontrolled increase of business, a consequent dumping of prices and the overall decline of the destination. Ultimately, this means fewer tourists, more environmental degradation and less economic benefits for residents. In this context, there is a serious conflict between the local community and large foreign companies. Governance and management of tourism are essential elements to ensure its development in a sustainable way. The country has a large number of laws, rules, regulations, and plans that regulate the development of sustainable tourism legally and institutionally, especially in protected areas. However, monitoring and law enforcement are major constraints for achieving proper management of tourism. This problem is particularly noticeable in small communities such as Galapagos and Sumaco where interpersonal relationships of kinship and friendship are close, which complicates control and regulation. There are some serious limitations regarding the technical and logistical capacity of the institutions responsible for controlling and managing the tourist activity; they consist mainly in the lack of staff and funding. Galapagos, given its special status, has increased the number of funding managers and staff members for controlling and management, but in many cases, these people are not fully qualified for their positions. Sumaco has only few tourism experts who can help to develop the tourism. The coordination and planning among all stakeholders involved in tourism is still a work in progress to ensure proper management of the tourist destinations. In any case, local communities are developing important initiatives in both biosphere reserves. After all, sometimes planning, coordination and local activities do not necessarily coincide with the national agenda. In general, in both biosphere reserves it is necessary to ensure higher standards of education, both formal and informal. Also it is urgent that the government as a regulating entity ensures the equitable participation of local communities in tourism benefits, control, monitoring, and law enforcement. Moreover, there is the need to encourage and ensure integrated planning of tourism in the different levels of government: local, regional, and national. Sustainable tourism means that the protection of cultural heritage and natural resources is granted at least the same level of importance as the involved economic interests. The unique nature that currently attracts tourists to Galapagos and Sumaco should be preserved not only for ensuring the continuity of the tourism activity itself, but also in order to safeguard biodiversity and natural resources for the coming generations. Responsible tourism practices which care about their social and environmental impacts are not necessarily opposed to economic interests. On the contrary, they need each other for a long-term development. ; El turismo es multifacético y en éste diversos actores, instituciones, niveles de gobierno y sectores de la sociedad, están estrechamente interrelacionados. Instituciones gubernamentales y no gubernamentales, comunidades locales, diversos profesionales y académicos, sectores y los turistas muestran perspectivas distintas en cuanto al manejo y gestión del turismo. El presente trabajo realiza un análisis exhaustivo sobre la situación actual del turismo en dos reservas de biósfera (Galápagos y Sumaco) en Ecuador. Se considera al turismo como una de las estrategias clave para favorecer la conservación del medio ambiente y el desarrollo socio-económico de las comunidades locales asentadas en estos lugares. Las reservas de biósfera, categorías declaradas y nominadas por la UNESCO, son áreas protegidas de extraordinario valor natural y cultural, concebidas como espacios para la reconciliación entre conservación y desarrollo, donde el concepto de turismo sostenible puede considerarse como un paraguas que agrupa diversas formas de hacer turismo en dichas áreas protegidas. El objetivo fundamental fue evaluar los principales factores de éxito o fracaso en el manejo del turismo y su contribución a la conservación de la biodiversidad. Para ello, se llevó a cabo una revisión detallada del marco legal, político e institucional del país, así como las características particulares de cada reserva de biósfera en cuanto a las condiciones físicas, biogeográficas además de factores históricos, demográficos, socio-económicos, institucionales y legales. El levantamiento de la información de los casos de estudio (Galápagos y Sumaco) se realizó mediante el empleo combinado de métodos cualitativos y cuantitativos. Entre las herramientas cualitativas, se destaca el desarrollo de entrevistas semi-estructuradas a profundidad, dirigidas a actores clave en cada una de las reservas de biósfera. Expertos y especialistas en el manejo de las áreas protegidas, así como representantes de los diferentes sectores relacionados directa e indirectamente con el turismo fueron entrevistados. Por otro lado, se aplicaron encuestas a dos diferentes grupos meta. Los turistas fueron encuestados, con la finalidad de establecer su perfil socio-demográfico, preferencias de viaje y grado de conocimiento acerca del turismo sostenible, además de su percepción en cuanto a la sustentabilidad de los destinos visitados. Se aplicaron también encuestas a residentes de ambas reservas, para establecer sus características socio-demográficas, las principales actividades económicas que les sirven de sustento y su relación con el turismo, su nivel de conocimiento acerca de reservas de biósfera y su percepción en cuanto a las ventajas o desventajas de vivir en una reserva de biósfera. En general, si bien el turismo es una actividad que podría desarrollarse en armonía con el medio ambiente en estos espacios naturales, en el caso de Galápagos es uno de los principales factores de riesgo para la conservación de la biodiversidad, debido al incremento acelerado del número de turistas. En contraposición, en Sumaco el turismo podría constituir una alternativa sostenible frente a la explotación de minas, petróleo y proyectos hidroeléctricos. Desde el punto de vista ambiental existen serios problemas en ambas reservas, ligados sobre todo a la contaminación de las fuentes de agua. La escasez de agua dulce es particularmente crítica en Galápagos, dada su condición de hábitat insular. La introducción de especies exóticas constituye en Galápagos una de las amenazas más graves para la conservación, mientras que la deforestación ligada a la tala ilegal y actividades extractivas son los peligros más importantes en Sumaco. En cuanto a los factores socio-culturales, sin duda los procesos migratorios configuran las actitudes y valores de la población actual en ambas reservas. En Galápagos la mayoría de los residentes son migrantes, mientras que en Sumaco una porción importante son indígenas de la nacionalidad Kichwa. En general, entre los habitantes de ambas áreas no se ha desarrollado todavía una verdadera conciencia ambiental, sino más bien un valoración en función del uso. La configuración de los grupos humanos también está asociada a las distintas formas de hacer turismo. En ambas reservas los servicios turísticos ofertados por las comunidades locales tienen bajos estándares de calidad y apuntan hacia un segmento del mercado constituido por turistas con bajo presupuesto. Por ende, generalmente, la oferta directa de la comunidad consigue captar únicamente un porcentaje reducido de los ingresos del turismo. Esta situación es mucho más notoria en Galápagos, donde las grandes empresas operando cruceros y hoteles de lujo son las que se llevan la mayor parte de los réditos derivados del turismo. La inequidad en el reparto de los beneficios económicos derivados del turismo conduce a una situación de frustración y descontento entre los pobladores. A pesar de esta situación, el turismo sigue siendo una actividad rentable y los residentes intentan sacarle el máximo provecho al menor costo posible sin importar los impactos. Informalidad e ilegalidad constituyen muchas veces la norma: casas no registradas que ofertan habitaciones para turistas, taxistas que realizan tours sin autorización, botes operando sin licencia para hacer turismo, guías ilegales e incluso grandes operaciones realizando la actividad turística sin los permisos legales pertinentes. Este panorama conduce inevitablemente a un decrecimiento en la calidad de los servicios, un incremento descontrolado de la oferta y la consecuente caída de precios y en general el declive del destino, que finalmente implica menos turistas, más deterioro ambiental y menos beneficios económicos para los residentes. En este contexto se presenta un grave conflicto entre la comunidad local y las grandes empresas foráneas. La gobernanza y el manejo de la actividad turística constituyen elementos esenciales para asegurar su desarrollo en una forma sostenible. El país cuenta con una importante lista de leyes, normas, regulaciones y planes que soportan legal e institucionalmente el desarrollo del turismo sostenible, especialmente en áreas protegidas. Sin embargo, el control y la aplicación de la ley constituyen limitaciones sustanciales para alcanzar una adecuada gestión del turismo. Este problema es particularmente notorio en comunidades pequeñas como las de Galápagos y Sumaco, donde las relaciones interpersonales de parentesco o amistad son estrechas, lo cual complica el control y regulación. Existen serias limitaciones en lo que respecta a las capacidades técnicas y logísticas de las instituciones encargadas de controlar y gestionar la actividad turística, principalmente la falta de personal y financiamiento. Si bien Galápagos, dado su régimen especial, cuenta con un mayor financiamiento y más personal para el control y manejo, se presentan graves deficiencias en cuanto a su nivel de preparación. Sumaco cuenta con pocos técnicos especializados en turismo que puedan ayudar a desarrollar la actividad. La coordinación y planificación entre todos los actores involucrados en el turismo es todavía una tarea pendiente para asegurar un manejo adecuado de los destinos turísticos. En todo caso importantes iniciativas en cuanto a la coordinación local se desarrollan en ambas reservas de biósfera. Finalmente, en algunas ocasiones la planificación, coordinación y acción locales no necesariamente coinciden con los intereses y agenda nacionales. En general, en ambas reservas de biósfera es necesario asegurar mayores niveles de educación, tanto a nivel formal como informal. Asimismo, resulta urgente que el Estado como ente regulador, asegure la participación equitativa de las comunidades locales en los beneficios del turismo y en el control, monitoreo y aplicación de la ley. Además es necesario fomentar y asegurar la planificación integral del turismo en los diferentes niveles de gobierno: local, regional y nacional. Turismo sostenible significa que los aspectos sociales, culturales y ambientales deben recibir por lo menos la misma importancia que los intereses económicos involucrados. La naturaleza única que actualmente atrae a los turistas a Galápagos y al Sumaco debe ser preservada, no solamente para garantizar la sostenibilidad de la actividad turística en sí, sino para proteger y conservar la biodiversidad para las futuras generaciones. Una actividad turística responsable, amigable con el medio ambiente y encaminada a la protección de la herencia cultural, no se opone necesariamente a los intereses de desarrollo económico. Muy por el contrario, los dos dependen estrechamente el uno del otro.

The national idea, as a search for a modern type of spiritual interpretation of the struggle for measuring its «own archetype» of Ukraine, is correlated with Anton Makarenko, with the preservation of historical optimism, in order to overcome the primitive view of the bearers of small-towns on democratization and patriotism. The post-classical metaphysics of the study of Ukrainian experience by the educators of the information age (V. Vernadsky, A. Makarenko,) reconstructs the spirit of the history of political thought − may embrace metaphysics, political science logistics of the nation or futurology, reviving the archetypes of the romantic and enlightenment procession. It should be the legacy of spiritual leaders reveal in terms of futurology, which determines the procedural logic educational space as «wonderful» context of the philosophy of history, which in this case is the best way of understanding «substantial» − transcendent depth of penetration Ukrainian reformer professional culture, Anton Makarenko, a representative of the spiritual elite in the nature and structure of training patriotic people, the intellectual depth of our dreams kozakofilsko-kordotsentrychnyy staff − the foundation of national existence, encompassing spirit the dynamics of life. The work of an outstanding teacher highlights the professional and socio-cultural component of his own philosophy of history, as well as the influence in the historical process of the image of Don Quixote of Zaporozhii on the knight execution of A. S. Makarenko of his particular role as the organizer of latent resistance to imperial invasion. In their barracks, socialism tried to overthrow humanism, and the denial of human freedom, shaded by revolutionary phraseology. The phenomenon of some vulgar manifestations of mass violence is supposedly a form of secular messianism. Although the spirit of the Kozakophilic necessity gradually forces the «little» person into an instrument not to be bureaucracy and despotism, but the productive forces and European humanities in favor of the European path of Ukraine. European laughter culture was examined by Z. Freud as a psychoanalyst proposed the character of «good knight» Don Quixote de la Mancha as a valiant knight isn`t a comic hero but humorous fun arises from an inhibition of some affective excitation… Originally Don Quixote de la Mancha purely comic figure, a big child infatugated by chivalric fantasy books… author (Migel de Cervantes) at the beginning didn`t want to say anything but after this the author awarded his person by profound wisdom and noble intentions and made it as a symbolic embodiment of idealism who believes strongly in the implementation of his goals… and literally keeps his promises and then this person ceases to produce a comic impression (Z. Freud Wit) [13 P. 246]. Carl Jung also continued Freudian cognition of humanism and the symbolism of good and evil in his key scientific works showing humanistic orientation of European archetypal nobility. «Reader hasn`t got any opportunity to get Archimedean fulcrum outside of his world relying on which he can «remove from loops» his time-limited consciousness and detect hidden characters in scientific and literary work» (Carl Jung). Passionarity of dialogue of Ukrainian patriots as a result of humiliation of the national spirit of freedom is displayed in Cartesian sense (Rene Descartes), the traditional of the variety of forms of Ukrainian resistance when increases the range of dissatisfaction of the level of assimilation and bureaucratization. As higher the level of alternative sociocultural activity, the higher protrudes civil ability to Ukrainian union of sets even of different as their fight after the sobornist of their own state objectively pushes for the dialogue since it is in communicative processes the culture of education of young patriots enriches with civil meaning partially attracts those or other axiomatic principles of their partners in philosophical comprehension of human being. ; Авторитет в образовательном пространстве постепенно воплощали украинский педагог Антон Макаренко и Зигмунд Фрейд, профессор невропатологии (Австрия). Они критикуют появление «бунта масс» в теории психосексуального и гуманистического развития индивида, обусловливают его участие в духовно-исторических событиях. Учредители собственной версии философского подъема не воспринимали появление в европейской жизни режимов тоталитаризма и воинственного национализма власти или ее ксенофобские проявления, действовали как европейские носители статуса демократического патриотизма и гуманизма. Цель деятельности европейских мыслителей в том, чтобы выявить расположение украинского социума к философскому воздействию на «маленького человека». А. С. Макаренко берет символ Дон Кихота, что является показателем духовной роли козакофилов-новаторов на рубеже XIX-ХХ века, в частности этот символ связывает «донкихотство» с восстановлением общественного уважения к героическим традициям Запорожской Сечи.Значительное внимание А. Макаренко и З. Фрейд уделяли также вопросу, как при разных обстоятельствах действует носитель патриотической социокультурной деятельности, представляющей глубинное естество − идеальный тип, чтобы рассказать о его субъективной позиции, то есть о украинце-патриоте, малороссе национал-нигилисте, или хохле национал-прагматике, оставаясь объективным наблюдателем как исследователь-гуманитарий. ; Авторитет в освітньому просторі поступово втілювали український педагог Антон Макаренко і Зігмунд Фрейд, професор невропатології (Австрія). Вони критикують появу «бунту мас» у теорії психосексуального та гуманістичного розвитку індивіда, обумовлють його участь у духовно-історичних подіях. Засновники власної версії філософського піднесення не сприймали появу у європейському житті режимів тоталітаризму і войовничого націоналізму влади чи її ксенофобські прояви, діяли як європейські носії статусу демократичного патріотизму і гуманізму. Мета діяльності європейських мислителів у тому, щоб виявити прихильність українського соціуму до філософського впливу на «маленьку людину». А. С. Макаренко бере символ Дон Кіхота, що є показником духовної ролі козакофілів-новаторів на рубежі XІX-ХХ століття, зокрема цей символ пов'язує «донкіхотство» з відновленням громадської поваги до героїчних традиціїй Запорозької Січі.Значну увагу А. Макаренко і З. Фрейд приділяли також питанню, як за різних обставин діє носій патріотичної соціокультурної діяльності, що презентує глибинне єство − ідеальний тип, щоб розповісти про його суб'єктивну позицію, тобто про українця-патріота, малороса націонал-нігіліста, або хохла націонал-прагматика, залишаючись об'єктивним спостерігачем як дослідник-гуманітарій.

This paper will cover the adoption of the concept in various instruments such as the Convention for the International sale of goods (CISG) in Article 7(1), the UCC of the United States, UNIDROIT in article 1.7, and the most important adoption on the European continent, the Principles of European Contract Law (PECL), specifically article 1: 202(1) and 1: 106 (1) of the principles. The question that will be raised and probably answered in the course of this paper is whether, the adoption of the concept of good faith and fair dealing has made a difference in international commercial contracts, the extent of its contribution, the hindrances faced, whether such problems can be addressed, how they can be addressed and finally whether uniformity in interpretation and application of the doctrine is maintained. Under domestic law, the adoption of good faith and fair dealing notion into various legal systems and its implementation and enforcement thereof will be looked into, an attempt will be made to determine the main reasons why some states refuse to adopt the doctrine, and whether adoption of the doctrine in such states would make a substantial impact on their legal systems. Under the approaches adopted by various domestic legal systems in incorporating the doctrine into their laws, and in trying to deduce whether uniformity in interpretation and application of the doctrine can be attained, the jurisdictions that will be looked into are; German, which is a pioneer when it comes to the adoption of the doctrine within the European Union. The German Treu und Glauben provides for such, and has been included in the BGB (German Civil Code). In the provisions of the BGB, one is not only required to act reasonably, but there must be a relationship of trust based on the commercial dealings of the parties in a particular transaction. It has been noticed that most European countries, for instance France and Italy have this similar approach towards the concept of good faith and fair dealing, of course there are always minor differences in every legal system, and these will be highlighted. England of course is an exception, and in this paper it will be considered separately. It is regarded different due to its historical background, thus the doctrine in England is approached differently, and there are limitations in its application. In the United States the doctrine of good faith and fair dealing has been adopted through the Uniform Commercial Code, section 1-203. This section unfortunately does not apply to the formation or negotiation of the contract. Numerous other sections seem to refer to the doctrine, even the Second Restatement on Contracts does touch on the concept. In fact it is the most recent re-enactment of some of the provisions in the Uniform Commercial Code. In the United States the doctrine basically applies to performance and enforcement in contracts. English law reluctantly recognizes a general duty to act in good faith, it arrives at similar results as those arrived at by other countries when it comes to the implementation of the doctrine, even though the avenues used are different. The starting point in English Law was the judgment of Justice Steyn in Banque Financiere and of course the judgment of Sir Thomas Bingham in the Interfoto case. The cause started by these judges was later fueled by the unwavering support of the European Community. Before long it had become accepted that the doctrine could not be ignored anymore in England, and slowly its inception began. Even though the concept is legally accepted, it has not yet managed to get complete acceptance from the English legal fraternity, it is still approached and applied with caution. This paper intends to discuss the reasons for such slow progress of the concept in England, and further compare the position to that of other European states. In South Africa the doctrine of good faith has existed for quite sometime, mostly referred to as bonae fides, a doctrine which played a great role in the development of Roman contract law, and further influenced the development of the principle of equity in civil law. But this did not give the doctrine of good faith formal acceptance in the South African legal system, it has over the years been regarded as an elusive concept which could only destabilize well established legal rules. Most judges regard the doctrine as a threat to their views on freedom of contract being an absolute basis of the law of contract. The concept was accepted in a couple of instances , for instance, in Eerste Nasionale Bank van Suidelike Africa Bpk v Saayman in 1997, it was later dismissed in Brisley v Drotsky, where it was held that the doctrine could not be accepted as a basis to set aside or enforce a contractual relationship. This was confirmed in Afrox Healthcare Bpk v Strydom in 2002, it is now settled that in South Africa, the concept of good faith cannot be used in dealing with cases involving contractual unfairness that cannot be handled by pre existing rules, but public policy can. This work intends to follow up on the development of the concept of good faith in South Africa, and the reasons for its subsequent dismissal in Drotsky, not forgetting to outline the doctrine's future in the country's legal system and the effects of dismissing such doctrine.

Amid the ongoing Israel-Hamas war, which in recent weeks spread to direct military exchanges with Iran, Biden administration officials remain convinced they can achieve a broader Middle East peace through an Israel-Saudi Arabia normalization deal which would entail a U.S. security guarantee for Saudi Arabia.Indeed, Secretary of State Antony Blinken, during his recent trip to Saudi Arabia, said that a U.S.-Saudi security pact is nearing completion. However, Washington should reject this lopsided strategy as it works against U.S. interests and is not practical.The Biden administration does not appear to be considering an alternative approach. In late March, President Joe Biden said, "I won't go into detail now. But look, I've been working with the Saudis. They are prepared to fully recognize Israel," re-affirming Washington's obsession with the Abraham Accords and all its flaws. Multiple officials continue to push this position, highlighting the administration's focus on advancing Saudi-Israel relations, especially after Riyadh assisted in taking down Iranian drones and missiles headed toward Israel last month.The details of a potential deal — including major U.S. concessions — have reportedly not changed. This includes U.S. security guarantees for Riyadh and a green light for its civilian nuclear program in return for normalization with Israel and limiting relations with China. Washington is also reportedly considering security assurances with Israel to sweeten the deal given extensive anti-Saudi sentiments in Congress.This outline is concerning for multiple reasons. First, it further enmeshes the United States in the Middle East's security makeup at a time when U.S. citizens broadly support a decreased military role abroad, particularly in the Middle East. Second, it puts the cart before the horse by offering significant incentives to U.S. partners to normalize when every indication suggests these two states already desire normalization anyway.Both concerns present real threats to U.S. interests. Regarding security guarantees, Washington would promise to commit troops to the defense of both Saudi Arabia and Israel in an unstable region filled with rivalries and ongoing conflicts, reportedly within an understanding short of a NATO Article 5 treaty agreement. Iran's destabilizing role — exemplified in its attack on Israel and its aligned militias' decision to attack U.S. bases in Syria on April 21 for the first time in two months — should raise red flags in this regard. Its rivalries with Israel and Saudi Arabia, alongside broader regional infighting prevalent for decades, risks bringing U.S. forces into a conflict that has nothing to do with America.This context should matter to American officials, especially today. The region is experiencing the worst instability since at least the Arab Spring revolutions of the early 2010s — when multiple autocratic regimes collapsed in the face of popular upheaval. The destabilizing nature of that moment produced many wars still raging in Syria, Libya, and Yemen. A second round of revolutions in the late 2010s produced the same outcome in Sudan.Multiple U.S. officials argue the region has not witnessed such instability since 1973. This administration should not take that sentiment lightly — Israel's war with Hamas and the tit-for-tat hostilities with Iran marks a scary moment for U.S. foreign policy and the region.American forces are currently in active hostilities with the Yemen-based Houthis over Red Sea shipping security. Until recently, Iran-backed militias in Iraq and Syria fired on U.S. positions over 180 times, killing three and injuring more than a dozen, and appear to be slowly testing the contours of that strategy today. The April 21 attack highlights that strategy, where U.S. forces are regularly targeted for the actions of Israel and other U.S. partners in the region. The odds of another Israel-Lebanese Hezbollah war remain unacceptably high.Meanwhile, Washington's avowed regional partner — Israel — appears increasingly disinterested in preventing a broader regional war, opting to strike an Iranian consulate in Damascus on April 1 that shifted dynamics further up the escalatory ladder in blatant disregard for basic diplomatic and state sovereignty norms. It does so with an understanding that U.S. forces will face the brunt of any response, arguably goading the U.S. into a conflict with Iran.No U.S. president can reasonably argue for deeper security guarantees amid those risks. Far too many tripwires threaten to pull the United States into conflict. This says nothing of the wider conflict that Saudi Arabia or Israel could create either accidentally or with their U.S. patron behind them. Indeed, the longest-running U.S. foreign policy theme in the region centralizes U.S. security guarantees for its regional partners, hardening divisions and giving states more confidence to take risks — a classic moral hazard.For now, a deal appears distant given Israel's Gaza operation, which is producing substantial anger among Arab populations. Riyadh is currently disincentivized to normalize relations with Israel given fears of another Arab Spring. While some might argue that Saudi-Israeli cooperation against Iran's recent attack suggests otherwise, this perspective fails to accept Riyadh's recent shift towards pragmatism — a move supportive of stability that helps advance its Vision 2030 development plans as it shifts from an oil-based economy.As such, U.S. officials should adopt a restrained approach. Lofty goals often lead Washington to create more problems while only temporarily resolving current ones. Ultimately, the United States can be the "indispensable nation" Biden proclaims it to be without committing to unwieldy security guarantees that put American citizens and broader U.S. interests at stake.

El consenso científico mundial, gracias a los numerosos estudios científicos, ha evidenciado la realidad del cambio climático y sus consecuencias socioeconómicas dramáticas. La lucha contra el cambio climático empezó siendo un problema de la ciencia para convertirse en un problema político de escala global. Para que sea efectiva la lucha contra el cambio climático se necesita una gobernanza climática global que trate de conciliar los países desarrollados y los países en desarrollo en torno a un interés común. Su éxito radica en la participación no sólo de los gobiernos de todo el mundo sino también de todos los actores no gubernamentales que ayudan a la toma de conciencia generalizada para emprender acciones locales. Se analiza la base científica que confirma que el cambio climático es una realidad y que legitima el inicio de un proceso de negociación internacional sobre cambio climático enmarcado en un régimen internacional climático complejo. Desde 1992 con la adopción de la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático se conforma este régimen vinculante para reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. Será a través de la celebración de las llamadas Conferencias de las Partes que se adopten objetivos y en ciertos casos, Acuerdos internacionales que comprometan los países a mitigar el cambio climático y dotarse de financiación que les permita adaptarse a los impactos negativos del cambio climático. Nos detendremos más detenidamente en el proceso de negociación de la vigésimo primera Conferencia de las Partes celebrada en París el pasado diciembre de 2015 en la que se da un nuevo impulso para luchar contra el cambio climático por parte de los Estados y los actores no gubernamentales y es visto como un punto de inflexión en el régimen climático internacional. Su resultado, como punto de inflexión y momento histórico, hace del Acuerdo internacional de París una de las únicas oportunidades para mitigar y adaptarse al cambio climático a nivel global. De esta manera será posible evitar que acontezcan los peores escenarios previstos para el futuro. ¿Seremos capaces de salvarnos? ; The global scientific consensus, made possible by scientific studies since the 1980's, has demonstrated the reality of climate change and its dramatic socioeconomic consequences. The fight against climate change began as a scientific problem and escalated to a political problem on a global scale. The paper analyses the importance of the global climate governance to fight against climate change trying to reconcile the developed countries and developing countries in shaping common interests in order to reduce greenhouse gases emissions. The success of this governance depends not only on the ambitious participation of all the countries of the world, but also on the increased participation of all non-governmental actors that help to create a global awareness towards concrete and local actions. The object of analysis is also to expose the scientific basis of climate change that legitimizes the beginning of a process of international negotiations on climate change framed within a complex international climate regime. Along the climate summits called Conferences of the Parties, different objectives are decided to engage the commitments of all countries to reduce their emissions and provide funding to developing countries to adapt themselves to the negative impacts of the climate change. The paper points out the negotiation process of the twenty-first Conference of the Parties held in Paris in December 2015 and its subsequent international agreement, seen as a turning point in the international climate regime. ; Le consensus scientifique mondial, grâce à de nombreuses études scientifiques, a démontré laréalité du changement climatique et de ses conséquences économiques dramatiques. La lutte contre lechangement climatique a commencé comme un problème de la science pour devenir un problèmepolitique de l'échelle mondiale. Pour être efficace, la lutte contre le changement climatique unegouvernance climatique mondiale tentent de concilier les pays développés et en développement autourd'un intérêt commun est nécessaire. Son succès réside dans la participation non seulement desgouvernements du monde entier, mais aussi de tous les acteurs non gouvernementaux qui aident la prisede conscience générale à entreprendre des actions locales. la base scientifique confirmant que lechangement climatique est une réalité et qui légitimise le début d'un processus de négociationsinternationales sur le changement climatique encadrée dans un régime complexe de climat internationalest analysé. Depuis 1992, avec l'adoption de la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changementsclimatiques de ce régime contraignant est formé pour réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Il serapar la tenue de conférences appelle les Parties objectifs sont adoptés et, dans certains cas, des accordsinternationaux qui engagent les pays à atténuer les changements climatiques et a fourni des fonds pourleur permettre d'adapter aux impacts négatifs du changement climatique. Nous nous arrêterons plus endétail dans le processus de négociation de la vingt et unième Conférence des Parties, tenue à Parisdernière Décembre 2015 où un nouvel élan est donné pour lutter contre le changement climatique par lesÉtats et les acteurs non étatiques et il est considéré comme un point dans le régime climatiqueinternational tournant. Son résultat, comme un point tournant et moment historique, fait l'accordinternational à Paris l'une des seules possibilités d'atténuation et d'adaptation au changement climatiqueau niveau mondial. Cela permet d'éviter les pires scénarios transpirent prévu pour l'avenir. Serons-nouscapables de nous sauver?

C. Wright Mills es hoy, quizás, uno de los autores más olvidados en teoría social, sin embargo, son innegables sus aportes en el campo de la epistemología, ya que fue uno de los que practicaron con éxito la sociología del conocimiento en Estados Unidos, al tiempo que se sumó a la tradición de la "teoría del conflicto" introduciendo la dimensión sociológica a los mayores interrogantes políticos de su época. Mills estaba moralmente comprometido con los valores de la razón y la libertad y su preocupación central era analizar cuáles eran las posibilidades objetivas para que determinados tipos de hombres dentro de determinados tipos de estructura social se conviertan en individuos libres y racionales. Se preguntaba cómo éstos podían trascender su cotidianeidad por medio de su razón y su experiencia y actuar en consecuencia en virtud de su poder. El poder y los procesos políticos fueron una preocupación constante en sus escritos, porque para él el proceso político es una lucha por el poder y por el prestigio, por posiciones autoritarias dentro de cada Estado-nación y entre diversos Estados-naciones. Por otra parte veía que la estructura social de los Estados Unidos no era completamente democrática dado que en ella los acontecimientos dependían de decisiones de un puñado de personas que cada vez más centralizaban los espacios de poder que integraban a las corporaciones económicas, militares y políticas con su ideología justificadora que se hacía más patente cuando de asuntos internacionales se trataba. Hoy, en un mundo de antagonismos estructurales, guerras y rebeliones, se presenta la necesidad de volver a figuras como Mills que nos aporta uno de los aspectos en que una entidad tan compleja como el poder puede ser entendida, así como nos plantea la necesidad de reflexionar acerca de cómo sucede la historia, su mecánica y sus procesos ; C. Wright Mills é hoje, talvez, um dos autores mais esquecidos em teoria social, no entanto, são inegáveis seus aportes no campo da epistemologia, já que foi um dos que praticaram com sucesso a sociologia do conhecimento nos Estados Unidos, ao tempo que se somou à tradição da "teoria do conflito" introduzindo a dimensão sociológica aos maiores interrogantes políticos de sua época. Mills estava moralmente comprometido com os valores da razão e a liberdade e sua preocupação central era analisar quais eram as possibilidades objetivas para que determinados tipos de homens dentro de determinados tipos de estrutura social, se converteram em indivíduos livres e racionais. Perguntava-se, como estes podiam transcender sua cotidianidade por meio de sua razão e sua experiência e atuar em consequência, em virtude de seu poder. O poder e os processos políticos forma uma preocupação constante em seus escritos, porque para ele o processo político é uma luta pelo poder e pelo prestigio, por posições autoritárias dentro de cada Estado-Nação e entre diversos Estados-Nações. Por outra parte, veia que a estrutura social dos Estados Unidos não era completamente democrática dado que em ela os acontecimentos dependiam de decisões de um punhado de pessoas que cada vez mais centralizavam os espaços de poder que integravam às corporações econômicas, militares e políticas com sua ideologia justificadora que se fazia mais patente quando de assuntos internacionais de tratava. Hoje, em um mundo de antagonismos estruturais, guerras e rebeliões, se apresenta a necessidade de voltar a figuras como Mills que nos aporta um dos aspectos em que uma entidade tão complexa como o poder, pode ser entendida, assim como nos apresenta a necessidade de reflexionar acerca de como sucede a história, sua mecânica e seus processos. ; C. Wright Mills has been forgotten by sociological theories however there is no doubt about how much he contributed to the field of Epistemology. He successfully participated in the American Sociology of Knowledge and, at the same time, he upheld the tradition of the Conflict Theory, including the sociological dimension into one of the most questioned political subjects of his period. Undoubtedly, Wright Mills was morally committed to the value of reason and freedom. His central issue was to analyse the real possibilities for a particular individual within a particular social order to become a free man capable of reasoning. He wondered how someone could be able to transcend his daily nature through reason and experience and to act accordingly to his power. The power and political processes were constant in his works, since he claimed that any political process was a struggle for power and prestige, for authoritative positions, both within each nation and among the different states. On the other hand, he bserved that the social structure in the United States of America was not completely democratic, since the course of action depended on the decision of a small group of wealthy, powerful individuals. These concentrating spaces of power amongst some economic, military and political corporations were supported by their underlying ideology, a fact that became clearer when referring to international affairs. Nowadays, in a world of structural antagonisms, wars and rebellions, the need for looking at the work of intellectuals like Mills re-emerges. Mills showed us a way in which a complex entity as power can be understood, and, at the same time, the need to consider the course of history, its mechanics and process.

C. Wright Mills es hoy, quizás, uno de los autores más olvidados en teoría social, sin embargo, son innegables sus aportes en el campo de la epistemología, ya que fue uno de los que practicaron con éxito la sociología del conocimiento en Estados Unidos, al tiempo que se sumó a la tradición de la "teoría del conflicto" introduciendo la dimensión sociológica a los mayores interrogantes políticos de su época. Mills estaba moralmente comprometido con los valores de la razón y la libertad y su preocupación central era analizar cuáles eran las posibilidades objetivas para que determinados tipos de hombres dentro de determinados tipos de estructura social se conviertan en individuos libres y racionales. Se preguntaba cómo éstos podían trascender su cotidianeidad por medio de su razón y su experiencia y actuar en consecuencia en virtud de su poder. El poder y los procesos políticos fueron una preocupación constante en sus escritos, porque para él el proceso político es una lucha por el poder y por el prestigio, por posiciones autoritarias dentro de cada Estado-nación y entre diversos Estados-naciones. Por otra parte veía que la estructura social de los Estados Unidos no era completamente democrática dado que en ella los acontecimientos dependían de decisiones de un puñado de personas que cada vez más centralizaban los espacios de poder que integraban a las corporaciones económicas, militares y políticas con su ideología justificadora que se hacía más patente cuando de asuntos internacionales se trataba. Hoy, en un mundo de antagonismos estructurales, guerras y rebeliones, se presenta la necesidad de volver a figuras como Mills que nos aporta uno de los aspectos en que una entidad tan compleja como el poder puede ser entendida, así como nos plantea la necesidad de reflexionar acerca de cómo sucede la historia, su mecánica y sus procesos ; C. Wright Mills has been forgotten by sociological theories however there is no doubt about how much he contributed to the field of Epistemology. He successfully participated in the American Sociology of Knowledge and, at the same time, he upheld the tradition of the Conflict Theory, including the sociological dimension into one of the most questioned political subjects of his period. Undoubtedly, Wright Mills was morally committed to the value of reason and freedom. His central issue was to analyse the real possibilities for a particular individual within a particular social order to become a free man capable of reasoning. He wondered how someone could be able to transcend his daily nature through reason and experience and to act accordingly to his power. The power and political processes were constant in his works, since he claimed that any political process was a struggle for power and prestige, for authoritative positions, both within each nation and among the different states. On the other hand, he bserved that the social structure in the United States of America was not completely democratic, since the course of action depended on the decision of a small group of wealthy, powerful individuals. These concentrating spaces of power amongst some economic, military and political corporations were supported by their underlying ideology, a fact that became clearer when referring to international affairs. Nowadays, in a world of structural antagonisms, wars and rebellions, the need for looking at the work of intellectuals like Mills re-emerges. Mills showed us a way in which a complex entity as power can be understood, and, at the same time, the need to consider the course of history, its mechanics and process. ; C. Wright Mills é hoje, talvez, um dos autores mais esquecidos em teoria social, no entanto, são inegáveis seus aportes no campo da epistemologia, já que foi um dos que praticaram com sucesso a sociologia do conhecimento nos Estados Unidos, ao tempo que se somou à tradição da "teoria do conflito" introduzindo a dimensão sociológica aos maiores interrogantes políticos de sua época. Mills estava moralmente comprometido com os valores da razão e a liberdade e sua preocupação central era analisar quais eram as possibilidades objetivas para que determinados tipos de homens dentro de determinados tipos de estrutura social, se converteram em indivíduos livres e racionais. Perguntava-se, como estes podiam transcender sua cotidianidade por meio de sua razão e sua experiência e atuar em consequência, em virtude de seu poder. O poder e os processos políticos forma uma preocupação constante em seus escritos, porque para ele o processo político é uma luta pelo poder e pelo prestigio, por posições autoritárias dentro de cada Estado-Nação e entre diversos Estados-Nações. Por outra parte, veia que a estrutura social dos Estados Unidos não era completamente democrática dado que em ela os acontecimentos dependiam de decisões de um punhado de pessoas que cada vez mais centralizavam os espaços de poder que integravam às corporações econômicas, militares e políticas com sua ideologia justificadora que se fazia mais patente quando de assuntos internacionais de tratava. Hoje, em um mundo de antagonismos estruturais, guerras e rebeliões, se apresenta a necessidade de voltar a figuras como Mills que nos aporta um dos aspectos em que uma entidade tão complexa como o poder, pode ser entendida, assim como nos apresenta a necessidade de reflexionar acerca de como sucede a história, sua mecânica e seus processos.

Resumen. La poblacion humana ha crecido a una tasa inprecedente en los ultimos tres siglos. Para 2001 la poblacion mundial llego a 6.2 billiones. A una tasa actual de crecimiento de 1.4% annual, la poblaciona se duplicara en 51 anos. La mayoria del crecimiento ocurrira en los paises en via de desarrollo de Asia, Africa, y Latino America. Hay una preocupacion de que la poplacion humana y su impacto negativo sobre el medio ambiente pondra en peligro la existencia de los sytemas de soporte vital del mundo. La tasa cruda de nacimineto es el numero de nacimientos entre el promedio de la poblacion. Una medida mas exacta de crecimiento poblacional es la tasa general de fertilidad que toma en cuenta la estructura de la poblacion y la fecundidad poblacional. La diferencia entre la tasa cruda de nacimiento y la mortalidad nos da la tasa natural de incremento. Cuando esta tasa alcanza el nivel al cual la gente solamente remplaza a si mismo numericamente, se obtiene la tasa cero de crecimiento poblacional. En los países avanzadas del mundo, el crecimiento ha sido reducido o ha puesto en forma negativa, de tal modo que sin inmigracion en estos paises, la poblacion estará disminuyendo. El cambio de las tasas altas de nacimiento y mortalidad a las tasa bajas se denomina la transición demografica. Muchos países desarrolldos han empezado esta transición demográfica. La tasa de mortanda ha bajado en estos países sin que disminuyera la tasa de nacimiento. A medida que la tasa de mortalidad infantil se reduzca en estos países y la economía progresa mas y trae seguridad económico para la gente, entonces será possible una transición demográfica a una poblacion estable o un estandard de vida mas alta. Mientras que las poblaciones grandes traen muchos problemas, tamien pueden servir como recursos de enegia e inteligencia que permiten controlar el problema de la limitación de los recursos. Una idea de la justicia social argumenta que una distribución mas equitativa del capital puede reducir tanto el crecimiento excesivo poblacional como problemas ambientales. Hay muchos métodos de control de fertilidad en comparación con antes. Algunas técnicas son mas seguros, mas fácil de usar y mas placenteras que antes. Se requiere de cambios profundos culturales, como mejoramiento de estatus social, educacional, y económico, valores mas altos de los jóvenes, aceptar la responsabilidad en la vida, seguridad social, estabilidad política, el conocimiento, y el uso efectivo de medidas de control de natalidad, para permitir que la gente planea con seguridad hacia el futuro. Abstract. Human populations have grown at an unprecedented rate over the past three centuries. By 2001, the world population stood at 6.2 billion people. If the current trend of 1.4 % per year persists, the population will double in 51years. Most of that growth will occur in the less developed countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. There is a serious concern that the number of humans in the world and our impact on the environment will overload the life support systems of the earth. The crude birth rate is the number of births in a year divided by the average population. A more accurate measure of growth is the general fertility rate, which takes into account the age structure and fecundity of the population. The crude birth rate minus the crude death rate gives the rate of natural increase. When this rate reaches a level at which people are just replacing themselves, zero population growth is achieved. In the more highly developed countries of the world, growth has slowed are even reversed in recent years so that without immigration from other areas, population would be declining. The change from high birth and death rates that accompanies in industrialization is called a demographic transition. Many developing nations have already begun this transition. Death rates have fallen, but birth rates remain high. Some demographers believe that as infant mortality drops and economic development progresses so that people in these countries can be sure of secure future, they will complete the transition to a stable population or a high standard living. While larger populations bring many problems, they also may be a valuable resource of energy, intelligence, and enterprise that will make it possible to overcome resource limitation problems. A social just view argues that a more equitable distribution of wealth might reduce both excess population growth and environmental degradation. We have many more options now for controlling fertility than were available to our ancestors. Some techniques are safer than those available earlier; many are easier and more pleasant to use. Sometimes it takes deep changes in a culture to make family planning programs successful. Among these changes are improved social, educational, and economic status for women; higher values on individual children; accepting responsibility for our own lives; social security and political stability that give people the means and confidence to plan for the future; and knowledge, availability, and use of effective and acceptable means of birth control.

Al colectivo extranjeros en prisión le toca vivir una realidad de vida penitenciaria más difícil que al resto de los reclusos y, aunque la Ley Orgánica Penitenciara no establece una regla distinta para los extranjeros, tal contexto, en el caso de los reclusos extranjeros, es diferente, sobre todo a la hora de aplicar beneficios penitenciarios y aquellos mecanismos que posibilitan el contacto con el exterior. Estos son: la obtención del tercer grado, permisos de salida, libertad condicional etc. Los reclusos extranjeros no pueden disfrutar de ellos, ya que la extranjería ante la Administración Penitenciaria es considerada como un elemento de riesgo impidiendo su reinserción social. El desarraigo (familiar, afectivo y social) es otro riesgo, como ocurre también en el caso de regularizar su permanencia, pues le persigue el estigma de extranjero, vulnerándose el principio de igualdad y quedando estos en un estado de restricción de derechos. El extranjero en la prisión no está en igualdad de condiciones en las cuestiones administrativas, etiquetamiento social, desarraigo, incomunicación; ésta en muchos casos producida por el desconocimiento del idioma, vulneración del principio de igualdad y nivel alto de restricción de derechos y libertades. El objetivo general de esta investigación es estudiar de forma pormenorizada la situación actual de los extranjeros en prisión, así como a las circunstancias que les tocan enfrentarse por su condición. Los objetivos específicos son: 1) Determinar las variables que ponen en desventaja a los reclusos extranjeros. 2) Efectuar un estudio empírico a los reclusos extranjeros en Murcia. 3) Realizar un estudio empírico a los reclusos extranjeros en República Dominicana. 4) Efectuar un análisis comparativo de los resultados de los estudios realizados en España y en la República Dominicana. 5) Conocer más a fondo sobre los CIE, además de analizar si su funcionamiento es en realidad como está establecido en las normativas. 6) Conocer el proceso evolutivo de la población reclusa extranjera, y 7) Analizar las contradicciones existentes entre los fines de la política criminal, política de extranjería y el fin primordial del cumplimiento de la pena de prisión. Las vías utilizadas en la elaboración de esta investigación resultan en consecuencia de la utilización de varios métodos. Delimitado el objeto de estudio (extranjeros en prisión), se plantea un estudio comparado de las distintas realidades observadas, basado en el análisis de las diferentes fuentes legislativas y doctrinales, y de los estudios empíricos realizados en España y la República Dominicana. Se plasma también las diferentes etapas cronológicas para conocer el proceso evolutivo de la población reclusa extranjera, por tanto, también es empleado el método histórico, además del inductivo, puesto que, se parte de la premisa particular "extranjeros en prisión" para obtener conclusiones generales de las situaciones de estos. La metodología de análisis elegida en esta investigación para la conformación de los perfiles de los reclusos, es la de análisis de conglomerados o clústeres, con lo cual se conforman grupos de individuos con características comunes o similares, atendiendo a todas las variables involucradas en la investigación. El proceso que se describe ha sido realizado con ayuda del Paquete Estadístico Para las Ciencias Sociales, SPSS®. En cada uno de los grupos analizados se determina a priori la cantidad de grupos diferenciados que poseían cada una de las sub poblaciones consideradas. El método de Clustering elegido fue el Two-step Clustering que resulta apropiado dada la naturaleza de las variables empleadas en el estudio, siendo la mayoría de estas concluyentes. Con referencia a los resultados se puede destacar que las principales variables que ponen en desventaja a los reclusos extranjeros son: la falta de arraigo, la mayor posibilidad de tendencia de evasión de la justicia, la barrera idiomática, la heterogeneidad del grupo (diversidad, cultural creencias, etc.), y la condición irregular de permanencia en el país. Del estudio efectuado en los Centro Penitenciario Murcia I y Murcia II concluyo que la realidad de los internos extranjeros de estos centros no dista de la realidad que viven del resto de los extranjeros prisioneros a nivel nacional. Tales afirmaciones se pueden observar en la comparación de estudios demográficos de este colectivo. Un ejemplo es el perfil y las circunstancias a las que les tocan enfrentarse por la condición de no nacional: barreras idiomáticas, la documentación, el arraigo, etc. También, de acuerdo con la tipología delictiva es muy similar a la de los extranjeros del resto de toda España. En referencia al estudio realizado en los siete centros penitenciarios de la República Dominicana, a estos reclusos les afectan las mismas variables que a los de España, pues se enfrentan a la falta de arraigo, la barrera del idioma. En el caso de los haitianos, la indocumentación, además de situaciones relacionadas con la cultura. También existe un descontento de una parte del colectivo por no recibir la asistencia consular; y matizo el hecho de que el 53,3% están de forma preventiva y que en su mayoría son primarios. En cuanto al sistema penitenciario se refiere, falta mucho por hacer, en el que incluyo ausencia de investigaciones en este ámbito, doctrina y leyes que especifiquen más la figura del extranjero en cuanto a tratamiento se refiere, y además de la necesidad de inversión por parte del Estado dominicano de más recursos económicos destinados a esta parte del sistema penitenciario dominicano. The foreigners community in prison have to cope a reality of prison life harder than the rest of the inmates. Although the penitentiary organic law does not set different regulations for foreigners, such context in the case of foreign prisoners is different, especially when implementing prison benefits, and those mechanisms that make possible the contact with the outside. These are: obtaining the third degree, exit permits, probation, etcetera. Foreign prisoners cannot benefit from them, since aliens affaires before the prison administration authorities are considered as an element of risk inhibiting social reintegration. The social, family and emotional uprooting is also another factor, as when regularizing their stay in the country. This is because, they are pursued by the stigma of being a foreigner, violating the principle of equality, and leaving them in a state of restriction of rights. The foreigner in prison is not on equal terms in administrative matters, social categorization, uprooting, isolation in many cases due to the language barrier, infringement of the principle of equality and high level restriction of rights and freedoms. The overall objective of this research is to undertake a closer study the current situation of foreigners in prison, as well as the circumstances that must face due to their foreigners status. The specific objectives are: 1) determine the variables that put at a disadvantage foreign prisoners. (2) Conduct an empirical study on foreign inmates in Murcia. (3) Conduct an empirical study on foreign prisoners in the Dominican Republic. (4) Carry out a comparative analysis of the results of studies conducted in Spain and the Dominican Republic. (5) Learn more thoroughly on the Immigration Detention Centre, as well as analyse whether its operation is in fact as it is established in the regulations. 6) Know the evolutionary process of the foreign prison community, and 7) analyse the existing contradictions between the purposes of immigration criminal, foreign policy and the ultimate aim of the imprisonment sentence. The methods used in the preparation of this research come as a result of using several different methods. So defined the object of this study (foreigners in prison), a study is conducted comparing the various observed realities, based on the analysis of the different legislative and doctrinal sources, and empirical studies carried out in Spain and the Dominican Republic. The various chronological stages are embraced in order to learn the evolutionary process of the foreign prison population, therefore, the historical method is also used, in addition to the inductive one, since, the assumption of "foreigners prison" is made to obtain general conclusions from these situations. The methodology of analysis followed in this research for the creation of inmates' profiles, is the analysis of clusters, so therefore groups of individuals comply with common or similar characteristics attending to all the variables involved in the research. The process described has been conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, SPSS®. In each of the analyzed groups it is a priori determined the number of distinct groups that had each of the considered sub populations. The chosen clustering method was the two-step clustering which is appropriate given the nature of the variables used in the study, most of these being conclusive. In reference to the results, it can be noted that the main variables that put foreign prisoners at a disadvantage are: the lack of roots in life, a greater possibility of tendency of evasion of justice, the language barrier, the heterogeneity of the group (diversity, cultural beliefs, etc.), and an irregular situation to stay in the country. From the study carried out at the penitentiary centres in Murcia I and Murcia II I conclude that the reality of foreign inmates in these centers is not far from the one lived by the rest of the foreign prisoners at a national level. Such statements can be seen in the demographic studies comparison of this group; an example of this is the profile, and the circumstances they are facing due to the condition of non-national: language barriers, identification documents, roots, etc. Also, on the basis of the typology of the criminals, this is very similar to the one from foreigners throughout Europe. In reference to the study conducted in all seven penitentiary centres in the Dominican Republic, these inmates endure the same variables as inmates in Spain do: lack of roots, barrier language. In the case of Haitians, it is the lack of documentation, as well as situations related to culture. There is also a discontent among a part of the group with not receiving consular assistance. I would clarify that 53.3% are on preventive detention and that the vast majority are first prisoners. As the prison system is concerned, there is still a long way to go, and I would include the lack of research in this field, doctrine and laws that could specify more the foreigner figure in terms of management, in addition to the investment required from the Dominican State to allocate more economic resources to this part of the Dominican prison system.

1. Jo Ann Cavallo and Walter E. Block, Introduction -- 2. Gloria Alvarez, With Liberty and Health Everything Is Possible in This World -- 3. Phillip Bagus, A Voyage of Discovery -- 4. Doug Bandow, A Beltway Odyssey -- 5. Jayant Bhandari, Out of India: From Wretchedness to Capitalism -- 6. James Bovard, Forty Years Sniping at Leviathan -- 7. Connor Boyack, One Person Changes the World -- 8. Per L. Bylund, From Meager Means to Market Anarchism: The Political Evolution of an Ordinary Swede -- 9. Gerard Casey, My Transformation into a Teacher of Liberty -- 10. Jo Ann Cavallo, "To study and at times to practice what one has learned, is that not a pleasure?" -- 11. Christopher J. Coyne, My Path to Becoming an Economist and Peacemonger -- 12. Lauren Daugherty, A Young American for Liberty -- 13. Marianna Davidovich, Family, Freedom, and Flourishing: An Educator's Journey -- 14. Dumo Denga, Moments that Led Me to Libertarianism in South Africa -- 15. Beniamino Di Martino, The Libertarian Mission of a Catholic Priest -- 16. Brian Doherty, Thinking about and Working toward a Less Cruel World -- 17. Lukasz Dominiak, From Growing Up under Socialism to Becoming Libertarian -- 18. Richard M. Ebeling, My Life as an Austrian Economist and Classical Liberal: The Starting Point and Early Years -- 19. Robert B. Eckhardt, Maverick Scientist, Libertarian Capitalist -- 20. Gene Epstein, Mommy Was a Commie: My Personal Voyage from Intellectual Depravity to Libertarianism -- 21. Rafi Farber, My Journey to Liberty -- 22. Bernardo Ferrero, A Florentine Road toward Liberty -- 23. David Friedman, From Philosophy to Economics -- 24. Alan Futerman, Libertarianism as a Path to Life -- 25. Sean Gabb, Born Wanting To Be Free -- 26. Carla Gericke, Live Free and Thrive! -- 27. James Grant, Luckiest Guy on Wall Street -- 28. Zhu Haijiu, Human Action and My Austrian Economics Journey -- 29. Steve H. Hanke, A Life among the "Econ" -- 30. Norman Horn, The Growth of a Christian Libertarian -- 31. Jacob G. Hornberger, My Life as a Libertarian -- 32. Michael Huemer, Intuitive Libertarianism -- 33. Allen Jeon, Austro-libertarianism's Existential Lessons -- 34. Marc Joffe, Learning from Libertarian Disappointments -- 35. Linda K. Kiguhi, Building a Community of Leaders for Liberty in Africa -- 36. Rowland Kingsley, My Story as an African Libertarian -- 37. Peter G. Klein, My Life as an Austrian Economist and Entrepreneurship Scholar -- 38. Barbara Kolm, If You Are a Tyrolean -- 39. Mitchell Langbert, Confessions of a Libertarian in Academe -- 40. Peter T. Leeson, It Began with Richard Nixon -- 41. Brad Lips, Discovering a World of Hope for Liberty -- 42. Carlo Lottieri, Some Notes in View of an Intellectual Autobiography -- 43. Yuri Maltsev, From Moscow toward Liberty -- 44. Lipton Matthews, No Greater Love than Choice -- 45. Allen Mendenhall, A Libertarian Literary Lawyer -- 46. Ilana Mercer, A Woman of the Libertarian Right -- 47. John Mosier, Confessions of a Proto-Austrian Libertarian -- 48. Antony P. Mueller, My Intellectual Journey in Search of a Social Order beyond the State and Politics -- 49. Michael C. Munger, A Presumption in Favor of Liberty -- 50. Robert P. Murphy, How I Became an Austro-Libertarian -- 51. Héctor Ñaupari, A Sower of Freedom in Latin America -- 52. Radu Nechita, Opening Minds and Sharing the Passion for Liberty -- 53. Wanjiru Njoya, From African Socialism to Libertarianism -- 54. Johan Norberg, Anarchy, Minimal State, and Freelance Utopia -- 55. Yuri Petukhov, Russia, My Journey, and the Hayek Foundation -- 56. Roger Pilon, An Unconventional Odyssey -- 57. Guglielmo Piombini, Dazzled by Murray N. Rothbard -- 58. Robert W. Poole, Jr., Building a Libertarian Think Tank -- 59. Michael Rectenwald, From Leftism to Liberty, A Personal Journey -- 60. Dann Reid, The Culinary Libertarian: Combining My Passion for Food and Liberty -- 61. David Chávez Salazar, And I Will Finally Know What Freedom Is -- 62. Antony Sammeroff, A Scottish Lefty Becomes a Libertarian -- 63. Li Schoolland, A Survivor's Story -- 64. Karen Selick, Making Life Less Lonely for Canadian Libertarians -- 65. Parth J. Shah, Challenging India's Socialist Mindset -- 66. Ilya Shapiro, Living the American Dream -- 67. Josef Šíma, The Fall of Communism as Only the First Step Towards a Free Society -- 68. Jo Ann Skousen, From Social Democrat to Libertarian -- 69. Mark Skousen, My Declaration of Independence -- 70. Barry Smith, Thinking Like an Austrian -- 71. Jacek Spendel, Beyond Philosophy: Libertarianism as a Way of Life -- 72. Krassen Stanchev, From the Soviets to Classical Liberalism -- 73. Frank J. Tipler, Physics and Libertarian Philosophy -- 74. Martin van Staden, Law, Voluntaryism, and Being Libertarian in Uninviting Africa -- 75. Laurence M. Vance, Christian Libertarianism -- 76. Richard Vedder, The Life of an Unlikely Libertarian -- 77. Richard E. Wagner, My Non-ideological Path to Becoming a Libertarian Thinker -- 78. Michael A. Walker, Why I Am a Big Government Skeptic and Small Government Advocate -- 79. Nena Bartlett Whitfield, Building the Future Together -- 80. Hiroshi Yoshida, Opening the Taxpayer's Eyes.

Background From our experience as systemic designers engaging with various practices, particularly with several forms of systems mapping (e.g., Jones & Bowes, 2017) and transition design (Irwin et al., 2015), we have found that these practices favour analytical and strategic approaches to working for systems change. These approaches attempt to deeply understand a system through various kinds of analyses and then design strategies to to shift it, placing change in the future as an outcome. Through collaborative reflection, we have developed a desire to see these approaches complimented by prefigurative approaches where change is embodied in the design process (Campbell & Lutterman, 2019). Prefigurative design involves the manifestation of a desired future into present practices (Asad, 2018). To practice prefiguratively for systemic transformation is to form our process as a reflection of the desired transformation. Like prefigurative politics from which these ideas are inspired, prefigurative design "is both an expressive and experimental endeavor. Through the processes of enactment, we not only indicate the social relations we desire; we also test what works, and does not work, in the construction and maintenance of those social relations" (Disalvo, 2016). Understanding that the transformed state of a desired system should inherently look and function differently from its present state, a prefigurative approach recognizes that practices intended to transform must similarly expand beyond the practices formed within the dominant system. We draw on inspiration from Audre Lorde (1984): "the master's tools will never dismantle the master's house." In this understanding, transformed systems require transformed practices. Conway's Law (1968) echoes this in stating that "any organization that designs a system will inevitably produce a design whose structure is a copy of the organization's communication [or design] structure." In the words of adrienne maree brown (2017), "what we practice at the small scale sets the patterns for the whole system." From Donna Haraway (2016): "it matters what thoughts think thoughts." The ways we create change in turn create (or preclude) the possibilities for how that change will emerge. It matters what designs design design. Mariam Asad (2019) notes that "prefigurative design is not meant to be an overarching framework or prescriptive model to determine individual research projects." Prefigurative design is instead an orientation through which researchers, designers, community members, and other systems actors can articulate and align their processes with a shared vision. Our workshop will build on Asad's (2019) phases of prefigurative design, "envisioning, acting presently, and building counter-institutions." We elaborate on these phases by providing activities for systemic designers to assess the prefigurative nature of their current practice, envision their desired future, and determine how they can practice differently to enact a prefigurative politics. Our activities will be inspired by a variety of well-known design – and foresight-related methods such as causal layered analysis (Inayatullah, 2004) but will centre around a method we have developed specifically for prefigurative practices, principles-based design. Principles-based design is a process of developing principles which can be intentionally applied during a design process and against which the design process can be evaluated. These principles guide and inform design decisions and actions. This process begins by distilling a desired future into core values which can be translated into principles for design practice. To develop vision-oriented principles, we follow the GUIDE criteria for effective principles (Patton, 2017). According to GUIDE: a "high-quality principle image (1) provides guidance, (2) is useful, (3) inspires, (4) supports ongoing development and adaptation, and (5) is evaluable" (p. 36). We will take our workshop participants through an activity to create principles aligned with their own desired futures, guiding them toward prefigurative practice. Our workshop fits primarily within the Methodology, philosophy and theory of systemic design track, but it would also fit well within the track on Systems for equity, collectivism, co-design and citizen movements. Workshop Structure The three main workshop phases, Assessing, Envisioning, and Practicing Differently will include a mix of short presentations, small group discussions in breakout rooms, whole group discussions, participatory idea generation on a collaborative whiteboard platform, and individual reflection. The phases will explore the following questions: Assessing: What kind of future does my current practice prefigure? Envisioning: What is my/our desired future? What does systemic transformation look like? Practicing Differently: How can I manifest my/our desired future in my design practice? How do we continuously practice prefigurative design? What aspects of my current practice can be revised? Goal/Expected Outcome Participants will leave the workshop with an awareness of what a prefigurative orientation could mean for their own practices and methods to begin evaluating and engaging with the prefigurative elements of their practice. They will have developed critical and reflective relationships with other participants and with us, the workshop facilitators.

Este artículo analiza los discursos en pugna de los principales actores de poder en torno al núcleo nodal de la hegemonía neoliberal en la Argentina, a través de los posicionamientos y disputas público-mediáticas sobre los significantes clave Convertibilidad y estabilidad y los proyectos de devaluación y dolarización, durante la crisis de diciembre del 2001. Se encontró que una parte minoritaria de los actores políticos clave apoyaban, con matices, los fundamentos del orden neoliberal, que en esta fase se articulaban de forma extensiva a la preservación del sistema financiero y los ahorros, la gobernabilidad y la estabilidad institucional. Al mismo tiempo, una pluralidad de actores políticos criticaban, con diferentes intensidades, la Convertibilidad, sus efectos regresivos y las interpelaciones oficiales, aunque mantenían un apoyo tácito a la estabilidad. En este tramo final de la crisis del modelo la propuesta de dolarización era readecuada a partir de un proyecto financiero-neoliberal de fluctuación ponderada del tipo de cambio y posterior dolarización de la economía. Esta opción implicaba extremar el esquema convertible y el ajuste fiscal. Sin embargo, el proyecto dolarizador era impugnado por el conjunto de los referentes heterodoxos y rechazado también por el presidente. Al analizar los discursos alternativos en torno a la devaluación se encontró que, salvo unas pocas voces aisladas, los actores predominantes no mencionaban, o bien rechazaban explícitamente, esta propuesta, que simbolizaba la pura anti-comunidad. A su vez, un conjunto de actores de poder enunciaban los significantes devaluación y dolarización , a lo que se sumaba el peligro del default , aunque sin respaldar dichos proyectos. Estos referentes se limitaban a constatar la situación de crisis y a proyectar, con diferentes grados de pesimismo, una salida devaluacionista, dolarizadora y/o de cesación de pagos de la deuda, pero sin apoyar ninguna de estas alternativas. Por último, en esta fase se escenificaba una variante heterodoxa radicalizada de devaluación encubierta. Dicha propuesta consistía en una flexibilización con flotación cambiaria y desdolarización para construir un modelo de país alternativo, vinculado a la redistribución del ingreso, la protección del trabajo y el mercado interno y el desarrollo productivo nacional. Sin embargo, este proyecto antagónico al orden neoliberal representaba a posiciones minoritarias, aisladas y desarticuladas a nivel político-institucional y social. De este modo, no contaba con los consensos necesarios ni la fuerza performativa para estructurar un nuevo modelo de desarrollo. Se concluye que la desarticulación hegemónica, y el veto mutuo entre los actores de poder, obturaron la posibilidad de viabilizar un programa alternativo al Régimen de Convertibilidad. ; This article analyzes the discourses of the main power actors around the nodal nucleus of neoliberal hegemony in Argentina, through the public-mediatic positions and disputes about the key signifiers Convertibility and Stability and the devaluation and dollarization projects, during the crisis of December 2001. It found that a minority of the key political actors supported, with nuances, the basics of the neoliberal order, which in this phase were articulated extensively to the preservation of the financial system and savings, governability and institutional stability. At the same time, a plurality of political actors criticized, with different intensities, Convertibility, its regressive effects and official interpellations, although they maintained a tacit support to stability. In this final stretch of the crisis, the option of dollarization was readapted from a financial-neoliberal project of weighted fluctuation of the exchange rate and subsequent dollarization of the economy. This involved extreme the convertible scheme and the fiscal adjustment. However, the dollarization project was contested by heterodox referents and rejected also by the President. When analyzing the alternative discourses around devaluation, it found that, except for a few isolated voices, the predominant actors did not mention or explicitly rejected this proposal, which symbolized anti-community. In turn, a set of power actors enunciated the devaluation and dollarization signifiers, which was added the danger of default, although without endorsing such projects. These referents were limited to verify the crisis situation and to project, with different degrees of pessimism, a devaluation, dollarization and/or debt cessation of payments, but without supporting any of these alternatives. Finally, in this phase it staged a radicalized heterodox variant of covert devaluation. This proposal consisted in a flexibilization and exchange flotation with de-dollarization to build an alternative country model that redistributes income, protects labor and the domestic market and promotes national productive development. However, these projects antagonistic to the neoliberal order constituted minority positions, isolated and disjointed at political-institutional and social level. In this way, they did not have the necessary consensus either the performative force to articulate another development model. It is concluded that the hegemonic disarticulation and the mutual vetoes between the power actors obturated the possibility of making feasible an alternative program to the Convertibility Regime. ; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

En el presente trabajo realizaremos un estudio sobre la compatibilidad del proceso de ejecución hipotecaria español con el Derecho de la Unión Europea, especialmente bajo la óptica del principio de efectividad. En primer lugar se examinarán las relaciones entre los tribunales nacionales y el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea. Los tribunales nacionales están obligados a proporcionar los cauces legales necesarios para que los ciudadanos puedan invocar el Derecho de la Unión. A partir de ese punto, expondremos el principio de la autonomía procesal de los Estados y los dos principios con los que el TJUE lo ha limitado: el principio de efectividad y el principio de equivalencia. Nos centraremos en el principio de efectividad, a partir del cual analizaremos su contenido y alcance esenciales. En particular, examinaremos el principio de efectividad aplicado al ámbito del Derecho europeo de los consumidores. Este tiene una dimensión particular en este ámbito porque, al tratarse de una cuestión de orden público comunitario, impone mayores obligaciones a los tribunales nacionales debido a su contenido imperativo. Entre estas obligaciones figura el control de oficio de las cláusulas abusivas por parte del órgano jurisdiccional nacional. El principio de efectividad de Derecho de consumo tiene un impacto importante en los derechos procesales nacionales. Por lo que se refiere al procedimiento español de ejecución hipotecaria, el TJUE ha interpretado en gran parte de sus procedimientos que la regulación española era contraria a la Directiva 93/13/CEE. Sin embargo, no todo el procedimiento es incompatible. El problema se limita a los casos en que la aplicación de la legislación de la UE puede verse obstaculizada, pero en todo caso existe un presupuesto básico y es que la regulación procesal nacional concreta debe incluirse en el ámbito de aplicación de la legislación de la UE. ; In this work we will carry out a study on the compatibility of the Spanish mortgage enforecement foreclosure process with European Union law, especially from the perspective of the principle of effectiveness. First, the relationship between the national courts and the European Court of Justice will be examined. National courts are obliged to provide the necessary remedies for citizens to apply Union law. From that point, we will explain the principle of the procedural autonomy of the States and the two principles with which the ECJ has limited it: the principle of effectiveness and the principle of equivalence. We will focus on the principle of effectiveness, from which we will analyze its essential content and scope. In particular, we will examine the principle of effectiveness applied to the European consumer law. This area has a particular dimension because, as a matter of Community public policy, it imposes greater obligations on national courts because of its mandatory content. These obligations include the ex officio control of unfair terms by the national court. The principle of effectiveness of consumer law has an important impact on national procedural law. As far as the Spanish mortgage enforecement foreclosure procedure is concerned, the ECJ has interpreted to a large extent of its procedures that the Spanish regulation was contrary to Directive 93/13/EEC. However, not the whole procedure is incompatible. The problem is limited to cases where the application of EU law may be hampered, but in any case there is a basic premise and that is that specific national procedural regulation must be included in the scope of application of EU law. ; In questo lavoro condurremo uno studio sulla compatibilità del processo spagnolo di esecuzione ipotecaria con il diritto dell'Unione europea, in particolare nel prisma del principio di effettività. Cominceremo esaminando le relazioni tra i tribunali nazionali e la Corte di giustizia europea. I tribunali nazionali hanno l'obbligo di prevedere i canali legali necessari affinché i cittadini possano invocare il diritto dell'Unione. Da lì, enunceremo il principio dell'autonomia procedurale degli Stati e i due principi limitanti con cui la Corte di giustizia europea lo ha limitato: il principio di effettività e il principio di equivalenza. Ci concentreremo sul principio di effettività, dal quale analizzeremo il suo contenuto essenziale e i campi di applicazione. In particolare, esamineremo il principio di effettività applicato al settore del diritto europeo dei consumatori. Essa assume una dimensione particolare in questo settore, in quanto, trattandosi di una questione di ordine pubblico comunitario, impone obblighi maggiori ai giudici nazionali in quanto ha un contenuto imperativo. Tali obblighi comprendono il controllo d'ufficio delle clausole abusive per il giudice nazionale. Il principio di effettività del consumatore ha un impatto importante sui diritti processuali nazionali. Per quanto riguarda la procedura spagnola di esecuzione ipotecaria, essa ha interpretato la maggior parte delle sue procedure come contraria alla direttiva 93/13. Tuttavia, non tutta la procedura è incompatibile. Il problema è limitato ai casi in cui l'applicazione del diritto dell'Unione può essere ostacolata, ma deve essere incluso nel campo di applicazione del diritto dell'Unione.