Suchergebnisse

PurposeDespite the well-recognized importance of recycled water, the study of industry-peer pressure on recycled water is relatively new. This study investigates how organizations experience and react to industry-peer pressure to set recycled water targets. Additionally, this study investigates the role of board chairs involved in sustainability committees in contributing to responses to industry-peer pressure.Design/methodology/approachUsing Eviews 12, this study employed a pooled logistic regression model to analyze data from 1,346 firms on Taiwan and Taipei exchanges (2017–2020).FindingsThe findings revealed that frequency-based imitation drives recycled water target-setting diffusion. However, there is no direct relationship between outcome-based imitation and recycled water target-setting. Notably, outcome-based imitation drives the adoption of recycled water target-setting of firms with board-chair membership in sustainability committees.Research limitations/implicationsThis study faces certain data limitations. First, this study primarily focuses on water recycling. Future research could explore other ways to reduce water usage, such as using water-efficient equipment. Second, this study gathered information solely on the presence or absence of a board chairperson on the sustainability committee. Future researchers could explore the impact of the composition of sustainability committee on recycled water target-setting. Lastly, the sample used in this study is restricted to Taiwan's corporations that existed during 2017–2020. Future researchers may consider adopting a longitudinal design in other economies to address this limitation.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study offer several guidelines and implications for recycled water target-setting and the composition of sustainability committees. It responds to an urgent call for solutions to water shortages when pressure from governments and nongovernmental organizations is relatively absent. The number of industry peers that have already set recycled water targets is indispensable for motivating firms to set their own recycled water targets. In terms of insufficient water-related regulatory pressure and normative pressure, this study found evidence suggesting that the direct motivation for setting recycled water targets stems from mimetic pressures via frequency-based imitation. The evidence in this study suggests that policymakers should require companies to disclose their peers' recycled water target information, as doing so serves as an alternative means to achieving SDG 6.3.Social implicationsRecycled water target-setting might be challenging. Water recycling practices may face strong resistance and require substantial additional resources (Zhang and Tang, 2019; Gao et al., 2019; Gu et al., 2023). Therefore, this study suggests that firms should ensure the mindfulness of board members in promoting the welfare of the natural environment when making recycled water target-setting decisions. To reap the second-mover advantage, firms must consider the conditions in which board members can more effectively play their role. Corporations may help their chairpersons in setting recycled water targets by recruiting them as members of sustainability committees. Meanwhile, chairpersons tend to activate accurate mental models when the water conservation performance of pioneering industry peers is strong enough to indicate the potential benefits of adopting recycled water target-setting. Investors' and stakeholders' understanding of how the composition of sustainability committees is related to recycled water target-setting may help to identify the potential drivers of firms' water responsibility. Investors and stakeholders should distinguish firms in terms of the board chair's membership of their sustainability committee and focus on water-use reduction outcomes in the industry. This study provides insights into circumstances whereby chairpersons help to restore the water ecosystem.Originality/valueThis study explains how frequency-based and outcome-based imitation are two prominent mechanisms underlying the industry-peer pressure concerning recycled water target-setting. Moreover, this study fills literature gaps related to the moderating roles of board-chair membership in sustainability committees concerning industry-peer pressure on recycled water target-setting.

The modern Armed Forces are the difficult system, consisting of plenty of subsystems, functioning of that is determined by plenty of processes that allow to achieve objective her functioning with corresponding efficiency. Therefore investigating functioning of such system in reality is very difficult and requires the expenses of plenty of financial and other types of resources, including still human. From here and there is a problem of research of functioning of the Armed Forces under various conditions situation that can arise up during the conduct of battle actions (operations). Knowledge about functioning of the Armed Forces in one or another terms of operational-tactical situation allow to the command and staff officers to accept reasonable decisions on the conduct of battle actions (operations). One of ways of receipt of such knowledge is replacement of the really existent systems and processes in them aleak, by the models of different class (mathematical, analytical, logic-linguistic etc). The aim of this article is a grant of recommendations on creation of the informatively-modeling system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and spheres of her application as component part of unified automated control system for the increase of efficiency of making decision the organs of military management on the conduct of operations (battle actions). ; Современные Вооруженные Силы представляют собой сложную систему, состоящую из большого количества подсистем, функционирование которых определяется большим количеством процессов, которые позволяют достичь цели ее функционирования с соответствующей эффективностью. Поэтому исследовать функционирование такой системы в реальности очень сложно и требует затрат большого количества финансовых и других видов ресурсов, в том числе и людских. Отсюда и возникает проблема исследования функционирования Вооруженных Сил в различных условиях обстановки, которая может возникнуть в ходе ведения боевых действий (операций). Знание о функционировании Вооруженных Сил в тех или иных условиях оперативно-тактической обстановки позволяют офицерам органов военного управления принимать обоснованные решения на ведение боевых действий (операций). Одним из путей получения таких знаний является замена реально существующих систем и процессов, в них протекающих, моделями разного класса (математическими, аналитическими, логико-лингвистическими и другими).Целью данной статьи является предоставление рекомендаций по созданию информационно-моделирующей системы Вооруженных Сил Украины и сфер ее применения как составной части единой автоматизированной системы управления для повышения эффективности принятия решений органами военного управления на ведение операций (боевых действий). ; Сучасні Збройні Сили представляють собою складну систему, що складається із значної кількості підсистем, функціонування яких визначається великою кількістю процесів, які дозволяють досягти мету її функціонування з відповідною ефективністю. Тому дослідити функціонування такої системи у реальності дуже складно та вимагає витрат значної кількості фінансових та інших видів ресурсів, у тому числі і людських. Звідси і виникає проблема дослідження функціонування Збройних Сил у різних умовах обстановки, що може виникнути у ході ведення бойових дій (операцій). Знання про функціонування Збройних Сил у тих чи інших умовах оперативно-тактичної обстановки дозволяють офіцерам органів військового управління приймати обгрунтовані рішення на ведення бойових дій (операцій). Одним із шляхів отримання таких знань є заміна реально існуючих систем і процесів, що в них протікають, моделями різного класу (математичними, аналітичними, логіко-лінгвістичними та іншими). Метою даної статті є надання рекомендацій щодо створення інформаційно-моделюючої системи Збройних Сил України та сфер її застосування як складової частини єдиної автоматизованої системи управління для підвищення ефективності прийняття рішень органами військового управління на ведення операцій (бойових дій).

The modern Armed Forces are the difficult system, consisting of plenty of subsystems, functioning of that is determined by plenty of processes that allow to achieve objective her functioning with corresponding efficiency. Therefore investigating functioning of such system in reality is very difficult and requires the expenses of plenty of financial and other types of resources, including still human. From here and there is a problem of research of functioning of the Armed Forces under various conditions situation that can arise up during the conduct of battle actions (operations). Knowledge about functioning of the Armed Forces in one or another terms of operational-tactical situation allow to the command and staff officers to accept reasonable decisions on the conduct of battle actions (operations). One of ways of receipt of such knowledge is replacement of the really existent systems and processes in them aleak, by the models of different class (mathematical, analytical, logic-linguistic etc). The aim of this article is a grant of recommendations on creation of the informatively-modeling system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and spheres of her application as component part of unified automated control system for the increase of efficiency of making decision the organs of military management on the conduct of operations (battle actions). ; Современные Вооруженные Силы представляют собой сложную систему, состоящую из большого количества подсистем, функционирование которых определяется большим количеством процессов, которые позволяют достичь цели ее функционирования с соответствующей эффективностью. Поэтому исследовать функционирование такой системы в реальности очень сложно и требует затрат большого количества финансовых и других видов ресурсов, в том числе и людских. Отсюда и возникает проблема исследования функционирования Вооруженных Сил в различных условиях обстановки, которая может возникнуть в ходе ведения боевых действий (операций). Знание о функционировании Вооруженных Сил в тех или иных условиях оперативно-тактической обстановки позволяют офицерам органов военного управления принимать обоснованные решения на ведение боевых действий (операций). Одним из путей получения таких знаний является замена реально существующих систем и процессов, в них протекающих, моделями разного класса (математическими, аналитическими, логико-лингвистическими и другими).Целью данной статьи является предоставление рекомендаций по созданию информационно-моделирующей системы Вооруженных Сил Украины и сфер ее применения как составной части единой автоматизированной системы управления для повышения эффективности принятия решений органами военного управления на ведение операций (боевых действий). ; Сучасні Збройні Сили представляють собою складну систему, що складається із значної кількості підсистем, функціонування яких визначається великою кількістю процесів, які дозволяють досягти мету її функціонування з відповідною ефективністю. Тому дослідити функціонування такої системи у реальності дуже складно та вимагає витрат значної кількості фінансових та інших видів ресурсів, у тому числі і людських. Звідси і виникає проблема дослідження функціонування Збройних Сил у різних умовах обстановки, що може виникнути у ході ведення бойових дій (операцій). Знання про функціонування Збройних Сил у тих чи інших умовах оперативно-тактичної обстановки дозволяють офіцерам органів військового управління приймати обгрунтовані рішення на ведення бойових дій (операцій). Одним із шляхів отримання таких знань є заміна реально існуючих систем і процесів, що в них протікають, моделями різного класу (математичними, аналітичними, логіко-лінгвістичними та іншими). Метою даної статті є надання рекомендацій щодо створення інформаційно-моделюючої системи Збройних Сил України та сфер її застосування як складової частини єдиної автоматизованої системи управління для підвищення ефективності прийняття рішень органами військового управління на ведення операцій (бойових дій).

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- 1 Introduction -- Part 1 Mechanistic frames for cross-disciplinary integration in social neuroeconomics -- 2 Neuroeconomics as a case of mechanistic integration -- 3 Integrating with mechanisms: neuroscience and social science -- 4 Mechanistic integration of social sciences and neurosciences: context and causality in social neuroeconomics -- Part 2 Mechanistic methodology and methods in social neuroeconomics -- 5 Neuroeconomics of cooperation heuristics: the role of incentives, social cues, and hormones -- 6 Constitutive inference and research methods in social neuroeconomics -- Part 3 The social neuroeconomics of individual behaviour in context -- 7 Akrasia and addiction: neurophilosophy and psychological mechanisms -- 8 Social ecology of normative reasoning -- 9 Economics, social neuroscience, and mindshaping -- Part 4 Social neuroeconomics, institutions and interventions -- 10 The application of descriptive theories of human cognition and decision making in policy making and regulation -- 11 Neuroscience of autonomy and paternalistic policies -- 12 Social updating: an intuitionist approach to explaining decision-making under risk and uncertainty -- 13 Scopic systems and decision making in financial markets -- Index.

Intro -- Contents -- Foreword by Paul Volcker -- Introduction and Acknowledgments -- Acronyms -- Part I The Unique Nature of International Economic Policy -- The Content of International Economic Policy -- The Importance of International Economic Policy -- Part II The Policymaking Machinery: The Government and the Private Sector -- The Executive Branch -- The Coordination of International Economic Policy -- The Congress and the Judicial Branch -- The Private Sector: Interest Groups and Lobbying -- Part III Executive Branch Decision-Making: Theories and Models -- Theories on How U.S. International Economic Policy Is Formulated -- The Many Models of Executive Branch Decision- Making -- Part IV Congressional-Executive Relations: The Uneasy Partnership -- The Inter-Branch Model of Decision- Making in Concept and Practice -- The System Responds to Exchange Rate and Trade Balance Disequilibria, 1985- 1986 -- The Merging of Domestic and International Economic Policies: The Competitiveness/ Industrial Policy Debate -- The Non-Making of International Economic Policy: The Process in Paralysis, 1996- 20?? -- Part V Prescription -- A Critique of Existing Organization -- Proposals for Organizational and Procedural Changes -- Index.

AbstractUsing observations of US governmental, advocacy and human service organizations' (GAHSOs) talks, I show how these intermediary organizations endorsed 'bounded relationality' when teaching conventions about exchanges in the social insurance market. Bounded relationality synthesizes (a) Simon's argument that organizations' goals and practices help people compensate for bounded rationality—their cognitive limitations with decision-making—and (b) Zelizer's relational work, which emphasizes how social relations animate market exchanges. GAHSOs attempted to acculturate older adults and their agents to decision-making routines of information-gathering and processing consumers, savvy information-seekers and watchful monitors. GAHSOs advised routinizing relational work toward making exchanges, including layperson relational work by family members and friends and expert relational work by professionals and advocacy and human service organizations. Bounded relationality supported people's decision-making when initiating, maintaining or ending exchanges that organizations would recognize and process. By studying how intermediary actors facilitate bounded relationality, we understand how organizations encourage consumer exchanges.

Participatory measures are widely acclaimed as a solution enabling public administrations to become more responsive to citizens. Research has nevertheless documented that, de- spite intentions, residents end up feeling manipulated rather than listened to in these processes. In this study, we performed an in-depth analysis of policy documents used for decision-making related to the area-based initiative in the district of Tøyen in Oslo, Nor- way. We also interviewed local politicians and representatives of residents and civil servants. Initial contracts clearly stated that residents were supposed to influence deci- sion-making in this area-based initiative. In the analysis we categorised the different participatory measures in accordance with Arnstein's participation ladder to see if resi- dents were allowed to influence decision-making and if so how. The results show that they were not allowed to influence decision-making. This raises questions about the inherent dilemma of accountability in modern-day bureaucracy and the potential for responsiveness to citizens.

AbstractSystem dynamics research has made numerous contributions to a range of management subfields, including operations, organization behavior, marketing, behavioral decision making, and strategy. In this paper, we focus on the role for system dynamics research in making important progress on the defining issue in the field of strategy: why are some firms more profitable than others? Strategy researchers are eager for dynamic theories that explain the evolution of performance differences among firms and are increasingly looking to managerial decision making as the source of dynamics. This interest in dynamics and decision making creates an enormous opportunity for system dynamics researchers as carefully grounded behavioral theories of dynamics flow naturally from the research methods of system dynamics. Building and testing theories that explain longitudinal patterns of performance differences among firms would be an enormous step forward where mainstream strategy approaches have struggled. We identify four promising research paths along these lines for system dynamics research in the field of strategy. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Joining the European Union (EU) has changed the nature of democracy in the new member states. The EU's membership has complicated the structure of democratic decision making by making it more multilayered and multicentered. EU membership has enhanced the powers of nonmajoritarian institutions such as the European Commission, the European Court of Justice, and various regulatory agencies. National parliaments tend to be less powerful democratic players after a country joins the European Union—and even before, as the EU accession process has shown. EU membership has also broadened the democratic public space. As a consequence, democratic decision making within the European Union has to accommodate a more diversified set of interests and cultural orientations. Providing citizens with greater access to the European decision-making process seems to be most urgent in the new member states from Central and Eastern Europe, whose citizens feel particularly detached from this process. The article tries to suggest some ways of achieving this.

The argument of this article is that GPRA -- like a number of earlier federal management reform efforts -- does not fit easily into the institutional structures, functions, & political realities of the American system. GPRA repeats the tendency of the architects of management reform to focus on what have turned out to be fairly ineffective approaches. The time & energy that have been expended in this process have resulted in significant opportunity costs in the federal government. GPRA is a prime example of the difficulty of dealing with federal management as a government-wide strategy & set of generic activities & requirements. Three attributes are a part of the American decision-making process: the structures of fragmented decision making in the US; the imperatives of several decision-making functions (particularly the differences between budgeting, management, & planning); & the dynamics of politics & policy making in the American political system. I examine how GPRA has operated within these constraints & the difficulty of fitting the GPRA into them. 2 Exhibits, 17 References. Adapted from the source document.

The functions of a modern central bank are manifold, but fall into a few general categories — technical, advisory, and control. Technical activities do not demand a separate central banking institution; they could be performed equally well by alternative arrangements. These functions are of a clerical nature and do not require continuous decision-making. For example, central banks typically handle the government's financial accounts, making its payments and collecting its receipts, paying interest on debt as well as the principal when the debt matures, and marketing the securities when issued. In effect, the central bank acts as an agency of the Finance Ministry, the latter making the decisions, the former implementing them. Similarly, central banks typically monopolize currency issue, but in so far as this is an automatic procedure — issuing currency to whomever wishes to acquire it — no decision-making is involved. Indeed, these two functions have often been performed by the Treasury itself, and even today occasionally still lie in the domain of some treasuries.

This entry has been realised in the framework of the H2020-MSCA-RISE-2018 project "LoGov - Local Government and the Changing Urban-Rural Interplay". LoGov aims to provide solutions for local governments that address the fundamental challenges resulting from urbanisation. To address this complex issue, 18 partners from 17 countries and six continents share their expertise and knowledge in the realms of public law, political science, and public administration. LoGov identifies, evaluates, compares, and shares innovative practices that cope with the impact of changing urban-rural relations in five major local government areas: (1) local responsibilities and public services, (2) local financial arrangements, (3) structure of local government, (4) intergovernmental relations of local governments, and (5) people's participation in local decision-making. The present entry addresses people's participation in local decision-making in Ethiopia. The entry forms part of the LoGov Report on Ethiopia. To access the full version of the report on Ethiopia, other practices regarding people's participation in local decision-making and to receive more information about the project, please visit: https://www.logov-rise.eu/. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 823961.

This research is aimed at testing two of the most important theorizations of today about the factors that explain the effectiveness of public policy evaluation processes seen from a perspective of using information for decision-making. From a neo-institutionalist analytical framework, the explanations of the OECD are contrasted with the Utilization-Focused Evaluation of Michael Q. Patton, based on data collected in the policy of evaluation of public policies in Colombia. The conclusions highlight the importance of coordination between the evaluation process with that of the intervention evaluated, and an openness of organizations towards learning and institutional change, above the current quality standards promoted by the OECD, as the best explanation of the effectiveness of the evaluation processes. ; Esta investigación está dirigida a poner a prueba dos de las teorizaciones más importantes de la actualidad acerca de los factores que explican la efectividad de los procesos de evaluación de política pública, vista desde una perspectiva de uso de la información para la toma de decisiones. Desde un marco analítico neoinstitucionalista se contrastan las explicaciones de la OCDE, con el Utilization-Focused Evaluatión de Michael Q. Patton, a partir de datos recolectados en la política de evaluación de políticas públicas en Colombia. Las conclusiones resaltan la importancia de la coordinación entre el proceso de evaluación con el de la intervención evaluada, y una apertura de las organizaciones hacia el aprendizaje y el cambio institucional, por encima de los actuales estándares de calidad promovidos por la OCDE, como la mejor explicación de la efectividad de los procesos de evaluación. ; Línea de Investigación: Estado e Instituciones Políticas ; Doctorado

This open access book features contributions from a multidisciplinary team of leading and emerging scholars focused on democratization of risk assessment, management, and communication. The volume identifies and sheds light on key risk governance dilemmas related to public trust, risk perception and public participation. The first part of the book articulates the relationship among science, expertise, deliberation and public values, featuring an in-depth analysis of the concept of 'motivated reasoning,' and the role of trust, values and worldviews in understanding and addressing contemporary controversies over risk decision-making. The volume's second part features eight case studies from three policy fields – energy, genomics, and public health – and a special section dedicated to vaccine decision-making for Covid-19. Chapters analyze the level, nature and mechanisms of public involvement in risk decision-making, assessing its contribution to the effectiveness and legitimacy of decisions. The case studies focus predominantly on Canada, but they draw on global scholarship and are of direct relevance for scholars and practitioners of risk governance in any country.