Suchergebnisse

This research aimed to describe the political map of the European Union (EU) in expanding its territory after the fall of the Berlin Wall. EU never granted membership status with special assistance to any country before. However, Bulgaria had received special membership assistance called the Cooperation and Verification Mechanism (CVM). The granting of this membership status was controversial because it was given when Euroscepticism was on its peak. Member countries such as the United Kingdom, Netherlands, and Germany considered that granting different membership status to fulfill the EU's standards would aggravate the institutional performance. This case employed The Gains Of EU Enlargement to analyze what interests the EU wanted to gain in providing CVM assistance to Bulgaria. This approach explained, the EU wants to accelerate the Europeanization process of Bulgaria to reach the stabilization of European region security both internally and externally. However, external interests dominate the most, in order that EU can control the influence of Russia to Bulgaria. So, Bulgaria's membership makes Russia unable to use its former ally as a propaganda tool to interfere in European affairs, especially regarding Russia's imported gas policy towards Europe.

Concerns about the quality of housing feature prominently in academic and policy discussion on housing, yet there is little agreement about how housing deprivation should be measured or monitored. In empirical studies, measures of housing deprivation are typically examined for one of two purposes - either to compare incidences of housing quality problems for different groups, which typically leads to an examination of performance of different measures of housing deprivation, or as dependent variables to examine competing theories about what explains cross-national variation in such problems, which typically ignores these measurement considerations. Our paper seeks to analyse measurement and theory jointly, focussing in particular on the EU's severe housing deprivation measure, and its subcomponents - overcrowding and housing conditions problems. In descriptive analysis, we show that the two components of the severe housing deprivation measure are weakly related and pattern differently across nations and that the aggregation rule of the main measure has a substantial influence on observed incidences of this problem. We subsequently construct multi-level regression-based models and demonstrate that the two components have quite different determinants. Our paper has implications for the measurement of severe housing deprivation in Europe, for theories that seek to account for differences in housing outcomes, and for policy that seeks to tackle housing deprivation problems.