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THIS ARTICLE TRACES THE DEVELOPMENT OF US POLICY TOWARD SOUTH AFRICA, PRIMARILY AIMED AT PRESERVING CAPITALIST INTERESTS IN THE COUNTRY. IT THEN DESCRIBES HOW THE INCREASED STATE OF NEAR CIVIL WAR BY 1985 LED TO A CHANGE IN POLICY THAT NOW INCLUDES SANCTIONS RESTRICTIONS OF BANK LOANS, COMPUTER SALES, AND THE SALE OF NUCLEAR ENERGY. BUT WESTERN UNWILLINGNESS TO PUT PRESSURE ON SOUTH AFRICA MAY DOOM THIS PLAN AS WELL.

Education is a right for every individual, but sometimes not everyone can get the education as expected. Forest edge communities residing in Pesawahan Hamlet, Gunung Lurah Village, Banyumas Regency are examples of people who cannot enjoy the beauty of education properly. The condition of remote areas, with access to transportation that is quite difficult, and the absence of telecommunications signals increasingly makes it difficult for forest edge communities to obtain proper education. MTs Pakis is a school that was built in the area of Pesawahan Hamlet as an effort to provide better education services for forest edge communities. The school has two methods of education and learning, namely formal education and learning methods and agroforestry education and learning methods. The agroforestry education method is carried out because of the condition of students who must continue to help their parents in the fields and rice fields even though they attend school. With agroforestry education, students not only receive subject matter indoors, but also gain expertise and skills related to agriculture and animal husbandry. This is done so that students get provisions for their daily lives.

The transformation of women's role in society has been systematically studied. Numerous authors point out that among the factors of extreme relevance to this fact, the main is the increased presence of women in the formal job market. Researches also reveal that the increase in quantity is not reflected equally in all productive sectors nor the egalitarian occupation of high hierarchical positions. The present study aimed to analyze how the presence of women, especially in leadership positions, has evolved at the Brazilian Federal Agency for the Support and Evaluation of Postgraduate Education (CAPES) and the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) over the last 20 years. For these analyzes, surveys were conducted in the people management systems of the Brazilian Federal Public Administration. The initial hypothesis was that female attendance had increased in both the total number of female servants and in management and auxiliary positions, known as DAS in Brazil; however, evidence shows that women reduced overall agency presence, especially in the number of female Analysts occupying DAS positions. These results indicate that the misogyny observed in the academic sphere of the Brazilian National Postgraduate and Science, Technology, and Innovation systems are replicated in the politic-bureaucratic sphere that manages and sponsors these systems.

Report of the Texas State Auditor's Office related to determining whether selected independent school districts (ISDs) and higher education institutions have designed and implemented dual credit programs to determine the validity and reliability of the data in those systems.

Comparative public policies for the elderly / John Myles -- Abeyance processes, social policy, and aging / Ephraim H. Mizruchi -- Societal aging and intergenerational support systems / Eugene A. Friedmann and Donald J. Adamchak -- The making of old age policy in France / Anne-Marie Guillemard -- The struggles of French miners for the creation of retirement funds in the 19th century / Rolande Trempé -- Old age as a risk / François Ewald -- The state, the economy, and retirement / Chris Phillipson -- Social policy and elderly people in Great Britain / Alan Walker -- Austerity and aging in the United States / Carroll L. Estes -- Old people, public expenditure, and the system of social services / Danilo Giori -- Origins and trends of social policy for the aged in the Federal Republic of Germany and West Berlin / Hilde von Balluseck -- The distribution of benefits and services between the retired and the very elderly / Nick Bosanquet

AbstractManuscript TypeEmpiricalResearch Question/IssueThis study aims to understand the implications of the corporate governance arrangements in state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) that are publicly listed in terms of firm performance relative to that of private firms.Research Findings/InsightsUsing a new database of 477 large, listed SOEs observed between 1997 and 2012 in 66 developed and emerging countries, we use matching techniques to show that these firms do not underperform similar private firms, except when the former face shocks that prioritize their social and political objectives, such as during severe recessions. These findings demonstrate the need to revise existing theories of SOE underperformance.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsWe expand the traditional agency view of SOEs by introducing principal–principal conflicts that prevail in publicly traded firms. We argue that governments try to steer SOEs to pursue social and political objectives, which can lead to inefficiencies, but they also provide them rents and protection, factors that should lead them to perform as well or better than similar private firms. Thus, our theory of state ownership argues that their advantage or disadvantage over similar private firms cannot be identified from the theory and thus needs an empirical test.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsWe modify the simplistic view that SOEs are inefficient and highlight that SOEs that compete with private firms may have advantages that give them a competitive edge. This has implications not only for firm‐level strategy, but also for competition policy worldwide.

This article focuses on the circulation of urban policy "models" and its influence on the reshaping of relationships between State and cities in France. It suggests that the increasing mobility of practices and knowledge between cities cannot be explained solely by the intensification of horizontal exchanges involving city halls throughout Europe. It also relies on the restructuring of the State and the transformation of its intervention in urban policymaking processes. By considering the Programme National de Rénovation Urbaine and the Plan Ville Durable, the article highlights the emergence of a new model of State–cities relationships characterized by the tracking of local "exemplary" initiatives, and by their certification and diffusion by the central State itself. This new model of relationships allows the State to strengthen its capacity to steer urban policies at a distance, without actually challenging the rise in power of French cities.

Contents: 1. Introduction. - 2. The marketing audit. - 3. Market and consumer research. - 4. Market segmentation, "taking a position" and seeking differentiation. - 5. Programme design. - 6. Pricing educational programmes. - 7. Promotions - advertising, direct mail and exhibitions. - 8. Public relations. - 9. Student recruitment. - 10. Fund-raising. - 11. E-education (HoF/text adopted)