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Bibliography: pages 381-191. ; Eight years after Transkei has been granted independence, the independent states have become an important component of the South African political landscape, and their existence cannot be ignored despite the fact that no other country but South Africa has recognised their independence. This thesis is concerned with the evaluation of the choice of independence. The reasons are examined which led the South African government to grant independence to the homelands, and those which induced some of the homeland leaders to accept it. An evaluation is made of the political and economic benefits and lack thereof this choice has brought to those who made it and to their communities, with a view to the role the independent states may play in future developments in South Africa. A descriptive-analytical approach has been adopted and the main subjects have been presented in their chronological unfolding, in order to stress the basic continuity in the aims pursued both on the part of the South African government and on the part of the homeland leaders, despite numerous tactical adaptations to the circumstances on both sides. Most of the information has been gathered from the Hansard of the House and from reports of various commissions and government White Papers. Official documents from the independent states and the economic corporations working therein have also been extensively used. Other information and data have been gathered during a period of fieldwork in Ciskei and Transkei and through a number of interviews. The time passed since the granting of independence to the homelands which opted for it is still too short for an exhaustive evaluation of the effects this choice had for their population. It is however possible to draw a few preliminary conclusions regarding the effects the independent states will have in the evolution of the political situation in South Africa. The most important is that they are here to stay, bar a total defeat of the white government in an all-out war, and that they may be a factor in a still possible peaceful solution of the South African problems.

A study of the effect of EU membership on Central and Eastern European environmental policy and the interplay of political incentives and industry behavior that determines policy In Transnational Politics of the Environment, Liliana Andonova examines the effect of the Europen Union (EU) on the environmental policies of Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, and Poland. Compliance with EU environmental regulations is especially onerous for Central and Eastern European countries because of the costs involved and the legacy of pollution from communist-era industries. But Andonova argues that EU integration has a positive impact on environmental policies in these countries by exerting a strong influence on the environmental interests of regulated industries. With her empirical study of chemical safety and air pollution policies from 1990 to 2000, she shows that export-competitive industries such as the chemical industry that would benefit from economic integration have an incentive to adopt EU norms. By contrast, industries such as electric utilities that primarily serve the domestic market remain opposed to EU environmental standards and must be prodded by their own governments to implement environmental-protection measures. These differences in domestic interests greatly influence the course of reforms and the adoption of EU standards.Transnational Politics of the Environment challenges the current focus on intergovernmental cooperation between East and West by highlighting the roles of industries, transnational norms, and domestic institutions in promoting change in environmental regulation. It offers a generalizable framework for understanding the politics of environmental regulation in emerging market economies, and helps bridge the divide between the study of domestic and international environmental politics.

Índice Artículos Imágenes sobre la institución y la fuerza en policías venezolanos: una perspectiva desde el análisis del discurso. Institutional and physical force images among venezuelan police officers, a perspective from discourse analysis. Images sur l'institution et la force des policiers venezueliens: une perspective dès l'analyse du discours. Imagens sobre a instituição e a força em policiais venezuelanos: uma perspectiva desde a análise do discurso. Alvarez Muro, María Alexandra; Gabaldón, Luis Gerardo y Birkbeck, Christopher Howard La extradición y la orden europea de detención y entrega. Extradition and the european order for arrest and handing over. L'extradition et l'ordre européenne de détention et remise. A extradição e a ordem européia de detenção e entrega. Cuerda Riezu, Antonio Estudio descriptivo de los estudiantes de nivel medio expuestos al riesgo de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Una muestra representativa. A descriptive study of secondary education students exposed to drug use. A representative sample. Étude descriptive des étudiants du niveau moyen exposés à la consommation des substances psycho actives. Une démonstration représentative. Estudo descritivo de estudantes do ensino médio expostos ao consumo de sustâncias psico-ativas. Uma amostra representativa. Urdaneta Morales, Aubin El ministerio público en su ambito nacional e internacional y el proceso penal llevado ante el sistema jurisdiccional de la corte penal internacional. The public prosecutor in the national and international spheres and criminal procedure in the international criminal court. Le ministère public dans le cadre national et international et le processus pénal mené devant le système judiciaire de la cour pénale internationale. O ministerio publico em seu âmbito nacional e internacional e o processo penal levado perante o sistema jurisdicional da corte penal internacional. Borrego, Carmelo Acciones a propio riesgo. Actions taken at one's own risk. Actions à risque personnel. Ações a próprio risco. López Díaz, Claudia Sistema penal y reforma legal en Venezuela: la tensión entre el estado constitucional y el estado policial. The criminal system and legal reform in Venezuela tension between the constitutional state and the police state. Le système pénal et la réforme légale au Venezuela: la tension entre l'État constitutionnel et l'État policier. Sistema penal e reforma legal na Venezuela: a tensão entre o estado consitucional e o estado policial. Rosales, Elsie Actuación policial frente a una protesta política, cuando la política se vuelve global. Comparación de la actuación policial para mantener el orden público en Canadá y Bolivia. Policing political protest when politics go global. Comparing public order policing in Canada and Bolivia. Actuation policière face à une protestation politique, lorsque la politique devient globale; comparaison de l'actuation policière dans le maintient de l'ordre public au Canada et en Bolivie. ação policial perante um protesto político, quando a política vira global; comparação da atuação policial para manter a ordem pública no Canadá e na Bolivia. Sheptycki, James Jean Paul Marat y la ilustración penal. Jean Paul Marat and penal enlightenment. Jean Paul Marat et l'illustration pénale. Jean Paul Marat e a ilustração penal. Llobet Rodríguez, Javier Algunos líneamientos para la creación de un nuevo código penal desde la perspectiva de la docencia criminológica. Some ideas for the creation of a new criminal code, from the perspective of teaching criminology. Quelques directrices pour la création d'un nouveau code pénal, du point de vue de l'enseignement criminologique. Algumas diretrizes para a criação de um novo código penal desde a perspectiva da docencia criminológica. Morales Manssur, Jorge; Fernández, María Alejandra y Párraga Meléndez, Jesús Enrique Política criminal, terrorismo y reforma penal: el caso Venezuela. Crime policy, terrorism and the reform of criminal law: the Venezuelan case. Politique criminelle, terrorisme et réforme pénal: le cas Vénézuélien. Política criminal, terrorismo e reforma penal: o caso Venezuela. Martínez Rincones, José Francisco El "Derecho penal del enemigo": evolución (¿o ambigüedades?) del concepto y su justificación. Criminal law for enemies: evolution (or ambiguities?) of the concept, and its justification. Le "droit pénal de l'ennemi": evolution (¿Ou Ambiguïtés?) du concept et sa justification. O "direito penal do inimigo": evolução (ou ambigüidades?) do conceito e sua justificação. Modolell González, Juan Luis Documento de Derecho Penal Una tercera forma de realización del tipo: la interrupción de cursos causales salvadores. Gimbernat Ordeig, Enrique ; 231-271 ; jshep@jorku.ca ; anual ; Nivel analítico

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Part I: Ethical Issues That Arise in Governments' Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Policy Formations -- 1 Duties of Nation-States to Prevent Activities within Their Jurisdiction That Harm People and Nations Outside Their Boundaries: The Meaning of the No Harm Principle as Applied to International Relations -- 2 Duties to Not Harm Ecological Systems, Plants, and Animals -- 3 Duties to Consider the Views of Those Who Will Be Harmed by Climate Change -- 4 The Ethics of Climate Targets: Extinction Rebellion v. The Climate Establishment -- 5 The Role of Human Rights in Setting a National Greenhouse Gas Emissions Target -- 6 Appropriate Application of Equity: The Case Study of Brazil's National Determined Contributions -- 7 Mitigation Duties of Poor and Vulnerable Countries -- Part II: Ethical Issues That Arise from the Responsibility to Respond to Unavoidable Climate Change Harms -- 8 Democracy and Justice in Climate Change Adaptation -- 9 Socially Constructed Expectations of Certainty in Climate Science -- 10 Ethical Obligations to Develop and Support a Precautionary Principle to Guide National Responses to Climate Change -- 11 The Ethical Responsibility of Developed Countries to Help Finance Adaptation Costs in Poor Developing Countries -- 12 Climate Justice in Nigeria: A Pathway to Defending the Rights of Disproportionately Affected Persons -- 13 The Responsibility of Nations to Address Climate Refugees and Displaced Persons -- 14 Taking Moral Responsibility for Climate Change by Cities -- 15 The Lisbon Case Study: The Ethical Obligations of Urban Policymakers to Support Policies Entailed by Mainstream Climate Science.

"Many of the effects of nuclear fallout and radiation have been intentionally hidden by governments around the world. Public knowledge has been driven by activists demanding recognition and justice. Many Downwinders fought for years, in the press and in the courts, to have their health and environmental concerns taken seriously. Just as radiation is invisible, many of these stories continue to be unseen. From 2017 to 2020, Jacob Hamblin and Linda Richards facilitated the Oregon State University Downwinders Project, sponsored by the National Science Foundation, to support research and scholarship on the Downwinders cases near the Hanford nuclear site in Washington. Additionally, each summer the project team sponsored a workshop that brought a variety of stakeholders together to explore the science, history, and lived history of radiation exposure. These workshops took a broad view of nuclear contamination, beyond Hanford, beyond the United States, and beyond academia. Community members and activists presented their testimonies and creative work alongside scholars studying exposure worldwide. Making the Unseen Visible collects some of the best work arising from the project and its workshops. Scholarly research chapters and reflective essays cover topics and experiences ranging from colonial nuclear testing in North Africa to uranium mining in the Navajo Nation and battles over public memory around Hanford. Scholarship on nuclear topics has largely happened on a case study basis, focusing on individual disasters or locations. Making the Unseen Visible brings a variety of current community and scholarly work together to create a clearer, larger web uniting nuclear humanities research across time and geography"--

"Fully revised and updated, the fourth edition of Social Sciences: The Big Issues explores key debates about how we live our personal, domestic, and emotional lives at a time of enormous, previously-unimaginable change and disruption, including a pandemic that locked down households and economies. Since the third edition, everyone's life has changed. The pandemic - at least temporarily - stopped social life as we knew it and forced governments virtually to close down their economies. This is where this edition of The Big Issues starts. Staying at home posed a radical departure from routine life, but reactions to COVID-19 have exposed the endurance of particular social relations - especially inequalities - which characterize societies worldwide. A few of the new Big Issues covered in this edition include: Changing selves and personal lives in light of racism and sexual and identity politics in a pandemic; Changing patterns of consumption in relation to market production and what it means for climate change; Changing intersections of citizenship, migration, and globalization in the context of the virus crossing borders - and both the opportunities and sources of inequality involved; Changing ideas about power, politics and populism in the aftermath of Brexit Building on the strong foundation of this well-loved text, this fully revised fourth edition explores how big issues and social forces intersect to create both change and evidence of continuity, especially of social inequalities. It provides a clear, accessible introduction to the ideas and approaches of the social sciences across a range of disciplines, including sociology, psychology, and politics"--

The book promotes a meaningful and appropriate dialogue and cross-disciplinary partnerships on Artificial Intelligence (AI) in governance and disaster management. The frequency and the cost of losses and damages due to disasters are rising every year. From wildfires to tsunamis, drought to hurricanes, floods to landslides combined with chemical, nuclear and biological disasters of epidemic proportions has increased human vulnerability and ecosystem sustainability. Life is not as it used to be and governance to manage disasters cannot be a business as usual. The quantum and proportion of responsibilities with the emergency services has increased many times to strain them beyond their human capacities. It's time that the struggling disaster management services get supported and facilitated by new technology of combining AI and Machine Learning (ML) with Data Analytics Technologies (DAT) to serve people and government in disaster management. AI and ML have advanced to a state where they could be utilized for many operations in disaster risk reduction. Even though many disasters cannot be prevented and a number of them are blind natural disasters yet through an appropriate application of AI and ML quick predictions, vulnerability identification and classification of relief and rescue operations could be achieved. Prof. Dr T.V. Vijay Kumar is Professor and Dean, School of Computer and Systems Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), Delhi, India. Dr Keshav Sud is currently working as Senior Manager of Data Science at Keurig Dr Pepper where he is leading the development of recommendation engines. Dr. Sud is a well-recognized expert in the field of AI with first authorship of numerous scholarly articles in internationally recognized professional publications

How the approaches and methods of think tanks-including systems theory, operational research, and cybernetics-paved the way for a peculiar genre of midcentury modernism.In Think Tank Aesthetics, Pamela Lee traces the complex encounters between Cold War think tanks and the art of that era. Lee shows how the approaches and methods of think tanks-including systems theory, operations research, and cybernetics-paved the way for a peculiar genre of midcentury modernism and set the terms for contemporary neoliberalism. Lee casts these shadowy institutions as sites of radical creativity and interdisciplinary practice in the service of defense strategy. Describing the distinctive aesthetics that emerged from such institutions as the RAND Corporation, she maps the multiple and overlapping networks that connected nuclear strategists, mathematicians, economists, anthropologists, artists, designers, and art historians.Lee recounts, among other things, the decades-long colloquy between Albert Wohlstetter, a RAND analyst, and his former professor, the famous art historian Meyer Schapiro; the anthropologist Margaret Mead's deployment of innovative visual aids that recall midcentury abstract art; and the combination of cybernetics and modernist design in an "Opsroom" for the short-lived socialist government of Salvador Allende in 1970s Chile (and its restaging many years later as a work of art). Lee suggests that we think of these connections less as disciplinary border crossings than as colonization of the specific interests of arts by the approaches and methods of the sciences. Hearing the echoes of think tank aesthetics in today's pursuit of the interdisciplinary and in academia's science-infused justification of the humanities, Lee wonders what territory has been ceded in a laboratory approach to the arts.

In the aftermath of an epidemic that has undermined established border-crossing practices in Europe and around the world, this volume proposes to rethink the uses and representations of the border based on the following question: who makes a cross-border space, who shapes it, who makes it workable? Citizens, governments, local elected officials? Au lendemain d'une épidémie qui a mis à mal les pratiques établies de franchissement des frontières en Europe et dans le monde, ce volume propose de repenser les usages et les représentations du transfrontalier à la lumière de la problématique suivante : qui fabrique le transfrontalier, qui le modèle, qui le rend viable ? Les citoyens, les gouvernements, les élus locaux ? Il n'existe pas, d'ailleurs, d'espace transfrontalier archétypal : il y a autant de pratiques du transfrontalier que de situations transfrontalières. Et il ne suffit pas de dire que le transfrontalier du Rhin Supérieur n'est pas le transfrontalier de la Grande Région Saar-Lor-Lux, ou que les usages du transfrontalier propres à la francophonie canadienne ne ressemblent guère aux pratiques du transfrontalier mises en place par ­l'État chinois : il faut aussi prendre en compte le fait que tout espace transfrontalier est travaillé et transformé en permanence par d'innombrables tensions politiques, économiques, commerciales, logistiques et culturelles. C'est pourquoi, pour penser théoriquement le transfrontalier, nous avons décidé de nous appuyer sur une série d'études de cas menées par des chercheurs venus d'horizons disciplinaires divers, de la littérature à la sociologie en passant par les sciences de l'information et de la communication, les sciences de l'éducation, ou encore l'archéologie.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Author -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Marginal Rate of Return and the Malthusian Trap -- 1.1.1 Marginal Rate of Return -- 1.1.2 Cuckoo Effect -- 1.2 Demand-side Cost Drivers -- 1.2.1 Old Normal -- 1.2.2 Old Normal of Clinical Medicine -- 1.2.3 New Normal -- 1.2.4 Collateral Damage and Unintended Consequences -- 1.3 Supply-side Cost Drivers -- 1.4 Demand–Supply Imbalance -- 1.4.1 Failures of Reliability -- 1.4.2 Overcare and Undercare -- 1.4.3 Primary Care Comes Second -- 1.4.4 Quality of Death -- 1.4.5 Craft and Mass Production -- 1.4.6 Back to the Future -- 1.5 What to Do? -- 1.5.1 Keep Spending -- 1.5.2 Freeze Spending -- 1.5.3 Government Power -- 1.5.4 Market Forces -- 1.6 Mission of This Book -- 1.6.1 Health Systems Science -- 1.6.2 Healthcare Is Not One -- 1.7 Organization of This Book -- Notes -- 2 The Logic of Purposeful Action in the Artificial World -- 2.1 Logic and Sensemaking -- 2.1.1 Chunks of Logic and Variability -- 2.1.2 Articulated Logic -- 2.1.3 Chunks of Logic Build Intuition -- 2.2 Artificial World -- 2.2.1 Sectors of Science -- 2.2.2 Structures of the Artificial World -- 2.2.3 System Layers and Logics -- 2.2.4 Social Logic -- 2.2.5 Technical Logic -- 2.2.6 Economic Logic -- 2.2.7 Layers and Multiverse -- 2.3 Purposeful Action and Its Constraints -- 2.3.1 Causes and Purposes -- 2.3.2 Variability and Decay -- 2.3.3 Know, Can, Want -- 2.3.4 Demand and Supply -- Notes -- 3 The Logic of Production -- 3.1 Production Function and Types of Transformations -- 3.2 Product Technology: Differentiation, Variety, and Integration -- 3.2.1 Differentiation and Price -- 3.2.2 Product Attributes -- 3.2.3 Integration -- 3.2.4 Product Variety -- 3.2.5 Industrial Quality -- 3.3 Production Systems -- 3.3.1 Specialization and Coordination

These days human beings have a profound influence on aspects of the planetary ecosystem, e.g. on climate change and biodiversity, to name only two. This manual is intended to help practitioners, who are dealing with human-based rural and urban settlement-ecosystems, in the key steps towards their realization (design, implementation, and operation) and helpful for all, who are concerned about ensuring their practical sustainability. The ecosystem-approach is holistic and integrative, encompassing various disciplines like architecture, landscape architecture, environmental engineering, social sciences, life sciences, ecology, and management. It also considers issues such as energy-savings, ecological cycles, reuse, natural resources, socio-cultural background, real participation, and holistic quality management. Thus it not only explains the general concept, the steps of realization and the respective involved stakeholders, but also gives hints and tools for practitioners. The information, recommendations and tools are directed to the following target groups, among others: • Local planning authorities (giving hints for the procedure and the involved stakeholders) • Designers (holistic approach, procedures, tools) • Regulatory bodies, licensing and financing authorities (requirements for approach and procedures) • Construction and implementing firms and institutions (recommendations, tools) • Operating bodies (hints for operation, tools) The experiences are based on a joint German-Ghanaian program at Valley View University, the biggest private university in Ghana, intended to help realize the vision of a truly holistic ecological university. It was financed originally by the German Ministry of Education and Research and recently by the German Ministry for the Environment in the frame of the Climate Change Initiative of the Federal Government of Germany.

These days human beings have a profound influence on aspects of the planetary ecosystem, e.g. on climate change and biodiversity, to name only two.¡ This manual is intended to help practitioners, who are dealing with human-based rural and urban settlement-ecosystems, in the key steps towards their realization (design, implementation, and operation) and helpful for all, who are concerned about ensuring their practical sustainability. The ecosystem-approach is holistic and integrative, encompassing various disciplines like architecture, landscape architecture, environmental engineering, social sciences, life sciences, ecology, and management. It also considers issues such as energy-savings, ecological cycles, reuse, natural resources, socio-cultural background, real participation, and holistic quality management. Thus it not only explains the general concept, the steps of realization and the respective involved stakeholders, but also gives hints and tools for practitioners. The information, recommendations and tools are directed to the following target groups, among others: - Local planning authorities (giving hints for the procedure and the involved stakeholders) - Designers (holistic approach, procedures, tools) - Regulatory bodies, licensing and financing authorities (requirements for approach and procedures) - Construction and implementing firms and institutions (recommendations, tools) - Operating bodies (hints for operation, tools) The experiences are based on a joint German-Ghanaian program at Valley View University, the biggest private university in Ghana, intended to help realize the vision of a truly holistic ecological university. It was financed originally by the German Ministry of Education and Research and recently by the German Ministry for the Environment in the frame of the Climate Change Initiative of the Federal Government of Germany.

"America has rediscovered its states and their governments. After decades of dominance by the federal government, the balance of power is returning, often dramatically, to state governments. A devolution of authority began during the Reagan years, but recent Republican victories in Washington and in the states promise to accelerate the rate at which state governments assume greater responsibility for governing the nation. Inherent in that development is the sense that state governments, long perceived as the weakest link in American politics, are now perhaps the strongest.Here, David Hedge provides a comprehensive and up-to-date review of how states have evolved over the past several decades both on the demand side (citizen participation, elections, parties, interest groups) and the supply side (governors, legislatures, the courts) of state government. In addition to describing the kinds of changes that are occurring at the state level, Hedge looks at the impact of those developments on the quality of statehouse democracy and the ability of the states to govern effectively. The major theme of the text is that state governments in the nineties are better able to govern than ever before but suffer the same kinds of problems inordinate interest group influence, partisanship, political stalemate that we have seen at the federal level.Governance and the Changing American States offers students an important and timely framework for viewing and assessing these changes in state government in the context of recent research on the impact of changing state politics and governing."--Provided by publisher.

This paper proposes a comprehensive research program for determining the epistemological foundations of analytic wargaming. Wargaming has been used in military, government, and private sectors for decades, with tens of millions of dollars spent annually on it. In light of the changing strategic circumstances of the twenty-first century, it has only become more popular. However, the epistemological foundations of the method are poorly understood. Many professional wargamers contend that wargaming is an "art" and thus unable to be systemically evaluated. Recent work by a small coterie of international relations scholars has contended that wargaming can be reconciled with social science, typically by evaluating wargaming according to experimental standards. However, this solution strips wargames of most of their unique features and cannot explain why some of the most prominent wargames in history produced meaningful results. In this paper, I argue that in the attempt to better understand wargaming's epistemology, scholars should begin by recognizing the prominent features of wargames and research each of these to determine if and how wargames produce rigorous knowledge. In making this argument, I identify five distinct "methodological machineries" of wargaming—the recurring processes through which wargames may produce knowledge—that distinguish wargaming from other social science methods: (i) they are representative, (ii) they feature consequential decisions made by human players, (iii) they are adjudicated, (iv) they are immersive, and (v) they are bespoke designs. I show how each of these machineries offers potential opportunities and dangers in the production of knowledge through the method of wargaming. In outlining these distinct features, I offer a clear and viable research program for epistemologists of wargaming.

Abstract
This paper proposes a comprehensive research program for determining the epistemological foundations of analytic wargaming. Wargaming has been used in military, government, and private sectors for decades, with tens of millions of dollars spent annually on it. In light of the changing strategic circumstances of the twenty-first century, it has only become more popular. However, the epistemological foundations of the method are poorly understood. Many professional wargamers contend that wargaming is an "art" and thus unable to be systemically evaluated. Recent work by a small coterie of international relations scholars has contended that wargaming can be reconciled with social science, typically by evaluating wargaming according to experimental standards. However, this solution strips wargames of most of their unique features and cannot explain why some of the most prominent wargames in history produced meaningful results. In this paper, I argue that in the attempt to better understand wargaming's epistemology, scholars should begin by recognizing the prominent features of wargames and research each of these to determine if and how wargames produce rigorous knowledge. In making this argument, I identify five distinct "methodological machineries" of wargaming—the recurring processes through which wargames may produce knowledge—that distinguish wargaming from other social science methods: (i) they are representative, (ii) they feature consequential decisions made by human players, (iii) they are adjudicated, (iv) they are immersive, and (v) they are bespoke designs. I show how each of these machineries offers potential opportunities and dangers in the production of knowledge through the method of wargaming. In outlining these distinct features, I offer a clear and viable research program for epistemologists of wargaming.