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In discussions of citizenship law and concepts of nationhood, Germany has served scholars as a paradigm of ethno-cultural exclusivity. Until recent legislative changes, Germany adhered to the ius sanguinus principle where citizenship is acquired almost exclusively through German ancestry. This paper focuses on the financial aid for the Jewish community and the special immigration rights for Soviet Jews. In addition, it discusses why such exceptions are not made for Turks who arrived as guest-workers in the 1960s. The case study analyses the reasons for differing local government support of the Jewish and Turkish communities in the capital city, Berlin. A series of interviews were conducted with influential city administrators and politicians and Jewish and Turkish leaders during the first half of 1999. This elite-centered approach sheds light on the motivations and the ways in which actors perceive and justify their actions in relation to minority policies. The main finding is that the notion of the imagined community which is used by German elites leads to an institutionalized inclusive-minded policy towards Jews, regardless of nationality, and limited integration help for Turks. ; In Diskussionen über das Staatsbürgerschaftsrecht und Nationalitätskonzepte diente Deutschland der Wissenschaft als Paradigma ethno-kultureller Exklusivität. Bis zu den jüngsten Änderungen in der Gesetzgebung folgte Deutschland dem Prinzip des jus sanguinus, nach welchem die Staatsbürgerschaft fast ausschließlich aufgrund deutscher Abstammung erworben wird. Das vorliegende Papier befaßt sich mit der finanziellen Förderung der jüdischen Gemeinde und den speziellen Einwanderungsrechten für sowjetische Juden. Ferner wird diskutiert, warum solche Ausnahmen nicht bei Türken gemacht werden, die in den 60er Jahren als Gastarbeiter einreisten und keine kulturellen oder historischen Verbindungen zu Deutschland geltend machen können. Die Fallstudie analysiert die Gründe für die Unterschiede in der Unterstützung der jüdischen und türkischen Gemeinden durch die kommunale Regierung in der Hauptstadt Berlin. Eine Reihe von Interviews mit einflußreichen städtischen Verwaltungsbeamten und Politikern sowie jüdischen und türkischen Gemeindevorsitzenden wurden im ersten Halbjahr 1999 durchgeführt. Dieser elitenorientierte Ansatz verdeutlicht die Motive und Formen, mit denen Akteure ihre Handlungen in bezug auf Minderheitenpolitik verstehen und rechtfertigen. Das Hauptergebnis der Studie ist, daß die Definition der deutschen "imaginären Gemeinde", wie er von den politischen Eliten benutzt wird, zu einer institutionalisierten Aufnahmepolitik gegenüber Juden ungeachtet ihrer Nationalität einerseits und zu begrenzter Integrationshilfe für Türken andererseits führt.

Abstract
Background Revision lumbar spine surgery via a posterior approach is more challenging than primary surgery because of epidural or perineural scar tissue. It demands more extensive removal of the posterior structures to confirm intact bony landmarks and could cause iatrogenic instability; therefore, fusion surgery is often added. However, adjacent segment disease after fusion surgery could be a problem, and further exposure of the posterior muscles could result in multiple operated back syndrome. To address these problems, we now perform transforaminal full-endoscopic spine surgery (TF-FES) as revision surgery in patients who have previously undergone posterior lumbar surgery. There have been several reports on the advantages of TF-FES, which include feasibility of local anesthesia, minimal invasiveness to posterior structures, and less scar tissue with fewer adhesions. In this study, we aim to assess the clinical outcomes of revision TF-FES and its advantages.
Methods We evaluated 48 consecutive patients with a history of posterior lumbar spine surgery who underwent revision TF-FES (at 60 levels) under local anesthesia. Intraoperative blood loss, operating time, and complication rate were evaluated. Postoperative outcomes were assessed using the modified Macnab criteria and visual analog scale (VAS) scores for leg pain, back pain, and leg numbness. We also compared the outcome of revision FES with that of primary FES.
Results Mean operating time was 70.5 ± 14.4 (52–106) minutes. Blood loss was unmeasurable. The clinical outcomes were rated as excellent at 16 levels (26.7%), good at 28 (46.7%), fair at 10 (16.7%), and poor at 6 (10.0%). The mean preoperative VAS score was 6.0 ± 2.6 for back pain, 6.8 ± 2.4 for leg pain, and 6.3 ± 2.8 for leg numbness. At the final follow-up, the mean postoperative VAS scores for leg pain, back pain, and leg numbness were 4.3 ± 2.5, 3.8 ± 2.6, and 4.6 ± 3.2, respectively. VAS scores for all three parameters were significantly improved (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in operating time, intraoperative blood loss, or the complication rate between revision FES and primary FES.
Conclusions Clinical outcomes of revision TF-FES in patients with a history of posterior lumbar spine surgery were acceptable (excellent and good in 73.4% of cases). TF-FES can preserve the posterior structures and avoid scar tissue and adhesions. Therefore, TF-FES could be an effective procedure for patients who have previously undergone posterior lumbar spine surgery.

A letter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Last year the United States proposed that the World Bank and other development banks distribute more grants to the world's poorest countries to help ease their long-term debt burdens. The United States recommended that grants replace up to half of all future lending. The proposal has been controversial because of its potential impact on the resources available to poor countries. The World Bank estimates that the proposal could reduce its resources by $100 billion during the next 40 years. A shift of multilateral loans to grants would reduce poor countries' debt burdens and increase their ability to repay future debt. The total financial loss to the World Bank of a 50-percent shift from loans to grants during the next 40 years would be $15.6 billion in present value terms. Financing the proposal through harder terms on the remaining loans to poor countries would reduce and potentially nullify any improvement to their debt sustainability arising from the 50-percent grants proposal. However, if donor contributions to the World Bank were to increase by 1.6 percent a year, which is less than the projected rate of inflation during the next 40 years, the World Bank could fully finance the 50-percent grants. GAO's projections on poor countries' future debt sustainability and the financial loss to the World Bank of the 50-percent grants proposal differ substantially from World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) projections. First, the World Bank and IMF project that all 10 countries will attain debt sustainability under the current debt relief initiative by assuming that the countries' future export growth rates will greatly exceed those achieved in the past. However, high export growth rates are unlikely because these countries rely on primary commodities, such as coffee and cotton, for a significant proportion of their export revenue and the prices of these commodities have trended downward. In addition, AIDS is expected to reduce the overall productivity of these countries. Second, the World Bank' methodology assumes that the value of a dollar received today will maintain the same value 40 years from now. However, after including the expected impact of inflation and the investment income that could accrue over time, GAO estimates the financial loss of the grants proposal to the World Bank is only $15.6 billion in present value terms."

Country origin of FDI in India manufacturing and its impact on productivity spillover -- Knowledge spillover mechanisms -- Implications of International harmonization of IPR on growth, TFP and welfare -- Determinants of R&D Behavior of Foreign Firms in India -- Foreign Direct Investments and Environmental Policies: A Meta-Analysis -- Innovation and competition in Indian medium and high technology industries -- Interplay of market structure and technological capabilities: Story of consumer electronics in India -- Push Factors of Outward FDI – A Cross Country Analysis of Developed and Developing Countries -- Aggregate Fluctuations and Technological Shocks: The Indian Case -- FDI, Labor Market, and Welfare: How Inequality Navigate Welfare Loss?.

The paper analyses the impact of age on the ranking of recorded popular songs in the Dutch Radio2 Top2000 chart in the years 1999-2013. We measure the competition between the loss of collective memory and nostalgia with respect to popular songs. Nostalgic feelings seem to be relevant to recorded songs with an age of 20-40 years. It is shown that the superstar status of the performing artist, the length of the recorded song, and the use of the domestic language (Dutch in our sample) as well as the debut ranking are predictors of the lifespan of a song in the chart.

Now in paperback, a concise guide to one of the bloodiest periods of medieval ChristendomThe first crusade was set in motion by Pope Urban II in 1095 and culminated in the capture of Jerusalem from the Muslims four years later. In 1291 the fall of Acre marked the loss of the last Christian enclave in the Holy Land. This guide traces the chronology of the Crusades between these two dates and highlights the most important figures on all sides of the conflict. It covers the creation of the kingdom of Jerusalem and the other crusader states and their struggle to survive. It looks

This book examines the cycle of the oil boom and the years that led up to it - from the rural and essentially backward nature of the country to the euphoria of 1973 when the Shah seriously talked of Iran reaching the Great Civilisation, where by the 1990s Iran would be the world's fifth power. And then finally through to the loss of control over expenditure, the cancellation of ambitious projects and eventual disillusionment with all the attendant problems of expectations and increased social and political tension. A comprehensive analysis of the system of government in Iran is provided in Par

The body is an emissary. We know little of our own feelings or the feelings of others, but that ignorance is mediated through our organ of touch, the skin. The term 'consensuality' stands for the co-presence of perceptions on the skin, which is the backcloth to sensation and thought. If the intelligence of the body is the basis of both sense and consent, consensuality also has to do with human relations based on the sense of touch, particularly the mother-child couple and the relation of desire, love and loss. This book touches on a range of cultural figures including Gide, Princess Diana, Kaf

Every year in the UK, hundreds of workers are killed just doing their jobs, thousands more die of illnesses caused by their work and tens of thousands suffer major injuries such as amputations, loss of sight, serious burns, and so on. Worldwide, two million people are killed by work each year. Yet with the exception of high profile cases such as the gas leak at Bhopal, India, which killed tens of thousands, this crime wave fails to, attract the interest of the politicians, the media or - least forgivably of all - the knowledge industry of criminology. This book is concerned with crimes against

This book examines the rationale as well as the feasibility of the negotiation of a WTO competition law agreement after the Cancun Ministerial Meeting. It particularly describes: . the "status quo" of divergent national competition law regimes; . the trade and competition policy relationship; . the role of competition policy and law in the context of globalization and trade liberalization; . the global welfare losses resulting from trade-competition interrelationship problems; . the efficacy of extraterritorial enforcement of national competition law; . bilateral and regional cooperation; . legal approaches to the creation of international competition law; . competition-related provisions in the WTO agreements; and . the main content of a WTO framework agreement

Despite acknowledgment that loss of living diversity is an international biological crisis, the ecological causes and consequences of extinction have not yet been widely addressed. In honor of Edward O. Wilson, winner of the 1993 International Prize for Biology, an international group of distinguished biologists bring ecological, evolutionary, and management perspectives to the issue of biodiversity. The roles of ecosystem processes, community structure and population dynamics are considered in this book. The goal, as Wilson writes in his introduction, is "to assemble concepts that unite the disciplines of systematics and ecology, and in so doing to create a sound scientific basis for the future management of biodiversity

This book provides a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach to addressing geohazards, with topics such as social vulnerability reduction, risk prevention, institutional preparedness, and community resilience. It also introduces new technologies to study geohazards, which is important since geohazards have caused many casualties, economic losses, and damage to cultural heritage throughout human history. Despite this, the culture of risk prevention is not yet widespread, so Disaster Risk Reduction activities must focus on increasing capacities, strategies, and action plans for prevention and preparedness in local communities.

Cover -- Title Page -- Contents -- THE CONTRIBUTORS -- INTRODUCTION -- CHAPTER 1: WHAT IS LONG COVID? -- CHAPTER 2: MANAGING FATIGUE -- CHAPTER 3: MANAGING BREATHLESSNESS -- CHAPTER 4: SLEEP AND LONG COVID -- CHAPTER 5: RETURN TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY -- CHAPTER 6: PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- CHAPTER 7: MANAGING LOSS OF SMELL -- CHAPTER 8: OTHER LONG COVID SYMPTOMS -- CHAPTER 9: RETURN TO WORK -- APPENDIX 1: REVIEWING YOUR JOB PRIOR TO RETURN TO WORK -- APPENDIX 2: RETURN TO WORK PLAN -- APPENDIX 3: INVESTIGATIONS -- REFERENCES AND RESOURCES -- ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- eCopyright.

Under the Trump administration, inconvenient evidence has been ignored, experts have been sidelined and analysis has been used to obscure facts, rather than inform the public. The results have included haphazard and incoherent policy, social division, defeats in court, a demoralized federal workforce, and a loss of faith in government's ability to respond to the pressing problems facing American society. 'Reviving Rationality' explains how Donald Trump destabilized the decades-long bipartisan consensus that federal agencies must base their decisions on evidence, expertise and analysis.