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Research on bail practices has shown that most of the people are in jail because of their inability to pay bail set by the court. A 2016 study by the Vera Institute of Justice concluded that the use of the cash bail system disproportionately impacts poor black people in Orleans Parish Prison, the entity that serves as the principal driver of the mass incarceration. With a focus on poor black people in Orleans Parish Prison, the experiences of the impact of the cash bail system on poor black women are still missing. Using semi-structured interviews and qualitative method of data analysis, this research draws from critical criminology, feminist criminology, and intersectionality theory to examine ways in which the current cash bail system criminalizes poor black women in Orleans Parish. This research has explored actions taken to address the exploitation by the local courts and bail bond agencies. It has also discussed how the intersection of race, gender, and class increases the vulnerability of those already marginalized. Further, I have analyzed through participants' experiences of how they have been impacted economically and socially by the cash bail system. This study found that there is a direct relationship between the bail amount, economic situation, and the length of stay of black women in jail. Additionally, participants reported the following as some of the consequences of incarceration due to their inability to post the required bail: loss of jobs, loss of government benefits, and family dis-unification.

Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) is a type of hearing disorder which is challenging for assessment and rehabilitation. This disorder has been studied over a decade and prevalence of the disorder is variable. The study aimed at estimating the prevalence and audiological characteristics of ANSD in children. A retrospective study was conducted from the medical records of pediatric patients evaluated at Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital and Madras Medical College, Chennai to estimate the prevalence of ANSD. Medical records of 2,624 children evaluated during the period of November 2010 to October 2012 within the age range of 6 months to 12 years were analyzed. Out of 2,624 pediatric population assessed 217 (8.26 %) of them had unilateral or bilateral sensory neural hearing loss with varying degrees. Out of 217 children with sensory neural hearing loss 5.06 % (N = 11) had ANSD. Audiological characteristics varied among the group. Children with ANSD had varied degree of hearing thresholds from normal to profound hearing impairment. All of them had 'A' type tympanogram with absent stapedial reflexes. DPOAEs or TEOAEs were observed in 54 % of population with ANSD. All of them had abnormal auditory brainstem responses (ABR). Replicable cochlear microphonics was observed in 46 % of children with ANSD. These results indicate that ANSD is not a rare condition among children and we emphasize the use of objective tests like tympanometry, Stapedial Reflex test, otoacoustic emissions and ABR in routine hearing assessment procedure for all children to identify ANSD.

В статье осуществлено обоснование необходимости повышения энергоэффективности нефтегазового комплекса России в контексте перехода к устойчивому развитию, показаны основные эколого-экономические проблемы его развития и роль повышения энергоэффективности в их решении. Для этого проанализирована роль нефтегазового комплекса в воспроизводстве энергии, выделены основные этапы воспроизводства энергетических ресурсов, характеризующиеся ее потерями, уточнено место нефтегазового комплекса в сокращении этих потерь. Проанализированы основные документы и подходы, обеспечивающие регулирование процесса повышения энергоэффективности в странах Европейского Союза, определены основные понятия энергоэффективности, выделены основные принципы такого регулирования и их применимость к нефтегазовому комплексу России. На основе проведенного исследования обоснована необходимость их внедрения в российскую практику экологизации и повышения энергоэффективности нефтегазового комплекса. ; Substantiation in the article need to improve the efficiency of oil and gas complex of Russia in the context of the transition to sustainable development, showing major ecological and economic problems of its development and the role of energy efficiency in their decision. To do this, examine the role of oil and gas complex in the reproduction of energy, highlights the main stages in the production of energy resources, with its losses, explained the place of oil and gas complex in reducing these losses. Analyzed the main instruments and approaches to management of energy efficiency in the European Union, defines key concepts of energy efficiency, are the basic principles of this regulation and their applicability to the oil and gas complex of Russia. On the basis of the study the necessity of incorporating them in the Russian practice of greening and improving the energy efficiency of oil and gas complex.

My Father's House–The Idle Years is an autobiographical novel by Orhan Kemal, one of the giants of Turkish literature. The novel's explicit focus is on a boy who grows up pursuing self-realization in a working-class atmosphere. The story takes place during a period of abrupt transformation when the Republic of Turkey, newly born out of the ashes of the collapsed Ottoman Empire, is adapting to oppressive conditions introduced by a burgeoning capitalism. Scholarship on Orhan Kemal has extensively uncovered and charted his socialist realism and unorthodox look at the history of Turkey, but it has not concerned itself enough with the issue of masculinity, which is an indisputable part of Kemal's view of labour and political power. This paper is an initial attempt to approach Kemal's autobiographical novels with theories of masculinity. I argue that My Father's House–The Idle Years explores rites of passages into manhood in what can be referred to as a crisis of imperial loss: the boy grows in an attempt to restore his father's victimized manhood, in a symbolic parallel to the transformation of the disintegrated Ottoman Empire into self-governed nation-states. Kemal handles the loss metaphorically, using the instability generated by the gender anxieties of a young boy who fails to be like his father to represent the instability generated by the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire. I examine My Father's House–The Idle Years as the Oedipalized story of post-Ottoman Turkey.

Amidst growing concern about both nutrition and food safety, anxiety about a loss of everyday cooking skills is a common part of public discourse. Within both the media and academia, it is widely perceived that there has been an erosion of the skills held by previous generations with the development of convenience foods and kitchen technologies cited as culpable in 'deskilling' current and future generations. These discourses are paralleled in policy concerns, where the incidence of indigenous food-borne disease in the UK has led to the emergence of an understanding of consumer behaviour, within the food industry and among food scientists, based on assumptions about consumer 'ignorance' and poor food hygiene knowledge and cooking skills. These assumptions are accompanied by perceptions of a loss of 'common-sense' understandings about the spoilage and storage characteristics of food, supposedly characteristic of earlier generations. The complexity of cooking skills immediately invites closer attention to discourses of their assumed decline. This paper draws upon early findings from a current qualitative research project which focuses on patterns of continuity and change in families' domestic kitchen practices across three generations. Drawing mainly upon two family case studies, the data presented problematise assumptions that earlier generations were paragons of virtue in the context of both food hygiene and cooking. In taking a broader, life-course perspective, we highlight the absence of linearity in participants' engagement with cooking as they move between different transitional points throughout the life-course.

I review the literature on the economic impacts of climate change, an externality that is unprecedentedly large, complex, and uncertain. Only 14 estimates of the total damage cost of climate change have been published, a research effort that is in sharp contrast to the urgency of the public debate and the proposed expenditure on greenhouse gas emission reduction. These estimates show that climate change initially improves economic welfare. However, these benefits are sunk. Impacts would be predominantly negative later in the century. Global average impacts would be comparable to the welfare loss of a few percent of income, but substantially higher in poor countries. There are over 200 estimates of the marginal damage cost of carbon dioxide emissions. The uncertainty about the social cost of carbon is large and right-skewed. For a standard discount rate, the expected value $50/tC, which is much lower than the price of carbon in the European Union but much higher than the price of carbon elsewhere. Current estimates of the damage costs of climate change are incomplete, with positive and negative biases. Most important among the missing impacts are the indirect effects of climate change on economic development, large scale biodiversity loss, low probability - high impact scenarios, the impact of climate change on violent conflict, and the impacts of climate change beyond 2100. From a welfare perspective, the impact of climate change is problematic because population is endogenous, and because policy analyses should separate impatience, risk aversion, and inequity aversion between and within countries.

The Central and State Governments in India have actively
intervened in redefining land use pattern, often to the detriment of the
peasant cultivators. In most situations, the real beneficiaries were the
speculators, developers, builders, bureaucrats, and the planning and
executing body. The case of New Bombay is a classic example of state
intervention that completely redefined the relationship between land and
peasant-cultivators. The New Bombay project acquired large amounts of
agricultural and saltpan land from peasants in 95 villages for meagre
cash compensation. The objective of the paper is to trace the origin of
the idea-for the creation of New Bombay and a port to attract people and
industry so as to decongest Bombay-and assess the condition of peasants
who had lost land to the project. The study shows that the port, like
most other modem industrial projects, seriously undermined the economic
position of a large number of households. The small and marginal farmers
and the fishermen were seriously affected due to others' land
acquisition and their own loss of access to the sea, as well as denial
of employment in the project. The project also failed to assess the
skills and capacities of the affected people and facilitate them to
engage in alternative productive activities. Women were productively
engaged in agriculture, saltpan- and fishing-related activities in the
affected villages. The loss of land and access to the sea have led to a
greater degree of pauperisation of women, and increasingly confined them
to the margins of the labour market.

A substantial body of research is now to hand to show that there has been a significant 'drift' of manufacturing industry away from the older conurbations in general and the inner areas of the great cities in particular. Most of the work that has come to light more recently on metropolitan industrial change seems to point to the dominance of some form of 'net shift' process. In this, the outer areas benefit both from their own growth momentum and from their propensity to attract more mobile industry. While, for the inner areas by contrast, the absence of growth momentum produces a differential shift in relative and often absolute growth rates. In the paper, Merseyside, in many ways a special and extreme case, is subjected to components of change analysis for the period 1966-75. This indicates that although the physical closure of factories was the dominant force for employment loss there was also a significant shrinkage in the workforce of surviving plants. Such was the scale of employment losses for the inner area that clear tendencies toward growth in outer suburban areas were neutralised. The paper reviews the implications of the analysis for current government policy for inner areas. While much of this is directed toward incentives for small indigenous firms it shows that the real key to the future prospects for the economic base of inner Merseyside and for its manufacturing job creation potential lies with the fortunes of a small number of companies and with their decisions on the future deployment of corporate resources.

Cover -- About the Author -- Also from Visible Ink Press -- Photo Sources -- Table of Contents -- Introduction -- The Formation of the United States -- The U.S. Constitution -- Federalism -- The Legislative Branch -- The Executive Branch -- Historic Presidents -- The Judicial Branch -- The Term -- Processes -- Personnel -- Law Clerks -- Reforms -- Historic Justices -- The Bill of Rights -- The First Amendment -- The Second Amendment -- The Third Amendment -- The Fifth Amendment -- The Sixth Amendment -- The Seventh Amendment -- The Eighth Amendment -- The Ninth Amendment -- The Tenth Amendment -- State and Local Governments -- The Civil Rights Movement -- Beginnings -- Alabama -- Mississippi -- Citizens' Rights and Responsibilities -- Serving on a Jury -- Voting -- Education -- Security from Removal -- How to Obtain Citizenship -- Asylum -- Deportation -- Further Reading -- Index.

Cover -- Contents -- List of Illustrations -- General Editor's Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction Tom Brooking and Todd M. Thompson -- 1 Sovereignty John E. Martin -- 2 Liberty and the Rule of Law Andrew Geddis -- 3 The Common Good Frank Bongiorno -- 4 Economic and Social Democracy Andrew Sartori -- 5 Religion and the Principles of Political Obligation Colin Barr and Eugenio F. Biagini -- 6 Citizenship and Gender Laura E. Nym Mayhall -- 7 Ethnicity, Race, and Nationalism Joshua D. Smith, Tom Brooking, and Todd M. Thompson -- 8 Democratic Crises, Revolutions, and Civil Resistance Aishwary Kumar -- 9 International Relations Michelle Tusan -- 10 Beyond the Polis Jim McAloon -- Notes -- References -- Notes on Contributors -- Index.

Studying the life situations of trans persons reveals preceding and ongoing political, societal and cultural transformations. This ethnographic study concerns individuals in Andalusia, Southern Spain, who do not fit the sex and gender assigned to them at birth. Christoph Imhof thus investigates issues leading back to the repressive situation during the dictatorship of Franco and to contemporary endeavours and achievements regarding acceptance, citizenship and self-determination. He highlights the pioneering role that Andalusia has played within Spain regarding trans issues since the late 1990s and shows how trans persons in Southern Spain have experienced the growing social, medical and legal acceptance of their gender non-conformity.

Studying the life situations of trans persons reveals preceding and ongoing political, societal and cultural transformations. This ethnographic study concerns individuals in Andalusia, Southern Spain, who do not fit the sex and gender assigned to them at birth. The author thus investigates issues leading back to the repressive situation during the dictatorship of Franco and to contemporary endeavours and achievements regarding acceptance, citizenship and self-determination. He highlights the pioneering role that Andalusia has played within Spain regarding trans issues since the late 1990s and shows how trans persons in Southern Spain have experienced the growing social, medical and legal acceptance of their gender non-conformity.

Part 1. Understanding the rise of prepping in the global city of New York -- "Ready.Gov" versus "ready without gov": prepping for disaster -- New York marks the spot: living on the x -- Popular entertainment: preppers as characters and as consumers -- Part 2. Prepping in New York: going it alone or going together -- Bugging in: sheltering in place for the extremely wealthy and mere mortals -- Bugging out: strategic relocation and strategic packing -- Part 3. Urban prepping and symbolic interaction -- New York prepper's network's mission and organizational structure -- Toughing it out on the weekend -- Dodging a bullet -- Part 4. Urban prepping as a new reflection of citizenship -- Future directions for New York City prepping.

Introduction. The four deaths of Henry Williams : constructing racial narratives in the Pacific Northwest / Robert Bauman -- The ties that bind : Native Peoples in the mid-Columbia / Thomas E. Marceau -- "What is an American?" The Yamauchi family, race and citizenship in World War II Tri-Cities / Robert Bauman -- African-American migration to Hanford during World War II / Robert Franklin -- "To better my condition:" African-American women in the Tri-Cities, 1940-1970 / Laura Arata -- The Birmingham of Washington : African-American civil rights efforts in the Tri-Cities / Robert Franklin and Robert Bauman -- Latinos and the continuing significance of race in the Tri-Cities / Robert Bauman and Robert Franklin -- Oral histories / Ellenor Moore, Wally Webster.