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State compliance with EU Law is crucial to the very existence of the Union. Traditionally, it has been secured through a combination of strong "private" and of weak "centralized" enforcement. However, this arrangement is no longer perceived to be sufficient. By endowing the Union with new tools vis-à-vis its Member States - penalties, conditionality, and the like - current reforms try to complement symbolic sanctioning with real "consequences". The goal is to reinforce the authority of EU Law. In this article, we question whether the new toolbox is fit for the purpose, or whether it risks to produce adverse effects which might even go as far as upsetting the Union's constitutional template.

1. Introduction -- 2. Why should we speak of equality? -- 3. Why do we value basic equality? -- 4. The scope of basic equality -- 5. Basic equality and other values -- 6. Denying basic equality -- 7. Discrimination and culture -- 8. Equality's law -- 9. Basic equality and different treatment -- 10. Affirmative action.

Enron. Worldcom. Adelphia. Global Crossing. Tyco. Corporate scandals have made the front pages. Congress has gotten in the act. Members have held numerous hearings, given speeches, and, ultimately, passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") has been busy writing regulations and leaning on the stock exchanges to modify their listing requirements, all in order to restore "investor confidence." Federal prosecutors have indicted executives of Enron, Worldcom, and Adelphia and their minions in the auditing and investment banking industries. State officials have also been active. Several states have passed statutes that resemble or go beyond the strictures of Sarbanes-Oxley. Robert Morgenthau, the Manhattan District Attorney, has indicted the CEO and other officers of Tyco. And New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzer has vastly increased his political standing by taking on the brokerage houses, perhaps following in the footsteps of Rudolf Giuliani, another renowned prosecutor of corporate criminals. The leaders of corporate America have been galvanized to action, forming committees and task forces, issuing reports, and giving speeches. But where has Delaware been through all this? No bills have been introduced in Delaware's legislature; no hearings held by its committees; its law enforcement agents have taken no action; and its executives have stayed mum. How is it that Delaware-the home of what has long been viewed as the de facto national corporate law-has sat on the sidelines?

Digitalisierung und Europäisierung verkörpern die zentralen Herausforderungen für eine moderne Regulierung von Glücksspielen in Deutschland. Durch den Einfluss des EU-Rechts ist es in den letzten Jahren immer wieder zu Diskussionen gekommen, ob der deutsche Regulierungsrahmen noch den Anforderungen, die sich aus dem Binnenmarktprogramm der EU ergeben, entspricht. Auch die Verlagerung des Glücksspiels auf digitale Spielformate fordert den staatlichen Regulierungsauftrag heraus. Beide Phänomene werden in dem Band eingehend analysiert. Die Beiträge zeigen, dass der deutsche Regulierungsrahmen wenig zukunftsfest und kaum in der Lage ist, die unterschiedlichen Erwartungen und Bedürfnisse miteinander in Einklang zu bringen. Vor dem Hintergrund dieser Analysen werden verschiedene Reformoptionen und -zwänge aufgezeigt.InhaltsübersichtJörg Philipp Terhechte: Einleitung: Europäisierung und digitaler Wandel als Herausforderungen der deutschen Glücksspielregulierung I. Aktuelle Herausforderungen der Glücksspielregulierung in Deutschland Tilman Becker: Auf dem Weg zu einer konsistenten Glücksspielregulierung – Gregor Kirchhof: Entscheidungsstrukturen im Glücksspielrecht – Glucksspielkollegium – Urs Tabbert: »Antagonist und Antreiber«: Die Rolle der Justiz in der Glücksspielregulierung am Beispiel des Sportwettenmonopols II. Reformen in Tschechien und den Niederlanden als Vorbild? Pavel Hamerník: The new Czech gambling regulation in force since 2017 – Alan Littler: Reform of the Dutch Gambling Market III. Europarechtliche Vorgaben für die Regulierung von Glücksspielen Thomas Wein: Europäischer Wettbewerb und nationale Glücksspielmonopole – Politökonomische Lösungsansätze – Walther Michl: Die Kompetenz der EU zur Regulierung des Online-Glücksspiels – Jörg Philipp Terhechte: Die unionsrechtliche Überformung mitgliedstaatlicher Darlegungs- und Beweislastregeln am Beispiel des Glücksspielrechts IV. Digitaler Wandel als Herausforderung für die Glücksspielregulierung Sven Jung/Jan Kleibrink/Bernhard Köster: Die Digitalisierung des Glücksspiels – Robert Schippel: Online-Glücksspielrecht

The theme of coordination between different principles and values is becoming central to contemporary international law. This is because the latter has become a broad and complex legal system and is going through a phase of profound transformation. This also implies a paradigmatic and ideological change of the international legal order, which tends to shift from a law of rules to a law of values. In this transition phase, conflicts occur especially between the principles of 'old' international law and the principles of 'new' international law. In this paper it is claimed that, in international law, three different methods are used to try to resolve the antinomies between conflicting principles: a) a 'traditional positivist' method; b) a 'modern positivist' method; c) a 'value-based' method. These three methods are strictly linked to three different conceptions on the sources of general international law and on the means for identification of that law. This article examines separately the three methods and the practical results to which they arrive, using as a main example the conflict between principles on international immunities and principles on fundamental human rights. The conclusion is that the interpreter should today avoid the 'traditional positivist' method, because it is now unsuitable for the reality of contemporary international law. Instead, he should use both the 'modern positivist' method and the 'value-based' method, coordinating them among themselves.
Keywords: Conflicting Principles, Antinomies, Sources of International Law, Jus Cogens, Immunities, Fundamental Human Rights, Access to Justice, Balancing

The Bennett article takes us back to 1997 and reviews key legislators, regulations and judicial developments in Medicare, antitrust, tax and ERISA, all of which greatly impact the practice of health law.