Suchergebnisse

В статье рассматриваются вопросы влияния постмодернистской философии на российские гумани-тарные науки. Применение постмодернистских методов в науке приводит к тому, что исчезает ключевое звено науки - объективность исследований. Авторы постмодернистских текстов стремятся к утверждению своего мнения под видом научного вывода, что ставит под угрозу ценность гуманитарных исследований как таковых. Важной задачей философии науки и культуры становится ограничение влияния постмодернизма. ; At the beginning of the 21 st century postmodernism took a significant place in art and science of western countries and has a remarkable impact on spiritual life of peoples all over the world. The historical science is still relevant. In consequence of political acuteness it undergoes constant power pressure. In the second half of the 20 th century the postmodern ideas were found to be in demand. Postmodernists accomplished transition from political equality of people to leveling their views on truth. Various historical schools, such as anthropological, micro-historical and others came into being. In Russia the philosophy of postmodernist research became popular. Home authors ignored western schools, where history is presented as the history of events. They focused on the use of free explanations of history and politics, where it is more important to express one's own ideas than look for truth. The carried out critical analysis shows that postmodernist approaches exacerbate crisis in humanities research. Its overcoming is connected with deideologization of humanities, support of philosophical and logical truth criteria and the use of integral methodological approaches that can unify various fields of humanities knowledge.

Los análisis iniciales sobre la realidad del trabajador, el sindicalismo y en general el movimiento obrero en España, surgieron en el contexto del publicismo sobre la cuestión social. Sin embargo, más allá del debate doctrinal, los mejores estudios partieron de la naciente sociología y de la propia historia de algunos militantes y dirigentes del movimiento. En el primer caso, al lado de disciplinas como la antropología y la criminología, hubo un fundamental esfuerzo por el conocimiento de sus condiciones de vida y trabajo, con una decidida apuesta por el reformismo legislativo. A la historia militante, en cambio, le costó romper con la concepción idealista e interclasista de la historia liberal del momento, pero su conocimiento concreto del mundo obrero y de los militantes, la convirtieron en insustituible.AbstractInitial analysis of the reality of workers, unions and the labor movement in general in Spain, arose in the context of the question social publicism. However, beyond the doctrinal debate, the top left of the emerging studies sociology and the history of some members and leaders of the movement. In the first case, next to disciplines such as anthropology and criminology, there was a major effort by knowledge of their living and working conditions, with a strong commitment to legislative reformism. A militant history, however, cost him his break with the idealist and interclass liberal history of the moment, but its specific knowledge of the working world and the militants, became irreplaceable.

В последние годы в экономически развитых странах мира отмечается значительное увеличение интереса к истории науки, техники, естествознания, медицины, фармации, что сопровождается обоснованным вниманием к преподаванию этих дисциплин. Зарубежные специалисты связывают научные, технические успехи США, Японии, Австралии, большинства стран Европейского Союза с широкой общей и профессиональной культурой специалистов, одним из элементов которой является знакомство с историей формирования научного потенциала в той или иной области знания. Следствием данных процессов явились изменения в методологии исследований, более активное использование науковедческих методов изучения процессов формирования научно-технического потенциала, направленных на формализацию, оценку и анализ полученных знаний (статистические, квалиметрические методы) и т. д. Многоаспектность истории фармации обусловлена комплексным содержанием понятия «фармация». ; In recent years in economically developed countries of the world significant increase in interest to history of science, equipment, natural sciences, medicine, pharmacy that is accompanied by reasonable attention to teaching of these disciplines is noted. Foreign experts connect scientific, technical successes of the USA, Japan, Australia, the majority of the countries of the European Union with broad general and professional culture of the experts, one of which elements acquaintance to history of formation of scientific potential in this or that area of knowledge is. Consequence of these processes were changes in methodology of researches, more active use of sciencemetrics methods of studying of processes of formation of the scientific and technical potential, directed on formalization, an assessment and the analysis of the received knowledge (statistical, qualimetrical methods), etc. Multiple aspects of history of pharmacy is caused by the complex content of the concept "pharmacy".

The Gathering: Collected Oral Histories of the Irish in Montana is a long term oral history research project, conducting interviews of volunteer subjects. These interviews provided the basis for Remembering Beneath The Big Sky or Ag Cuimhneamh Siar Faoin Spéir Mhór, a catalog of brief overviews, which was composed by Project Director Dr. Bernadette Sweeney, Sandra Williamson, and myself during fall semester of 2011. The overviews were pulled directly from the interviews, allowing quick reference to each interview's themes. The catalog provides a creatively written narrative, to exemplify the contents of the individual interviews, and the information collected from the project as a whole. Contained in these interviews are stories of love, homesteads, ranching, mining, farming, immigration, emigration, legends, myths, politics, society, and personal history. Sandra Williamson's goal is to use the project as a model to develop an educational curriculum for young people to record the histories of their community members by interviewing their elders while attending high school, allowing the project to have a deeper impact both in their individual lives, and in the community at large. I find the most interesting revelation to be the connectivity of our world, as Montanans discuss events in Ireland, and subjects in Ireland speak of events in Montana, which was made readily apparent as I read through indexes and transcripts, as well as listened to interviews to compose the overviews of the catalog. In both instances, the project allows for the preservation of our history, which would otherwise be lost.

El artículo busca tratar las revueltas en el mundo árabe desde una mirada crítica hacia las lecturas que han instaurado analogías entre éstas y las Revoluciones europeas de 1989 - 1990 y entre éstas y la Revolución iraní de 1979. Sostenemos que dichas lecturas presentan un modo de análisis históríco que Foucault denominara "historia global" y que se caracterizan por buscar continuidades en la historia. Asi, la critica apunta a los dos "espíritus" de la historia que han enarbolado estos relatos: la democracia liberal y la amenaza islámica. El objetivo es, a través del análisis de las revoluciones europeas de 1989·1990 y de la Revolución Islámica de 1979 establecer posibles comparaciones -con las actuales revueltas árabes. ; This paper seeks to analyze the revolts in the Arab world from a point of view that challenges the interpretation that has established analogies between them and the European Revolutions that took place between 1989 and 1990, and between the latter and the Iranian Revolution of 1979. We hold that such interpretations are instances of a type of historical analysis which Foucault called "total history", which aims at finding continuities in history. Thus, the critical activity focuses on how the two "spirits" of history which have made use of these accounts: liberal democracy and the Islamic threat. Our goal is to analyze the European revolutions of 1989-1990 and the 1979 Islamic Revolution in order to establish possible comparisons with the current Arab revolts. ; Sección Estudios. ; Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales (IRI)

Historians of Europe often declare that Spain is "different." This distinctiveness of the Iberian peninsula has many faces and is frequently seen as rooted in its Islamic past. In the field of Islamic history, too, al-Andalus is somewhat different. It has its own specialists, research traditions, controversies, and trends. One of the salient features of historical studies of al-Andalus as well as of its popular image is the great interest in its interreligious dimension. In 2002, María Rosa Menocal published The Ornament of the World, one of the rare books on Islamic history written by an academic that enjoyed and still enjoys a tremendous popularity among nonspecialist readers. The book surveys intersections of Islamic, Jewish, and Christian elite culture, mostly in Arabic, Hebrew, and Latin literature and in architecture, from the Muslim conquest of the Iberian peninsula in 711 to the fall of Granada in 1492. Menocal presents the religious diversity commonly referred to as convivencia as one of the defining features of Andalusi intellectual and artistic productivity. She also argues that the narrow-minded forces that brought about its end were external, pointing to the Almoravids and Almohads from North Africa and Christians from north of the peninsula as responsible. The book's subtitle, How Muslims, Jews, and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain, conjures the community of Abrahamic faiths. It reflects the optimism of those who identify in Andalusi history a model for a constructive relationship between "Islam" and "the West" that in the age of the "war on terror" many are desperate to find.

PurposeThis paper aims to present the first results of research in progress on the history of candy, which reveals the children's gourmand culture since the Renaissance. It is a matter of showing the links between children and sweetness and how sweetness is entered, under the name of "candy", in children's culture.Design/methodology/approachThe study is conducted with historical methods. It is based on sources on the community of pharmacists, confectioners, grocers, confectioners' advertising, and an approach using historical lexicography, general literary sources, children's literature, and childhood memories in autobiographies.FindingsThe paper proves how the word "bonbon" was born in France at the beginning of the seventeenth century to signify the link between candies and childhood. The study shows how confectioners appeared and became organised and it is a surprise to discover that they did not use the word "bonbon" for their candies and pralines. One has to wait until the end of the eighteenth century before the confectionary market designates children as its main target. But the texts and the first moral tales of children's literature show that during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries "bonbons" belong to the children's material world, such as toys, and that adults were glad to give them candies as a present.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is limited to France and does not analyse the contemporary period.Originality/valueThe study is very new: any scientific enquiry has been conducted on the history of candy in children's culture and on the history of the confectioner trade.

Los movimientos historiográficos de la segunda mitad del siglo XX han tenido como característica fundamental la inclusión de actores históricos "no tradicionales", entendiendo por tales, aquellos sujetos que no ocuparon espacios de poder en las esferas política y económica. Una vez culminada la Segunda Guerra Mundial, los historiadores se replantearon las perspectivas y los enfoques de reconstrucción de los procesos históricos. Reflexionaremos sobre este fenómeno, reconociendo sus contribuciones fundamentales: la creación de un nuevo género historiográfico, la historia social y la ampliación y profundización del conocimiento de la vida cotidiana de las sociedades desde la mirada de los "hombres corrientes". Pero también, advertiremos sobre uno de los peligros que podría suponer para la disciplina histórica la exclusión de la historia política y de sus protagonistas. ; Historiographic movements during the second half of the twentieth century witnessed the emergence of "non-traditional" historic agents. By that, we refer to people who had no prominent positions within political and economical circles. After Second World War, the perspectives and approaches to reconstruct historical processes were reconsidered by historians. We will reflect on this phenomenon recognizing its main contributions: the creation of a new historiographic discipline, social history, and a wider and deeper understanding of day-to-day life from the point of view of the "common man". Moreover, we will focus our analysis on the risks that the exclusion of political history and its historic agents could entail to history as a discipline. ; yepsalyh@hotmail.com

The article is devoted to philosophical and educational problems of knowing the universal context of civilization's development and determining the main priorities of personality's education in the new era. The different forms of world's cognition (imagination, fantasy, dream, intuition etc.) enable "looking into tomorrow" and creating the image of the future, analog of which a human history have never had. Anticipation of possible contours or creation of a new history is possible only on the base of universal experience, one's cultural tradition, and the lessons of world and national history, universal values, elaborated during civilization's development. The new philosophy of education's priority is the Personality in her/his value dimension. Education, culture, literature, art, religion, morality, political education etc. have to overcome one of the totalitarian society's consequences, i.e. disrespectful attitude to Personality in Ukraine. ; Стаття присвячена філософсько-освітнім проблемам освоєння загальнолюдського контексту розвитку цивілізації та виокремленню основних пріоритетів навчання і виховання людини нової епохи. Різні форми освоєння світу, такі як уява, фантазія, мрія, інтуїція тощо, дозволяють "зазирнути в замежжя завтрашнього дня", сформувати образ майбутнього, аналога якого історія ще не мала. Прогноз можливих контурів майбутнього або нове історичне творення має розгортатись з урахуванням загальноцивілізаційного досвіду, надбань власної культурної традиції, уроків світової і національної історії, базуватись на цінностях, вироблених в процесі цивілізаційного розвитку. Пріоритетом нової філософії освіти постає Людина в її ціннісному вимірі. Подолати зневажливе ставлення до Людини, що залишилось в Україні у спадок від тоталітарного суспільства, покликані освіта, культура, література, мистецтво, релігія, мораль, політичне виховання тощо.

La mer a toujours ete battue par deux grands vents contraires: le vent du large, qui souffle vers la terre, est celui de la liberri; le vent de la terre vers le large est porteur des souverainetes. Le droit de la mer s'est toujours trouve au coeur de leurs affrontements.The history of international law since the Peace of Westphalia is in significant measure an account of the territorial temptation. The bonds of family, clan, tribe, nation, and faith; the need to explore, to trade, and to migrate; the hope for broader cooperation to confront common challenges—all in time came to be subordinated in the international legal order to the insistent quest for supremacy of the territorial state. At least in theory. At least on land.The sea yields a different story. It wasn't always so. And perhaps it isn't necessarily so. But in fact the law of the land and the law of the sea developed in very different ways. If the history of the international law of the land can be characterized by the progressive triumph of the territorial temptation, the history of the international law of the sea can be characterized by the obverse; namely, the progressive triumph of Grotius's thesis of mare liberum and its concomitant prohibition on claims of territorial sovereignty. That triumph reflected not only the transitory nature of human activity at sea, but a rational conclusion that the interests of states in unrestricted access to the rest of the world outweighed their interests in restricting the access of others at sea.

SUMMARY:
Sergei Digol explores public memory of Soviet deportations from the left-bank Moldova (Transdnistria) in 1949. This breakaway part of today's Moldova was part of the Soviet Union in the interwar period with the status of an autonomous republic within the Ukrainian SSR. During the Soviet period, historians were mostly preoccupied in deportations from the right-bank Moldova (Bessarabia), which was seen as a necessary tool for the construction and consolidation of Soviet power in the region. Post-Soviet historians also treat the deportations of 1949 in the context of the Stalinist regime's drive to collectivize agriculture in the newly acquired territories. Historians who insist on the independence of Moldovan history and those who see Moldovan history as part of a common Romanian history are in agreement on the reasons for the deportations. According to Digol, part of the reason for the deportations should be sought in the desire to transform the ethnic composition of the population during the World War II and the perceived danger that the "bourgeois-nationalist kulaks" posed to the re-establishment of Soviet power. Correspondingly, the 1949 deportations from left-bank Moldova represented an ethnic and social cleansing of the population. The industrialization of left-bank Moldova ( Pridnestrov'e or Transistria ) and the ensuing migration into the region largely erased significant public memory of the deportations, whereas memory of the 1949 deportations remains strong in the right-bank. The current political division of Moldova largely precludes the "return" of broad public memory of the 1949 deportations.

In the 1950s, the Era of the Great Depression, archaeology in the United States enjoyed an enormous boost, both in the substance of its findings on the Precolumbian past and in the development of its methods and proce­dures. Edwin A. Lyon has laid out the story of all this in a book that is a major contribution to the history of the archaeological discipline in this country.The context of this story is in the American South, most specifically the Southeastern United States, or the 'Old South', that part of the country that was the heart of the Confederacy; and it is important to remember that the South has had a history significantly separate and distinct from that of the rest of the nation. This separateness, rooted in its plantation economy and the associated institution of slavery, was further fostered by the Civil War and its aftermath of hardships. These hardships lasted until the 1930s and the economic depression when they began to be ameliorated by the Rooseveltian political and socioeconomic measures known collectively as the'New Deal' . The policies of the New Deal began those transformations which continued through World War II and beyond. Crucial to these transformations were the building of power dams and rural electrification, soil erosion control and agricultural modernization, and a host of public building programs. All of this went forward with Federal Relief employment. Less tangible but nonetheless important benefits were in the cultural sphere: the arts, drama, writing. history - and of particular importance to us here. archaeology.

"The establishment of an autonomous Palestinian state in the West Bank is not in the true interest of the Palestinian people. Those who think immediate autonomy would be another step toward a new and improved world order disregard the history of almost every revolution from 1789 to 1989. The history of Israel, the West Bank, and Jordan indicates that if the Palestinians remain patient, within 20 years, they will peacefully assume control of a democratic government with an established bureaucracy, legal system, and economy. "Land for Peace" is a catchy phrase, but it is also a dangerous over-simplification which ignores political reality and historical trends. Israel's refusal to allow truly democratic elections and political freedoms has prevented Palestine from establishing a democratic tradition. Given the political oppression and violence of the last 25-year Israeli occupation, military and political withdrawal would be equivalent to the overthrow of an authoritarian or totalitarian system. Two centuries of history show that after the initial revolutionary euphoria wears off, the united revolutionary opposition (i.e. the Third Estate, Solidarity, and perhaps the PLO) splinters into conflicting groups that struggle to fill the power vacuum. Revolutionary states without democratic traditions slip into anarchy, civil war, and/or tyranny as in the cases of the late eighteenth and nineteenth century French governments. Even if the Palestinians were to establish a democratic government immediately after their autonomy was granted, the lack of a democratic tradition would make them susceptible to the same civil strife and tyranny that undermined the Weimar Republic."--from page 26

Few subjects have been so cursorily treated as the first Japanese unions. Yet their history contains much to intrigue the student of human events: The American Federation of Labor organizer who founded the Japanese labor movement; the Japanese Activists who spent years in AMerica studying unionism a major railway strike that won the hearts of the people of Japan; a major Japanese union newspaper with most of its copy in Japanese but always a few pages in English. These and other puzzling events can be understood only in the context of the development of Japan's labor movement between 1868 and 1900. Stephen E. Marsland effectively brings together primary and secondary sources to demonstrate how social, political, economic, technological, and historical factors shaped the philosophical outlook and the organizational structure of the labor movement in Japan. He shows that Japanese workers and their leaders tended to choose the "shop" form of unionism rather than the prevalent forms in the industrialized Western nations. The shop from, the author contends, was the structural forerunner of the present-day "enterprise" unions that multiplied so typically in post World War II Japan. THe marriage of Western economic centres with Japanese social structure and philosophy forged a uniquely Japanese unionism that has remained strong and vibrant to this day, sustained by the traditions created by the early Japanese labor movements and its leaders. The Birth of the Japanese Labor Movement will be of interest to Japanese studies specialists, particularly in history and the social sciences, and scholars in the fields of industrial relations and labor history.

"The Mediterranean world of the fourth through seventh centuries saw one of the most momentous turning points of Western history. Fundamental changes occurred at all levels of Late Roman society and involved basic revaluations of the artistic, political, and religious traditions of classical antiquity. Edward Gibbon characterized this age as comprising an epochal "Fall of Rome," of which the repercussions continued to shape European history into the modern era. If the larger results of this cultural reorientation are not in doubt, its course and process remain less well understood. Historians of the period have focused their attention primarily on the large urban and religious centers of the late Roman empire, with relatively less attention paid to the more humdrum life of its provincial settlements. The Kalavasos-Kopetra Project was initiated in 1986 with the goal of providing a new and more representative perspective of this period on the level of a small and otherwise unknown east Mediterranean island community. The expedition is a collaborative undertaking of the authors on behalf of the Department of Art History and Archaeology and the Museum of Art and Archaeology, University of Missouri-Columbia, and the University Museum, University of Pennsylvania. Informal reconnaissance in the summer of 1986 led to a six-week field season in July and August 1987. The resultsof these preliminary investigations, which included an initial topographic and field survey of the site, are discussed in this report."--First paragraph. ; Includes bibliographical references