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The decade of the 1970s saw continuing changes in American Catholicism as Catholics' religious beliefs and practices persisted in a decline that began in the mid-1960s. In the 1980s, issues of personal morality are salient among indicators of declining belief, particularly such issues as birth control, divorce with remarriage, and premarital sex. Yet there are signs of vitality in other respects: Catholic schools have grown in enrollment, charismatic and pentecostal groups have increased, and lay participation in liturgical functions is now a familiar feature of Catholic worship. The institutional church, as represented by the National Conference of Catholic Bishops, has adopted a critical stance toward American nuclear war strategy and recently toward the American economy for its neglect of the poor and unemployed. These stances occasion conflict both within the church, as Catholic groups organize to oppose them, and between the church, as represented by the bishops, and policies at the national level. A pluralistic model of the church in the 1980s would predict continuing individualism in religious beliefs and practice, and conflict on the institutional level, with considerable cost to the authority of the Catholic hierarchy.

Based on his book, "Rise of the green sun: the Greek election of 1981." Deals with "the formation and consolidation of a party system following a period of suppression of party politics."

A SCHEMA FOR CATEGORIZING OBJECTS OF INVESTIGATION IS DEVELOPED & USED AS A BASIS FOR ANALYZING SOME FUNDAMENTAL METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES OF INTEREST TO SOCIAL SCIENTISTS & INTELLECTUAL HISTORIANS. THESE INCLUDE THE IDEA OF A SCIENCE OF SCIENCE, THE METHODOLOGIES OF SCIENCE & HISTORY, & THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO THE SOCIAL SCIENCES. SOCIAL & NATURAL PHENOMENA CAN BE CONSIDERED FROM 3 ASPECTS OF INQUIRY: (1) SUBJECTIVE--THE PERSON THINKING, DOING, OR SAYING SOMETHING, (2) OBJECTIVE--THE RESULTING ACTION, IDEA, ETC, & (3) UTILITY--A SUBJECTIVE OR OBJECTIVE JUDGMENT OF THE PHENOMENA. SOME PHILOSOPHERS OR HISTORIANS OF SCIENCE HAVE PROFESSED A SEPARATION OF SCIENCE FROM THE CONTEXT OF THE TIMES IN WHICH THE SCIENTIFIC THEORY HAS BEEN DEVELOPED; IS THIS VALID DESPITE THE CRITICISM OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES FOR FRAGMENTATION DUE TO INTERDEPENDENCY WITHIN THE DISCIPLINE? NONFLEXIBLE EMPIRICAL METHODOLOGY CANNOT ACCOUNT FOR CHANGING SOCIAL BACKGROUNDS. THE EFFICACY OF VARIOUS APPROACHES SHOULD BE JUDGED ACCORDING TO THEIR RELEVANCE TO A PARTICULAR STUDY RATHER THAN BASED UPON METHODOLOGICAL DOGMA. 1 TABLE. MODIFIED AA.

The PDF of this file is 4,124 kbytes in size and therefore will take a long time to download if you click on the PDF link below. If you would like the file to be sent to you by email, please send a request to info@nepjol.info. Please include the citation below in your request. DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v8i0.1125Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology Vol.8 2003 p.128-158