Suchergebnisse

A suggestion is made, through an analysis of the efforts of Chief Justice W. H. Taft to bring about smoother relations within the judicial system, ie, some of the means which a Justice can employ to lessen friction with lower court judges. It would appear that influencing appointments is the most promising tactic; Taft showed that a Justice can actually exert a signif influence in the selection of lower court judges. The less often this influence is attempted the more chance there is of lasting success, & one should not offend against a Senator's wishes if he is of the President's party. Taft enjoyed the unique influence of a Chief Justice who was also an ex-President. The Judicial Conference is the most obvious instit'al means to build up rapprochement between the Supreme Court & the lower courts though it will not automatically produce harmony; a lot will depend on the Chief Justice. The influence in appointments, consultation with individual judges, & tactful solicitation of cooperation are all factors in predisposing lower court judges to accept Supreme Court decisions on controversial public policy issues. IPSA.

This article investigates local perceptions of international peacebuilding in Sierra Leone and Liberia and explains the need for an inclusive framework addressing peace and justice at the same time. These neighbouring countries in West Africa not only share the burden of an intertwined conflict history but have also been described as prototypes for successful peacebuilding. However, both cases show striking differences with regard to the relative importance given to security and justice during the peace process and within the selected peacebuilding approaches. In Liberia, the peacebuilding framework was clearly sequenced, favouring security over justice. In Sierra Leone, it included a comprehensive TJ component, which was implemented alongside security-centred initiatives. In order to compare these two cases and to elaborate on the challenges of establishing both peace and justice in post-conflict settings with a more people-centred focus, we conducted expert interviews with (inter)national peacebuilding actors and opinion surveys, asking how the civilian populations themselves perceive the peace process and the effectiveness of international peacebuilding. The findings provide insights into local experiences with the inclusive peacebuilding framework implemented in Sierra Leone and the drawbacks of delaying justice and accountability in Liberia.

Reforming women's justice in the UK is on the policy agenda but change has been slow. The equality and human rights movements give an impetus but comparisons with Canada and Western Australia show the philosophical clash between equality and human rights ideology and criminal justice orthodoxy is not yet resolved.

Indian Muslim women are subject to the interface between gender and community within the Indian social, political and economic context. Stereotypes of Muslim Women, entrenched by the trinity of multiple marriages, triple talaq and Purdah have held them hostage for so long that they have become difficult to dislodge. The path-breaking decision of the Supreme Court upholding the constitutional validity of the controversial Muslim Women's Act is an interesting study of the issue of gender justice. The present article would try to locate crucial issue relating to divorce and maintenance (i.e. Muslim Women's Act 1986) that need to be foregrounded to galvanise Muslim Women's struggle for justice and equality and discuss various possibilities as well as hurdles in the path of evolving alternative discourses. Women had to fight every inch of the way due to the ambiguities caused by callous drafting. The Act provided ample scope to husbands to exploit the situation which led to protracted litigation beneficial to husbands and a nightmare to women. But women withstood the ordeal with courage and determination, with patience and perseverance. After a decade and a half, the end result of this persistent struggle are clearly visible. The positive interpretations have ushered new era of protection of rights within the established principal of Muslim law, but still many changes in MPL is yet to come. Now is the right time for Muslim intelligentsia to come up to campaign for their womenfolk of their basic right to survival.

Abstract The Covid-19 pandemic has been transforming economic, political and social realities into a so-called "new normalcy". Learning to cope with this contingency requires (re)construction of people's identity. In this study, we critically analyze the narratives of change and the consumption practices of Brazilians interviewed during the period of social distancing. We follow a critical social-psychological approach based on the works of Fromm, Rosa and Kühn. Our results show that the pandemic encourages people to reflect responsibly on their consumption, but also highlight how consumption contributes to the reproduction of social inequality, leading to polarizations within society.

Abstract The Covid-19 pandemic has been transforming economic, political and social realities into a so-called "new normalcy". Learning to cope with this contingency requires (re)construction of people's identity. In this study, we critically analyze the narratives of change and the consumption practices of Brazilians interviewed during the period of social distancing. We follow a critical social-psychological approach based on the works of Fromm, Rosa and Kühn. Our results show that the pandemic encourages people to reflect responsibly on their consumption, but also highlight how consumption contributes to the reproduction of social inequality, leading to polarizations within society.

The article analyzes the influence of the moral culture of the Russian population on social tension. Moral culture is considered as a system of interpersonal attitudes that characterize the ability of members of a social community to maintain relationships of mutual trust, mutual respect and mutual assistance. The empirical basis of the study is the data of the AllRussian surveys conducted by the Institute for Comparative Social Research (CESSI) within the framework of the Russian Social Research under the European Social Research Program in 2006 and 2018. As indicators of moral culture are used variables that reflect the cautious or trusting attitude of respondents to most people; an assessment of the self-serving or honest attitude of most people to respondents; an assessment by respondents of the ratio of people focused on caring only for themselves or helping others. Variables that reflect negative assessments by respondents of the state of economic, social, political etc., as well as negative assessments of the impact of immigrants on the different spheres of life in countries are considered as indicators of social tension. Based on the use of statistical methods of data analysis, it was found that negative assessments of the state of spheres of life and the influence of immigrants on these spheres are less characteristic of respondents who trust the majority of people, are confident in the honesty of most people and their desire to help each other. A comparative analysis of changes in indicators of moral culture and social tension in the period from 2006 to 2018 in the country as a whole and in individual federal districts of the country shows that an increase of the value of moral culture indicators is accompanied by a decrease in the value of the social tension considered indicators.

Although it is recognized as being inhuman by some people and inefficient by others, prison only seldomly serves as a gathering political objective. The ministerial circular of 4 October 2000, which is implementing « restorative justice » in Belgian prisons, seems however to be an outstanding case in this matter as it includes prison in the political program. The new "restorative" discourse carried out by this circular creates a new role of "restorative justice consultant" and plans to assign one in each prison. The purpose of this book is to describe, analyze and account for the concrete practices through which this political discourse tends to take some social forms. Through an ethnographic work, the new "restorative" practices will be depicted and replaced in a policy and organizational analysis based on four case studies. ; L'idée de justice réparatrice – ou restaurative – renvoie à une constellation de modèles de justice. Cette idée, comme les concepts théoriques et politiques qu'elle alimente, inonde les nombreux ouvrages qui, depuis une trentaine d'années, ont envahi les bibliothèques des facultés de criminologie, victimologie et pénologie. Parmi cette abondante littérature qui lui est consacrée, la justice réparatrice est considérée et soutenue comme une troisième voie, située entre le modèle de la justice rétributive [axé sur l'infraction et la punition] et celui de la justice réhabilitative [axé sur le traitement et la réadaptation du délinquant]. Avec la circulaire ministérielle du 4 octobre 2000, Marc Verwilghen, alors ministre de la Justice, décide d'orienter le fonctionnement des prisons belges vers la justice réparatrice, c'est-à-dire un modèle de justice orienté vers la restauration de la relation perturbée – entre l'auteur et la victime – par le conflit. Cette circulaire nous intéresse d'autant plus que la prison figure rarement à l'agenda politique. Notre travail de dissertation doctorale est composé de quatre parties principales, encadrées par une introduction et une conclusion générales: La première partie a pour objectif de retracer, de manière analytique, la genèse de la circulaire ministérielle du 4 octobre 2000, visant à « orienter la culture de la détention vers la justice réparatrice ». Basée sur des données empiriques extraites à la fois d'analyses documentaires et d'entretiens semi-directifs, cette partie propose une lecture en termes de sociologie de la traduction afin de retracer les phénomènes d'association des divers éléments constitutifs de la circulaire ministérielle. La deuxième partie consiste en une mise à plat des trois objets centraux de la recherche. Premièrement, l'analyse du contenu de la circulaire permettent d'établir un diagnostic au sujet de ce texte : il s'agit d'une « partition à construire » (Bosseur, 2000). Deuxièmement, les interprètes novices [les consultants en justice réparatrice] chargés d'interpréter cette partition font l'objet d'une description. Troisièmement, les caractéristiques organisationnelles des auditoires investigués sont mises à plat. Il s'agit de deux prisons francophones et de deux prisons néerlandophones. La troisième partie concerne le répertoire de la justice réparatrice. Deux angles de description sont alors retenus. Le premier, basé sur des données empiriques récoltées au travers d'entretiens semi-directifs, permet de décrire et d'analyser, de manière transversale, le travail des consultants en justice réparatrice : coordination d'activités, gestion de dispositifs, actions de formation-information-sensibilisation et, enfin, tâches déléguées par le directeur de prison. Le deuxième angle repose sur des données ethnographiques, récoltées au cours de périodes d'observation, et visent à rendre compte de situations concrètes de justice réparatrice : formation de sensibilisation des détenus aux actes commis ; atelier de peinture sociale ; groupe de parole multi-tâches. La quatrième partie propose d'appliquer deux grilles interprétatives sur les données empiriques présentées et analysées précédemment. La première consiste à rendre compte à la fois des dynamiques constitutives du métier de consultants en justice réparatrice – qui se caractérise par sa plasticité – et des formes concrètes conférées au concept criminologique de justice réparatrice – qui se caractérise par sa malléabilité et son élasticité –. La seconde vise à offrir un regard sur la justice réparatrice en milieu carcéral, considérée selon le temps long. Les effets de réduction et d'amplification de ce processus sont alors soulignés afin de nuancer le point de vue global sur cet objet.

1. Dehumanization, social contact and techniques of Othering : combining the lessons from Holocause studies and prison research / Peter Scharff Smith -- 2. The legal civilizing process : dignity and the protection of human rights in advanced bureaucratic democracies / Jonathan Simon -- 3. The rehumanization of the incarcerated Other : bureaucracy, distantiation and American mass incarceration / David A. Green -- 4. Prisons and the social production of immorality / Anna Eriksson -- 5. Swedish 'prison esceptionalism' in decline : trends towards distantiation and objectification of the Other / Anders Bruhn, Per-Ake Nylander and Odd Lindberg -- 6. Doing away with decency? : foreigners, punishment and the liberal state / Ana Aliverti -- 7. Immigration detention, ambivalence and the colonial Other / Mary Bosworth -- 8. Controlling Roma in Norway : governing through the administration of social distance / Nicolay B. Johansen -- 9. On Bauman's moral duty : population registries, REVA and eviction from the Nordic realm / Vanessa Barker -- 10. Immobilization in the age of mobility : sex offenders, security and the regulation of risk / John Pratt -- 11. From terra nullius to terra liquidus? : liquid modernity and the Indigenous Other / Harry Blagg -- 12. Symbiotic Othering : terrorism, emotion and morality / Debra A. Smith.