Suchergebnisse

This article seeks to lay a theoretical foundation of the internal decentralization (decentralization in the localmunicipality): its essence and content are defined, the main forms as well as the kinds of forms are identified. Thisis performed by using theoretical propositions of decentralization in the state (at the state level) following differentresearchers' works and verifying whether they are suitable for local municipalities of Lithuania and other countries.In the article the set goal is being sought by these actions:1) the origin and the meaning of the word "decentralization" are explained;2) the essence and the content of decentralization in the state (at the state level) are defined;3) the essence and the content of decentralization in the local municipality are defined, its main forms andkinds of forms are named;4) currently the most frequently applied forms of internal decentralization in local municipalities of othercountries are submitted.In the opinion of the author of the article, decentralization in the local municipality (or internal decentralizationin the local municipality) means the transfer of the powers assigned to municipal bodies, which belong to ahigher hierarchical level, to a subordinate or non-subordinate bodies, which belong to a lower hierarchical level, ordivision of powers to a bigger number of bodies of the same hierarchical level. The bodies that have received thesepowers are guaranteed some discretion to make decisions and operate. Moreover, a certain interaction (relations,responsibilities) between the bodies that have transferred the powers and the ones that have received those powersis foreseen.From the author's of the article point of view, the internal decentralization in the local municipality isperformed by these forms:1) deconcentration;2) transfer of powers (delegation);3) fiscal decentralization;4) economic decentralization.The author thinks that at present the most frequently applied forms of internal decentralization in municipalitiesof different countries are the ...

New York City College of Technology (City Tech) is one of 24 colleges comprising the City University of New York (CUNY), the United States' largest urban public higher education institution legislatively mandated as the "vehicle for the upward mobility of the disadvantaged in the City of New York."1 Fulfilling this mission is vital to the success of City Tech students and requires the provision of easy, consistent access to course materials across digital platforms. Panelists will trace how City Tech has been at the vanguard of transforming teaching and learning through the foundation of two significant open pedagogy initiatives on its campus. In 2011, City Tech launched the OpenLab, an open-source platform where students, faculty, and staff meet to learn and share ideas, providing opportunities for the entire college and the public to connect and collaborate. This can be difficult to achieve at an urban commuter campus. In 2014, City Tech established an OER professional development program to reconceptualize course materials and lower textbook costs for students. These two initiatives are especially noteworthy given their rooting in local needs: both have been conceived and implemented for and by the City Tech community. Panelists include the Coordinator of the OER professional development program, the Co-Director of the OpenLab, and two faculty fellows in our OER professional development program. We represent distinct disciplines (Library, English, Biology, and Social Sciences) and offer unique interdisciplinary perspectives and approaches to open education. Critical to our institution's shift to open pedagogy is our commitment to fostering learning communities across the college, including faculty communities of practice not bound by rank, department, or disciplinary silos. Panelists will share how their work, individually and collectively, has strengthened City Tech's commitment to open pedagogy and has laid the groundwork for significant cultural change across the college.

The ministry of land, infrastructures, transportation and tourism (MLIT) of the Japanese government maintains governmental managed river levee for the safety against flood whose total length is more than 10,000 km. The design standard of river levee had been traditionally done based on so called shape based specification, where levee is judged to be safe as long as a section satisfies the specified dimensions. In 2002, this policy had been changed and a new inspection guideline which is based on the modern soil mechanics principles had been introduced. The method mainly consists of the non-stationary seepage analysis followed by the circular slip line stability analysis. The exit gradient and uplift pressure are also checked based on specified safety factors. The way of the safety assessment is that, first a river is divided into so called a continuous strip (CS) which is judged to have similar configurations, geotechnical and hydraulic conditions. The typical length of a CS is half to several km long. Then a representative cross section (RCS) that is considered to represent all the CS section is selected. At RCS, detailed soil investigations are carried out, and the inspection is done to assess the safety of the section for stability and piping. A CS is judged to be safe if all the verification items satisfy the specified safety factor, but judged to be NG (no good) if any of the items could not fulfill the threshold value. The first round assessment at year 2011 indicated, only 60% of the all levee is judged to be safe for all verification items. 25% of the levee could not satisfy the stability requirement, 30% piping requirement, and 14% the both requirements. In the paper, the details of the verification methods are described. Furthermore, some recent flood events are introduced. Finally, further challenges for the second screening of the safety of levee are discussed.

The rapidly growing literature investigating corporate social responsibility and corporate philanthropy attests to the world-wide interest in this trend, both from an academic perspective and as a legitimate component of commercial success (Burson-Marsteller, 2000; Waddock & Graves, 1997). As Marx (1999) points out, the evolution of corporate philanthropy from donation programs to strategic philanthropy has been well documented in the nonprofit literature, particularly as it relates to US corporations, and indeed research interest in this topic dates back to the 1930s and 1940s (Carroll, 1999). Smith (1994) suggests that most US corporations established philanthropic foundations in the 1960s to demonstrate their obligation to support the American version of the social contract. Part of that contract involved the separation of profit, nonprofit and government roles. Keywords: CVSS, Centre for Voluntary Sector Studies, Working Paper Series,TRSM, Ted Rogers School of Management Citation: ; Foster, M., Meinhard, A., Berger, I., & Wright, P. (2005). From philanthropic strategy to strategic philanthropy: selected Canadian case studies (Working Paper Series Volume 2005 (2)). Toronto: Ted Rogers School of Management, Centre for Voluntary Sector Studies, Ryerson University.

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Predicting Summer Monsoon Rainfall in the Indian Context: Impact and Challenges -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Impact of Monsoon Rainfall and the Need for Prediction -- Impact of Extremely Heavy Rainfall in a Short Duration of Time -- Impact due to Excess Rainfall over a Long Duration -- Impact of Deficient Rainfall -- Impact of Intraseasonal and Interannual Variability of Rainfall -- Challenges in Predicting Monsoon Rainfall -- History of Predictor Identification -- Predictability of Monsoon Rainfall -- Parameters That Influence Predictability of the Monsoons -- Prediction Skill of Dynamic Models -- Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Monsoon Rainfall Prediction -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Urban Mining of Rare Earth Elements from E-Waste: Progress, Challenges and Perspectives -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Global Rare Earth (RE) Element Reserves -- The Largest REE Producers -- RE Ores and Extraction Processes -- Rare Earth Supply and Demand Trends -- NdFeB Permanent Magnets -- NdFeB Magnet Application Areas -- NdFeB Magnet Recycling -- NdFeB Magnet Production Technology -- Traditional NdFeB Magnet Production from Primary Ores/Metals -- Magnet-to-Magnet NdFeB Recycling Route -- Automotive NdFeB Magnets -- Recycling of Magnets from PM Motors -- Disassembly and Dismantling of Rotor and Stator -- HDD Magnets -- Air Conditioner Compressor NdFeB Magnets -- Wind Turbines -- NdFeB Magnet Recycling -- Resintering of Scrap NdFeB Magnets -- Recasting and Melt Spinning of Sintered NdFeB Magnet Scrap -- Hydrogen Processing of Magnet Scrap (HPMS)/Hydrogen Decrepitation (HD) -- Hydrogen Disproportion Desorption and Recombination (HDDR) Process -- Magnet-to-Magnet Recycling -- Waste-to-REE Recycling -- Leaching REEs from NdFeB Magnets -- Precipitation Separation.

Essential Tables -- Key Tax Dates -- Personal Taxation -- Expenses and Benefits -- Payroll matters -- Shares and share options -- Pensions and investments -- Business profits -- Taxation of companies -- Capital Gains Tax -- Inheritance Tax, gifts and deceased estates -- Capital Allowances -- Stamp Taxes -- VAT -- Other taxes and duties -- National Insurance Contributions (NIC) -- Tax credits and state benefits -- Statutory payments -- HMRC penalties, interest and powers -- Scottish and Welsh Taxes -- International issues -- Index