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Little research has focused on tobacco use among deaf and hard of hearing youth. Findings are reported from a first-ever tobacco-related survey, completed by 226 California middle and high school students using either a written questionnaire or the Interactive Video Questionnaire, an interactive multimedia computer video technology. Rates for current smoking (3.1%), ever smoking (45.1%), and multiple types of tobacco use (10.6%) were found to be lower than among high school students generally; mainstreamed students were likelier to have ever tried smoking than their deaf school peers (57.8% vs. 31.8%). No statistically significant associations were found between ever smoking and race/ethnicity, gender, school performance, or prelingual vs. postlingual deafening; a quarter of the sample experienced occasional peer pressure to use tobacco products. Tobacco use covariates, exposure to cigarette marketing and antismoking programming, and tobacco education needs of deaf and hard of hearing youth are discussed.

AbstractThis article explores leadership education, leadership scholarship, and leadership practices with a focus on the continued growth in thought, paradigm development, research and practices that address societal problems in relation to human existence. We respond to the question "how can the integration of counter narratives into leadership education – all while integrating diverse perspectives into our leadership education conversation so the complexity we now understand to be true can be revealed?" The exploration creates opportunities to deepen the diversity, equity, and inclusion discourse incorporated into graduate leadership education programs.

This study aims to determine leadershipPrincipals in developing character education in Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri 2 Mataram City and the factors that become obstacles for Principals in developing character education in Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri 2 Mataram City. The research approach used in this research is a qualitative approach. The research subjects were the principal, teachers and students. Determination of research subjects is done by using a purpose sampling technique. Data collection techniques were carried out using interviews, observation, and documentation. This type of data analysis uses the Miles and Huberman model, namely data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification data. The principal's role as a leader in the school is in the form of conducting continuous guidance in the development of education, namely: first, character modeling, the madrasa principal encourages all teachers and administrative staff to be good character models for all students. second, teaching (teaching), regular and continuous communication with madrasa residents regarding the realization of character education in madrasas. third, good character strengthening (reinforcing) for all school members (teachers, students, and administrative staff). This caring attitude is implemented by involving teachers in making various democratic decisions. good character strengthening (reinforcing) for all school members (teachers, students, and administrative staff). This caring attitude is implemented by involving teachers in making various democratic decisions. good character strengthening (reinforcing) for all school members (teachers, students, and administrative staff). This caring attitude is implemented by involving teachers in making various democratic decisions.

The journal "Mësuesi" as an official organ of Education and Culture Ministry, since its first publish, besides other topics has also put an emphasis in reflecting the state ideology in educational and cultural institutions. This ideology, which came as a directive from the state leader, Enver Hoxha, who in his speech for educational reform, would declare: "We are making the educational reformation because it is necessary in building the socialism in our country. It will serve for a better education and preparation of youth for life and other tasks, in order to build a socialist and communist society". This was cited in "Mësuesi" newspaper on 9th February 1962. A part of this general feature of life in the country, were even the educational and cultural institutions in Elbasan County. During this period a big importance was given to the fact that the actual task was the political propaganda in schools and cultural institutions (houses of culture), by using even other forms of media, such as: "Zëri i Popullit" and "Bashkimi", which were official newspapers of the Party of Labor and its tools. At least it is referred is this way in the weekly "Mësuesi" during the `60. In this way, the media didn't just spread its editorial line, but at the same time it suggested other media of the same line or even more radical.

"The Teacher" journal as an official organ of Education and Culture Ministry, since it's first publishes, besides other topics has also put emphasis in reflecting the state ideology in educational and cultural institutions. This ideology, which came as a directive from the state leader, Enver Hoxha, who in his speech for educational reformation, would declare: "We are making the educational reformation because it is necessary in building the socialism in our country. It will serve for a better education and preparation of youth for life and other tasks, in order to build a socialist and communist society". This was cited in "The teacher" newspaper in 9th February 1962. A part of this general feature of life in the country, were even the educational and cultural institutions in Elbasan County. In this period a big importance was given to the fact that the actual task was the political propaganda in schools and cultural institutions (houses of culture), by using even other forms of media, such as: "People`s voice" and "The Unite", which were official newspapers of Party of Labour and its tools. At least it is referred is this way in the weekly "The Teacher" during the `60. In this way, the media didn't just spread its editorial line, but at the same time it suggested other media of the same line or even more radical.

Non-state actors and the applicable international law on responsibility -- Non-state actors that exercise governmental authority -- Attribution based on perceived state control over non-state actors -- State responsibility for previous conduct as a non-state actor -- Conduct of non-state actors that is acknowledged and adopted by states -- State complicity in the wrongdoing of non-state actors -- Due diligence failings of states that contribute to the wrongdoing of non-state actors -- New tests for new futures.

The goal of this study is to determine the link between educational and religious freedom and prosperity in 45 countries from 2009 to 2018. Using the GMM system, the researchers were able to analyze the data. They found that academic and religious freedom is associated with increased prosperity. The collaboration of religious and academic freedom is also positive, which indicates that the two factors can contribute to the increase in prosperity. The researchers introduced the term "government effectiveness" to describe the relationship between capital formation and economic prosperity. The researchers used trade openness and gross fixed capital formation as control variables. Although they have a positive impact on the overall economy, they are not able to provide a significant boost to the prosperity of low-income countries. Therefore, the researchers recommend that educational and religious freedom be included in the government's efforts to improve the economic prosperity of these countries.

A difficult life situation is a situation that means the experiences of people who find themselves in circumstances that seriously affect their well-being, the safety of life, and from which they are not always able to get out on their own. Children who find themselves in a difficult life situation are especially in need of help. The paper identifies the most significant factors affecting family well-being, as a result of which children may have a difficult life situation: poor financial conditions in the family, loss of connection with the labor market, intra-family conflicts, an unfavorable psychological atmosphere in the family, cruel treatment in the family, etc. The essence of social therapy as a specific technology of social work is that it is based on the idea of «treatment», i.e. achieving the highest possible level of human social health, primarily the normal functioning and adaptation of persons with physical and psychological pathology. Social therapy includes various methods aimed at achieving social well-being by family members, including children. It can be group and individual one. Examples of social therapy methods are bibliotherapy, fairy tale therapy, music therapy, occupational therapy, cinema therapy, sandplay therapy, etc.

AbstractFiscal competition literature emphasizes the need to consider fiscal implications of the flow of labor and capital across jurisdictional boundaries. This open‐economy consideration raises issues for the analysis of fiscal policies, ranging from taxation and expenditure policies to the structure of intergovernmental relations and interjurisdictional competition. Using data on state population movement and pension reforms (2002−2015), this study examines whether the adoption of pension reforms was motivated by state government competition for the mobile tax base. The findings suggest that interstate migration has an influence on states' enactment of pension reform, and the effect differs by state population density.

European universities are faced with important issues, in particular an ageing population, a decrease in thenumber of learners per institution, globalization and competition. At the same time, physical mobility representsone of the most successful projects of the European Union. Since physical mobility is rather demanding infinancial and organizational terms, only 4% of learners from European higher education institutions can benefitfrom the programme today. The objective of the European Commission is to reach 20% in 2020 (EuropeanCommission, 2011a), but even with an increase of 16%, a minority of learners will be concerned. In parallel,employers promote stays abroad during studies. Erasmus programmes are offered only to BA/MA/PhD studentsand not to Continuing Education learners, but in a lifelong learning (LLL) perspective, mobility should also beavailable to adult and senior learners. As a matter of fact, European higher education and continuing educationinstitutions have to reinvent their offers, taking into account the paradigm of an ageing population and the needfor professional reconversions or specialisations. The case of the University of Genevas continuing educationcourses is discussed with a majority offered in a face-to-face format in terms of the age of the differentaudiences and their motivation for following a continuing education course. Starting from there we move to theEuropean context in terms of LLL and virtual mobility. In accordance with the literature, we define virtual mobilityin reference to physical mobility. In the rest of the paper we discuss concrete frameworks that could support thedevelopment of virtual mobility. Scenarios, taken from the VIRQUAL - Virtual Mobility and European QualificationFramework European project (VIRQUAL website, 2010), show how it could all work and fit together, acrosscountries, across generations and across contexts. Finally we discuss the different European projects dealingwith virtual mobility and the perspectives researched.