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This study proposed a theory of community-based development based upon a case study of the Evangeline region of Prince Edward Island (Canada). Evangeline is a small Acadian community with an economy that is based upon an interrelated system of cooperatives. Since general theories do not provide compelling explanations of how the phenomenon of community-based development takes place in a particular situation, this study adopted an inductive approach. Using a tentative theoretical framework derived from the history of the region and from the community-based development research literature, the study investigated the actual formation process of four Evangeline cooperatives through interviews with the initiators, a review of relevant documents and participant observation by the first author. The framework developed in this study proposes that effective community-based development must include three essential elements: community consciousness; strategies of empowerment; and the establishment of supportive structures. Each of these elements has subcomponents that are essential for community-based development. For community consciousness, these are community attachments and a movement perspective; for empowering activities, these are involvement strategies and strategies of self-reliance; and for supportive structures, the subcomponents are community development organizations to mobilize community resources, and external government and non-government organizations responsive to community initiatives.

When the Alto Mayo region of Peru was struck by an earthquake, in May 1990, the official response to the disaster did not provide an effective solution. An alternative approach, based on an active participation by community organizations in planning and managing the response, and integrating disaster mitigating within the context of wider regional development, proved much more successful. (DSE)

Relevance of the research topic. Budget expenditures are used as an instrument of state regulation of the dynamics of socio-demographic development of the country. Accordingly, the study of the impact of the trends of demographic development on the dynamics of socio-economic processes and the financial stability of the country in the medium and long term are relevant in order to use the regulatory capacity of budget expenditures to improve the demographic situation of the country and stimulate demographic growth. Formulation of the problem. Increasing the level of efficiency and effectiveness of fiscal policy while solving strategic tasks of socio-economic development of the country requires deepening research into the theoretical and methodological principles of using budget expenditures as an effective instrument for the regulation of demographic development, forecasting and planning of the expenditure part of the budget taking into account demographic factors. Analysis of recent research and publications. Problems of budgetary regulation of socio-demographic development of the country are devoted to the works of foreign and domestic scientists G. Becker, M. Blaug, G. Buchanan, A. Vishnevsky, O. Grishnova, S. Kapitsa, L. Kozarezenko, L. Lisyak, E. Libanova, G. Lopushniak, I. Lunina, A. Mazaraki, A. Smith, L. Thurow, V. Fedosova, I. Chugunova, T. Shults, S. Yurii and others. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. The study of budget expenditures as an instrument of demographic development is being updated due to the need to improve the quality level of budgetary regulation of the country's social development, the implementation of budget policy aimed at ensuring sustainable socio-economic development of the country, stability and balance of budgetary and pension systems in the medium and long-term prospect. Setting the task, the purpose of the study. The research objective is to analyze the peculiarities of using budget expenditures as a tool for regulation of socio-demographic development of the country for the formation and implementation of purposeful, consistent and effective budget policy. The purpose of the study is to reveal and improve the theoretical and methodological basics for the formation of budget expenditures in the system of state regulation of demographic development of the country. Method or methodology for conducting research. The article uses a set of scientific methods and approaches, including dialectic, system and structural methods, statistical, comparative and factor analysis, methods of scientific abstraction, analysis and synthesis. Presentation of the main material (results of work). The essence of budget expenditures as an instrument of regulation of demographic development of the country is revealed; improvement of the forecasting and planning of the budget expenditures taking into account demographic factors; an analysis of the trends of demographic development of Ukraine was made, priority directions of budget regulation of the demographic situation of the country were determined with the use of regulatory potential of budget expenditures. The field of application of results. The results of the study can be used in the process of formation and implementation of state policy in the field of budget expenditures. Conclusions according to the article. The use of budget expenditures as a tool for the regulation of demographic development implies a well-defined definition of the volume and structure of the expenditure part of the budget to influence the dynamics of socio-demographic processes in the country, taking into account their cyclicality and strategic priority directions of public development. The provisions on forecasting and planning of budget expenditures taking into account demographic factors are based on the consideration of the mutual influence of indicators of the budget expenditure and population and its age structure, the use of budget expenditures as an effective tool for the regulation of demographic trends.

The personalities, style and job demands of top ranking police officers have never before been seriously analysed. Here, by using a management development survey, key personality characteristics and the management and interpersonal styles of top ranking officers are identified. The views of chief officers are discussed, together with an examination of the necessary qualities required. Ways in which senior officers can improve their performance through management training and development and how this can assist their professional growth and development, are emphasised.

Government is a major player in the development of an economy. Government's public financial operations involving mobilization of revenue, and its spending has considerable implications on the growth, distribution and stability necessitating a careful study to enable informed mid course policy corrections to the macroeconomic developments. A critical review of public expenditure is imperative in ensuring optimal use of public resources for the maximization of welfare. The book provides an empirical understanding of historical trends and composition of public expenditure at the central and the sub national levels; the effectiveness of public expenditure control systems and accountability issues; the political economy of spending decisions; public expenditure reforms undertaken in India and international best options that can guide the corrective process in India.

The article is devoted to problems of development of ecological tourism in especially protected natural territories and areas of the cultivated landscape. Summarized foreign experience in the organization of ecological tourism. The possibilities of management of ecological tourism in the special economic zones of tourist-recreational type of tourism clusters. The necessity to promote Russian sphere of eco-tourism for domestic and foreign consumers, the increased attention to the promotion of ecotourism product. The study used comparative and cross-cultural analysis, materials sampling, expert assessment. The results can find application in the clarification of strategy of development of ecological tourism in Russia as a whole and in its separate regions, the rationale for targeted programs, special economic zones and clusters.

In: Mycotoxins: detection methods, management, public health and agricultural trade ; Agriculture is a primary driver for economic development in Africa. African agriculture must benefit from the research that can be conducted with the full arsenal of cutting-edge scientific tools to ensure food security, minimization of risk and the creation of wealth. The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) is committed to assisting the African agricultural sector realize its potential through a research-for-development approach that ensures that innovative technologies reach the hands of users. IITA partners with advanced research institutions, national partners, the private sector and non-governmental organizations to keep improving technologies based on the suggestions and insight of users. ; European Union ; Peer Review

The narrative learning cycle outlined in this article was developed to address three perceived weaknesses in experiential learning cycles and involved three shifts: a shift from one concrete experience to multiple stories; a shift from individual action to social performance; and a shift from an emphasis on cognitive learning to a development of practice. This article recounts the use of such a narrative learning cycle in the development of new practices in the design and practice of an undergraduate management course. Its concluding comments appraise the potential of a narrative learning cycle to enable a professional practitioner to take heed of voices other than their own, appreciate the unavoidably social nature of action and plan their contribution to jointly negotiated practice.

As is well known, three measures of the quality of human life and human capabilities-life expectancy, literacy and income, comprise the building blocks of the Human Development Index (HDI). HDI and related statistics are presented here for Indian States. Almost all the States of India showed a monotonie increase in per capita income, literacy and HDI over time, from 1970 to 1998, though the same could not be said of life expectancy. While States with a higher per capita income did not necessarily exhibit higher HDI values, in general, economic development over time was accompanied by an improvement in the HDI. Significantly, inter State disparities in the HDI were found to decrease over time. Per capita income disparities increased, and literacy disparities narrowed down.

Colombia provides a particularly instructive case of auto industry development. An intermediate-level country in terms of market size and stage of industrialization, its potential for dealing or bargaining effectively with transnational automobile firms is considerably less than that of Brazil, Mexico, or Argentina, but far more comparable to that of most Third World countries. It would be wrong, however, to lump all intermediate countries together. They vary enormously in terms of the size of their carbuying publics, their economic and natural resources, and their commitments to and progress toward industrial development. Moreover, these factors themselves are conditioned by past and present policy decisions and are subject to the politico-economic priorities and strategies of individual governments.

This article aims to reflect on culminating crises by analysing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, natural disasters, wars and conflicts and political-economy and discuss how these crises have affected sustainable development efforts with a view to suggesting some strategies. Drawing mainly from the secondary data and the author's reflections, each of the four crises is analysed in terms of its negative and positive consequences. Then how these crises have affected sustainable development efforts, particularly the achievement of the sustainable development goals, is discussed. In the final section, seven strategies are suggested to culminate these crises.

AbstractThe heuristic model commonly used to explain Canada's interests in development assistance is the mixed-motives approach. These motives are assumed to be philanthropic, economic, and politico-strategic, though there is little agreement among students of Canadian development assistance about which of the three is the most important. The purpose of this article is to examine the orthodox model; it concludes that these motives have little utility in accounting for contemporary aid policies. Instead, drawing on realist and statist theory, this study advances an alternative set of motives that it is argued more accurately accounts for the level and nature of Canada's development assistance policies. Elaborating on "politico-strategic" motives, the article suggests that the Canadian state's interests in prestige, organizational maintenance and limiting real expenditures provide a more proximate explanation of aid policy.

Development worldwide has increasingly involved displacement. Ethiopia is no exception; population displacement resulting from development as well as conflict, drought and conservation has been on the increase since the 1960s. The recent history of confli