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This paper discusses the dynamics of development agencies' support to conflict-affected northern Uganda in the period between 2006 and 2012, and its implications for post-conflict recovery and development. The study utilizes a mainly qualitative approach incorporating in-depth interviews with key informants, focus group discussions and secondary data review. Data was analyzed thematically using template analysis methods. Findings show that, at the height of the northern Uganda conflict between the year 2001 and 2006, the region was a beehive of 'development agencies' activities, with scores of development agencies supporting the affected communities. These agencies (including the UN agencies, civil society organizations and even private sector agencies complemented government efforts in the resettlement and reintegration process for communities affected by the conflict. Yet queries remain. For example, have the interventions been done right and conceived within the right assumptions? This paper, therefore, analyses the trends and dynamics of both state and non-state actors' interventions within northern Uganda,especially the post-2006 period. It is posited that donor priorities, interests and preferences other than government and non–state actors' interventions and situation of the target groups seem to be the driving force behind programme planning, funding and implementation. This revelation presents important lessons and experiences to actors and social planners working in the area of post-conflict development and reconstruction. The main lesson drawn from this study is that government and indigenous agencies should proactively take the initiative in community rebuilding process and not extensively rely on foreign donors.

Local government institutions in developing countries are expected to perform a number of functions, including the development of elected leadership. In Bangladesh, the expansion of the decentralised local government system has facilitated the entry of an increasing number of participants into the system. Successive regimes have undertaken a number of local government reforms over the past four decades. New institutions have been created to replace the old, with the stated aims being to improve the delivery of services and extend participation at the local level. But the outcome remains unclear as the volatile political situation in Bangladesh has had an impact on the development of leadership from all sources, including local institutions. Based on research and observations extending over a period of two decades, this article examines the background and evolution of local government institutions, as well as their structure and mode of operation, to identify problems relating to local leadership development. Key findings are that there has been a persistent tendency to retain control by the central government, and a centralised bureaucracy has negated the prospect of developing a pool of capable and effective elected leaders in the localities. There is an absence of specific strategies and facilities for local leadership development. Thus, the family, non-governmental organisations and the political parties emerge as the main agents involved in leadership development for elected local government institutions, although their performance in this respect is far from satisfactory. Adapted from the source document.

The development of reprogenetics during the last two decades of the XX century has brought a new age of reproduction. The paper surveys different types of reprogenetics in a wider sense, i.e. different assisted reproductive technologies (ART) that include manipulation of female reproductive cell out of a woman's womb. Development of reprogenetics is documented by available quantitative indicators of the number and success of ART procedures in developed countries at the beginning of the XXI century. Since 1978, when the first baby was born from in vitro fertilization, the number of children born that way has reached 1% of all children, and in some countries even over 3%. Moreover, existing documentation is incomplete and does not include all forms of assisted reproduction - in reality, the importance of assisted reproduction is even higher and becomes demographically significant. Hence the paper indicates existing and potential effects of the ART development on the demographic development i.e. on specific demographic aspects of this phenomenon. It also points out the effects on the level of fertility, on the changes of direct fertility determinants, and on the levels of mortality and infant mortality, as well as a new understanding of birth control, the possibility of affecting biological structures, and the changes of the fundaments of marriage and family. Development perspectives of reprogenetics are also being raised in the context of bioethical discussions and indicate ethical dilemmas related to assisted reproduction. Solutions to the dilemmas define the scope of applying new reproductive technologies in the future.

What Works in Development? brings together leading experts to address one of the most basic yet vexing issues in development: what do we really know about what works— and what doesn't—in fighting global poverty? The contributors, including many of the world's most respected economic development analysts, focus on the ongoing debate over which paths to development truly maximize results. Should we emphasize a big-picture approach—focusing on the role of institutions, macroeconomic policies, growth strategies, and other country-level factors? Or is a more grassroots approach the way to go, with the focus on particular microeconomic interventions such as conditional cash transfers, bed nets, and other microlevel improvements in service delivery on the ground? The book attempts to find a consensus on which approach is likely to be more effective. Contributors include Nana Ashraf (Harvard Business School), Abhijit Banerjee (MIT), Nancy Birdsall (Center for Global Development), Anne Case (Princeton University), Jessica Cohen (Brookings),William Easterly (NYU and Brookings),Alaka Halla (Innovations for Poverty Action), Ricardo Hausman (Harvard University), Simon Johnson (MIT), Peter Klenow (Stanford University), Michael Kremer (Harvard), Ross Levine (Brown University), Sendhil Mullainathan (Harvard), Ben Olken (MIT), Lant Pritchett (Harvard), Martin Ravallion (World Bank), Dani Rodrik (Harvard), Paul Romer (Stanford University), and DavidWeil (Brown).

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of illustrations -- About the contributors -- Preface and acknowledgments -- List of abbreviations -- Introduction: development, the largest of four UN functions -- Some crucial considerations -- About this book -- NOTES -- Part I: Realizing the SDGs: opportunities and challenges -- Chapter 1: The UN development system: origins, structure, status -- The first new organizations -- Constant growth -- The UN approach to "development" -- Human development: an integrating framework -- UN goals and global conferences -- UN operations -- The UN's development impact -- Conclusion -- NOTES -- ADDITIONAL READING -- Chapter 2: The UN and development: objectives and governance -- The objectives of international development cooperation -- From the MDGs to the SDGs -- The governance of global development cooperation -- Conclusion: looking to the future -- NOTES -- ADDITIONAL READING -- Chapter 3: Emerging powers, a declining West, and multilateralism -- How the West weakens multilateralism -- Migration: why weaken multilateralism now? -- Can the Global South, especially Asia, save multilateralism? -- Conclusion -- NOTES -- ADDITIONAL READING -- Chapter 4: Environment and development in the UN -- Global environmental conferences -- Global environmental conventions: ozone and climate -- Compliance and implementation: the role of the three UNs -- The coherence challenge -- Conclusion -- NOTES -- ADDITIONAL READING -- Chapter 5: Gender equality and the United Nations -- UN history: the early years -- World conferences on women: advances and backlash -- Contributions by the UN system -- Today: UN Women -- Change but not transformation -- Conclusion -- NOTES -- ADDITIONAL READING -- Chapter 6: Human rights and sustainable development: together at last?.

Recent efforts by Western economic powers to bring labor standards under the authority of the World Trade Organization (WTO) have been opposed by the global South. Prior research has produced conflicting evidence on whether curtailment of labor rights promotes or hinders rapid economic development. This article presents a summary of the relevant policy debates, especially those at the WTO. I also summarize opposing theories that posit restriction of labor rights as either promoting or hindering rapid development. After a review of prior quantitative studies, I present my own novel approach to testing theories of labor rights and development. My conclusion summarizes the implications of the test results for the policy debates and presents a model that could serve to advance the WTO social clause agenda.

Abstract:In recent years, there have been major advances in the empirical analysis of the link between institutions and development. However, a number of methodological problems – both theoretical and empirical – remain unresolved and have been well articulated by Ha-Joon Chang in his article 'Institutions and Economic Development: Theory, Policy and History'. These problems raise valid concerns about the policy relevance of the evidence arising from the studies. A more reliable approach to study the link between institutions and development and overcome the inherent problems of cross-country empirical analysis is to direct focus to microeconomic analysis of institutions. Such an approach avoids ideologically driven normative judgments about the superiority of particular institutional arrangements and also offers a more credible and tractable avenue to investigate institutional change.

Evidence-based evaluation of adult learning (training and capacity development) programs is essential for guiding investment decisions regarding such programs. But standard practice for evaluation of training and development programs relies on participants' self-reports regarding the quality, effectiveness, and impact of such training. More rigorous evaluation methods — including reliable measures of learning; evaluation designs that include multiple methods of data collection, scientific sampling, and randomized control trials (RCTs); and multivariate analyses — are rarely found in the training and development literature, which compromises the utility of these evaluations.This submission presents methods for increasing the rigor of evaluation of adult learning events, describes how these methods were put to use in one organization, and — drawing on these evaluations — identifies the features of effective programs.

Interest in the politics of the developing areas has increased steadily since World War II, and scholars have now produced a sizable collection of single-country monographs, several regional studies, and at least one attempt at a global synthesis.1This literature has tended to stress various conditions as the primary correlates or determinants of political development. This research note offers a taxonomy of five approaches to the study of political development. The taxonomy draws upon both traditional and contemporary sources, and studies of both "developing" and "developed" areas, to derive a framework for ordering the literature on political development produced in the past two decades. The five approaches are (I) "legal-formal," (2) "economic," (3) "administrative," (4) "social system," and (5) "political culture."

This study examines the boundaries and limitations of the diffusion of "development journalism" among both the editorial body and the journalist body in the Egyptian newsrooms after the 2011 Arab Spring. Newsrooms under study represent different perspectives including state-owned, private-independent, and opposition newspapers. Through in-depth interviews with thirty-seven editors in chief and journalists, the authors studied how the editors and journalists at each newspaper define development journalism, whether the diffusion of development journalism follows a top-down or bottom-up approach, and if development journalism could influence the setting of the news agenda. Results show that the differences are not only apparent in the way development journalism is defined inside the different news organizations, but also between managers and journalists within each. Organizational structures and technological developments are as well factors that affect the way development journalism is diffused inside newsrooms.

There has been, of late, a growing realisation that the pace and pattern of economic development of a country can hardly be understood and explained comprehensively in terms of the straitjacket of economics discipline alone. India is a prime example of the importance of the part played by a country's history, culture, sociology, and socio-cultural-religious norms, values, and institutions in its development process. This book, with its assorted essays of varying depths of scholarship and insightful reflections, attempts to drive home this point more forcefully than ever before. In its search for the non-economic roots of India's overall sloth and murky progress in its broad-based economic and human development, the book illuminates major oddities deep inside a unique mental make-up full of perceptual and ideational dilemmas, many of which are arguably shaped by the long-lasting and dominant influence of what could be called the Brahminical lines of thinking and discourse. With India's hazy and dodgy world of perceptions as a backdrop, the book also addresses - through its intelligent essays - the deep and sometimes dire ramifications of the historic advent and the dramatic advance of neoliberal market ideology today.

This study aims to highlight the relevance of budget transparency in improving human development and fill the gap in the literature, which has traditionally considered the concept of development in economic terms. Here, development refers to levels of knowledge, the possibility of enjoying a long and healthy life and having a decent standard of living. Improving human development is the main point of interest in the assessment of public policy outcomes and this study is focussed on one specific policy, namely, budget transparency. By using a pool of 110 countries for the years 2008, 2010, 2012, 2015 and 2017, the empirical results demonstrate a positive effect of the open budget index on the human development index, suggesting that budget transparency is a good way to improve levels of human development. These findings are essential not only for academic debate but also for practitioners because they show transparency as a relevant tool to improve human development. Points for practitioners Budget transparency is a relevant tool to improve human development. Transparency may improve the quality of life through a better quality of governance. The central roles played by transparency and participation coupled with accountability have been confirmed. The complexity of the concept of human development involves, among other things, disclosing information regarding the public policies. Examining budgets, guaranteeing their transparency as well as the transparency of the budgeting process, is highly recommended to improve human development.

Abstract
The article addresses the complex interplay between tourism development, nature conservation or environmental protection, and Austrian identities. Austria's natural landscapes have been construed as a national symbol of identity since the time of the Habsburg monarchy, so the protection of these landscapes was considered essential. At the same time, intensive tourism development was pursued, and the tension between nature conservation and tourism became crucial as they appeared as collaborators and opponents. Especially after World War II, during the period of reconstruction and with funds from the European Recovery Program (ERP / Marshall Plan), Austria's natural landscapes were elevated to the status of a national symbol of a supposedly restored and peaceful world. The highly controversial issue of land use, technical development, and conservation (especially of the Alpine world) has shaped Austria culturally and materially from the beginnings of tourism and continues to do so today. This article examines the issues, highlighting the role of state and private, collective and individual actors, cultural transfers from the USA, public discourses, and changes implemented on the ground. A central source are discourse-shaping elements from popular cultures, such as films and tourism advertising.

Irrigation development in Rwanda is typically not demand-driven. Existing irrigation developments have mostly resulted from government-led initiatives and donor support with the aim of achieving food security. A few irrigation projects have also been initiated by private commercial farmers and smallholder farmers with use of small-scale irrigation technology (SSIT). Farmer-led irrigation development (FLID) is defined as a process by which small-scale farmers or commercial farmers drive the establishment, improvement, and/or expansion of irrigated agriculture, often in interaction with external actors. It typically involves entrepreneurial investments by farmers either alone or in groups. For the FLID supply chain to be effective and efficient, several key private and public sector participants are involved. Districts, sectors, and offices are key stakeholders that deliver agriculture extension and advisory services and serve as focal points representing the needs of local communities and coordinating multisector responses. Regarding FLID financing, the government has attempted to reform policies and increase access by smallholder farmers to financial services. As a result, different commercial banks both public and private, MFIs, and other financial service providers continue to expand their financial services to poor rural communities, especially smallholder farmers.