Suchergebnisse

Abstract. Deriving reliable estimates of design water levels and wave conditions resulting from tropical cyclones is a challenging problem of high relevance
for, among other things, coastal and offshore engineering projects and risk assessment studies. Tropical cyclone geometry and wind speeds have been
recorded for the past few decades only, thus resulting in poorly reliable estimates of the extremes, especially in regions characterized by a
low number of past tropical cyclone events. In this paper, this challenge is overcome by using synthetic tropical cyclone tracks and wind fields
generated by the open-source tool TCWiSE (Tropical Cyclone Wind Statistical Estimation Tool) to create thousands of realizations representative of
1000 years of tropical cyclone activity for the Bay of Bengal. Each of these realizations is used to force coupled storm surge and wave
simulations by means of the processed-based Delft3D Flexible Mesh Suite. It is shown that the use of synthetic tracks provides reliable estimates of
the statistics of the first-order hazard (i.e., wind speed) compared to the statistics derived for historical tropical cyclones. Based on estimated
wind fields, second-order hazards (i.e., storm surge and waves) are computed that are generated by the first-order hazard of wind. The estimates of
the extreme values derived for wind speed, wave height and storm surge are shown to converge within the 1000 years of simulated cyclone
tracks. Comparing second-order hazard estimates based on historical and synthetic tracks shows that, for this case study, the use of historical
tracks (a deterministic approach) leads to an underestimation of the mean computed storm surge of up to −30 %. Differences between the use of
synthetic versus historical tracks are characterized by a large spatial variability along the Bay of Bengal, where regions with a lower probability
of occurrence of tropical cyclones show the largest difference in predicted storm surge and wave heights. In addition, the use of historical tracks
leads to much larger uncertainty bands in the estimation of both storm surges and wave heights, with confidence intervals being +80 % larger
compared to those estimated by using synthetic tracks (probabilistic approach). Based on the same tropical cyclone realizations, the effect that
changes in tropical cyclone frequency and intensity, possibly resulting from climate change, may have on modeled storm surge and wave heights was
computed. As a proof of concept, an increase in tropical cyclone frequency of +25.6 % and wind intensity of +1.6 %, based on literature
values and without accounting for uncertainties in future climate projection, was estimated to possibly result in an increase in storm surge and
wave heights of +11 % and +9 %, respectively. This suggests that climate change could increase tropical-cyclone-induced coastal hazards
more than just the actual increase in maximum wind speeds.

PurposeThis paper aims to describe and explain women's labor participation in the public sector, particularly at the local level. The paper analyses the representation of women employees in the public sector through a case study of a city council in a mid-sized Spanish city. The authors delve into the extent of gender labor discrimination in public administration, exploring a diversity of situations, experiences, and perceptions of women workers in female, neutral, and male-dominated areas in the local administration.Design/methodology/approachThe authors have applied a combined methodology of quantitative analysis based on an exhaustive analysis of the list of job posts, and qualitative analysis from the narratives of women workers in biographical interviews, in women-dominated, neutral and male-dominated areas.FindingsThe authors conclude by providing a clear description of women's representation in local administration. Despite the institutional efforts in applying gender equality norms and public policies in administration, employment and labor market, this article shows the persistent inequality in employment within the administration. The paper demonstrates that public administrations can be seen as gender regimes that tend to reproduce inequality by formal and informal dynamics. This inequality gender reproduction in a supposedly gender-neutral administration reflects discrimination in a labor market. The paper details phenomena relating to horizontal occupational segregation, glass ceilings, sticky floors, and the undervaluing of women's work, among other phenomena.Practical implicationsThe administration should consider two essential factors that endanger gender equality: (1) the demonstrated regression of gender mainstreaming and the effects on women's employment as a consequence of the crisis, and (2) neoliberal governments and extreme right-wing parties (or neoliberal governments and extreme right-wing parties' support, as is the case with the current Andalusian regional government), whose agenda includes the fight against what neoliberal governments and extreme right-wing parties call "gender ideology".Social implicationsThe gap between the effectiveness of gender legislation and actual working practices within the administration has been highlighted. This fact should be a wake-up call for the administrations to strictly comply with gender legislation, given that local administrations are the closest to the citizens. Future research should focus on changes to detect any regression and to prevent losing the improvements already achieved, which can still be very much strengthened.Originality/valueThis article helps to fill the gap in the literature on gender discrimination in the labor market, which often omits the public sector, especially in local administration, which is the closest administrative structure to citizenship respecting public policies. The article contributes to highlighting the need for an egalitarian labor market in order to achieve optimal performance, commitment and efficiency in egalitarian labor relations in local administration.

O objetivo desta revisão bibliográfica foi levantar as espécies de Anacardiaceae utilizadas na medicina tradicional de comunidades rurais do Piauí e confrontar essas aplicações com os resultados de testes laboratoriais acerca dos efeitos biológicos de extratos desses vegetais. Para tanto, foram buscados artigos científicos nos bancos de dados: Google Scholar, Latindex, PubMed, SciELO e Science Direct. Foram incluídos nesta pesquisa os artigos publicados entre 2010 a 2019 e que revelaram os usos medicinais de pelo menos uma espécie de Anacardiaceae em comunidades rurais piauienses. Foram encontrados 11 artigos científicos, sendo registradas sete espécies usadas principalmente como analgésicos, anti-inflamatórios, antidiarreicos e no combate a danos causados por agentes infeciosos. O gênero Spondias foi o mais representativo (3 espécies), seguido por Astronium (2 spp.). Cascas, folhas, frutos e raízes são as partes botânicas utilizadas na busca das propriedades curativas, prevalecendo o uso da casca (6 spp.). Astronium urundeuva foi a espécie que apresentou maior versatilidade de aplicações, seguida por Anacardium occidentale. Diversas aplicações medicinais registradas neste estudo carecem de análises laboratoriais que indiquem seu poder curativo, expondo, assim, a necessidade de novas investigações que atestem as propriedades terapêuticas dessas plantas. Espera-se também que futuras pesquisas ampliem o número de registros de espécies de Anacardiaceae no Estado.

Palavras-chave: Aroeira. Plantas Medicinais. Propriedades Farmacológicas. Spondias

Abstract
The aim of this bibliographic review was to survey the Anacardiaceae species used in the traditional medicine of rural communities in the State of Piauí and compare these applications with the results of laboratory tests on the biological effects of extracts from these plants. For that, scientific articles were searched in the databases: Google Scholar, Latindex, Pubmed, Scielo and Science Direct. This research included articles published between 2010 and 2019 that revealed the medicinal uses of at least one Anacardiaceae species in rural communities in Piauí. 11 scientific articles were found, and seven species were recorded, mainly used as analgesics, anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrheal and against damage caused by infectious agents. The genus Spondias was the most representative (3 species), followed by Astronium (2 spp.). Bark, leaves, fruits and roots are the botanical parts used in the search of the healing properties, prevailing the use of the bark (6 spp.). Astronium urundeuva was the species with the greatest application versatility, followed by Anacardium occidentale. Several medicinal applications registered in this study lack laboratory analyses that indicate their healing power, exposing the need for new investigations that attest the therapeutic properties of these plants. Future research is also expected to increase the number of records of Anacardiaceae species in the State.

Keywords: Aroeira. Medicinal Plants. Pharmacological Properties. Spondias

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure on the firms' weighted average cost of capital (WACC) of Jordanian industrial firms listed in the Amman Stock Exchange (ASE) over the 2009–2019 period. In particular, this paper examines whether stockholders and creditors value CSR information disclosure positively when they decide to provide financing to the firm.


Design/methodology/approach
To investigate the relationship between the firm's disclosure of CSR and its WACC within Jordanian industrial firms, this study used the generalized method of moments. This study first describes the variables and then the model specification. The dependent variable is the WACC, calculated as the weighted average cost of debt and the cost of equity. For the main independent variable, this study used the CSR disclosure index developed by Abu Qa'adan and Suwaidan (2019), which includes 42 items of information classified into four categories: environmental information, human resources information, community involvement information and product/services to customer information. The sample includes 42 industrial firms listed in the ASE over the period 2009–2019.


Findings
This study finds find that there is no impact of total CSR disclosure on the WACC. However, firms that do not disclose enough information and engage in socially responsible activities related to the environment and the human resources are considered high risk to the market participants (i.e. creditors and equity holders) and consequently are penalized by being charged high financing costs. Furthermore, profitable firms that engage in CSR activities are seen to be highly risky.


Research limitations/implications
As the period chosen for the study is considered a period of an economic slowdown in Jordan, it is highly likely that the impact of the economic slowdown increased the required return on investment by equity holders. The results of the study are consistent with the idea that managers regard CSR as philanthropy rather than as a necessary activity that leads to the sustainability of their businesses. On the other hand, it could be that investors do not give any attention to the CSR information provided by the firm, and hence, their required return is determined by other factors.


Originality/value
This research contributes to the literature on CSR in the following: first, contrary to previous research that examines the impact of CSR on a firm's value or its cost of equity capital, this study will examine the effect of CSR disclosures on the company's WACC. Second, this research examines the CSR disclosure in a small market where information asymmetry is high, thus the authors suggest that their CSR disclosure is one channel through which firms can reduce this information asymmetry and improve their performance.

A capacidade do algodoeiro de se recuperar após uma desfolha se faz em função do nível de redução da área foliar, estágio de desenvolvimento da planta em que ocorrer a injúria, condições climáticas e práticas do sistema de cultivo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da desfolha no desenvolvimento, produtividade e qualidade de fibra do algodoeiro, nos sistemas de espaçamentos adensado e convencional. Para isso, conduziu-se experimentos em condições de campo, em Dourados (MS), utilizando-se a cultivar NuOpal RR®, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso (com parcelas subdivididas) e quatro repetições em dois sistemas de cultivo (adensado e convencional). Os tratamentos constituíram-se de cinco fases de desenvolvimento da cultura: V3, B1, F1, F5 e C1, (de acordo com a escala de Marur e Ruano (2001) e quatro níveis de desfolhamento artificial (0%, 33%, 66% e 99% da área foliar). O efeito da desfolha nos índices de produtividade e qualidade de fibras foi dependente do estádio do fenológico em que a cultura se encontrava independente do sistema de cultivo estudado. Já quando as plantas estavam nos estádios B1 e F1 e sofreram desfolha de 99%, este afetou os índices de qualidade de fibras, enquanto a redução de área foliar no estádio C1 não afetou os índices de qualidade e produtividade do algodoeiro.

Palavras chave: Área Foliar. Dano. Sistemas de Cultivo. Algodão.

Abstract
The ability of the cotton plant to recover after defoliation is a function of the level of reduction of the leaf area, stage of development of the plant in which injury occurs, climatic conditions and practices of the cultivation system. The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior of cotton submitted to different levels and times of defoliation in systems of conventional and narrow row cultivation. Experiments were conducted in field conditions, in Dourados (MS), using the cultivar NuOpal RR® in a randomized block design (with subdivided plots) and four replications in two cultivation systems (narrow row and conventional). The treatments consisted of five stages of crop development: V3, B1, F1, F5 and C1, (according to the scale of Marur & Ruano (2001) and four levels of artificial defoliation (0%, 33%, 66 % and 99% of the leaf area artificially eliminated.) The effect of defoliation on the indexes productivity and fiber quality depends on the phenological stage in which the culture was, independent of the cultivation system studied. When the plants were in stages B1 and F1 and suffered defoliation of 99%, this affected the fiber quality indexes, while the reduction of leaf area in the C1 stage did not affect the quality and productivity indexes of the cotton.

Keywords: Leaf Area. Damage. Cultivation Systems. Cotton.

Os praticantes de exercício físico, visando uma melhor performance, optam por utilizar suplementos fitoterápicos, mas é de fundamental importância a comprovação científica do seu uso e as dosagens específicas para contribuir, de maneira segura, na manutenção da saúde e a qualidade de vida. Desse modo, o objetivo do estudo consiste em identificar os efeitos da suplementação de fitoterápicos na performance e/ou desempenho físico. Para isso, foram selecionados estudos originais realizados em humanos, publicados em inglês ou português, entre os anos de 2015 a 2019, nas bases de dados: PubMed, Lilacs, Scielo, Medline e Google Acadêmico. Os termos utilizados para a pesquisa foram: "phytotherapy", "supplementation", "exercise" and "physical performance", e em português: fitoterapia, suplementação, exercício e desempenho físico. A pesquisa foi composta por estudos realizados em indivíduos adultos, fisicamente ativos, de ambos os sexos. Os resultados encontrados indicam que a suplementação de fitoterápicos proporciona melhorias tanto em âmbito de rendimento quanto na composição corporal. Entretanto, a escassez de pesquisas realizadas em humanos, que investiguem as relações dos fitoterápicos no desempenho físico, e também a falta de dosagens eficientes e seguras limitam a obtenção de conclusões mais consistentes. Conclui-se que são necessários mais estudos para compreender como os fitoterápicos podem beneficiar os praticantes de atividade física.

Palavras-chave: Suplementação. Fitoterápicos. Desempenho Físico.

Abstract
Physical exercise practioniers aiming at a better performance, choose to use herbal supplements, but it is of fundamental importance the scientific proof of its use and the specific dosages to contribute in a safe way in the health and quality of life maintenance. Thus, the aim of the study is to identify the effects of herbal medicines supplementation on performance and / or physical performance. For this purpose, original human studies were published in English or Portuguese, between the years 2015 to 2019, in the PubMed, Lilacs, Scielo, Medline and Google Scholar databases. The terms used for the research were "phytotherapy", "supplementation", "exercise" and "physical performance", and in Portuguese: fitoterapia, suplementação, exercício e desempenho físico. The research consisted of studies carried out on adult, physically active individuals of both sexes. The results found indicate that the herbal medicines supplementation provides improvements both in terms of performance and body composition. However, the scarcity of research carried out in humans investigating the relationships of herbal medicines in physical performance, and also the lack of efficient and safe dosages limit the drawing of more consistent conclusions. It is concluded that more studies are needed to understand how herbal medicines can benefit physical activity practitioners.

Keywords: Supplementation. Phytotherapics. Physical Performance.
Palavras-chave: Suplementação. Fitoterápicos. Desempenho Físico.

Ageratum fastigiatum is a plant of the genus Asteraceae, a family that includes about thirty tropical plants. Studies about A. fastigiatum have increased mainly due to its pharmacological and ethnobotanical relevance, as well as studies that have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effects of different extracts of such plant and their use in pest control and insecticide production. Such aspects are relevant due to the constant demand for new drugs and the need to corroborate its traditional use, however, the literature still lacks studies that gather the main findings about a plant with so much potential. Thus, this review aimed to present the botanical, ethnobotanical, phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of the plant in order to provide an overview about the plant's state-of-the-art and to contribute to future studies regarding Ageratum fastigiatum. Through this literature review, it was demonstrated that the botanical and identification aspects of A. fastigiatum are well defined and registered among researchers and that A. fastigiatum is a plant whose biological action has demonstrated great potential for both commercial and public health applications , which makes it extremely attractive. However, the number of studies was relatively small, which proves to be a plant still very little explored.

Keywords: Brazilian Cerrado. Ethnopharmacology. Herbal Medicine. Medicinal Plants.

Resumo
Ageratum fastigiatum é uma planta do gênero Asteraceae, família que reúne cerca de trinta plantas tropicais. Os estudos a respeito da A. fastigiatum têm aumentado principalmente devido à relevância farmacológica e etnobotânica bem como estudos que demonstraram efeitos anti-inflamatórios de diferentes extratos da planta e o uso destes no controle de pestes e produção de inseticidas. Tais aspectos são relevantes diante da demanda constante de novas drogas e da necessidade de corroborar com o uso tradicional da planta, contudo, a literatura ainda carece de um trabalho onde estejam reunidos os principais achados a respeito de uma planta com tanto potencial. Assim, esta revisão teve como objetivo apresentar os aspectos botânicos, etnobotânicos, fitoquímicos e farmacológicos da planta a fim de proporcionar um panorama sobre o estado da arte sobre a mesma e contribuir para estudos futuros a respeito da Ageratum fastigiatum. Por meio da presente revisão de literatura, foi demonstrado que os aspectos botânicos e de identificação da A. fastigiatum são bem definidos e registrados entre pesquisadores e que a A. fastigiatum é uma planta cuja ação biológica demonstrou grande potencial para aplicações tanto comerciais quanto de saúde pública, o que a torna extremamente atrativa. Contudo, a quantidade de estudos foi relativamente pequena o que demonstra ser uma planta ainda muito pouco explorada.

Palavras-chave: Cerrado Brasileiro. Etnofarmacologia. Fitoterapia. Medicina. Plantas Medicinais.

Abstract
Background
Safe and clean drinking water is essential for human life. Persistent, mobile and toxic (PMT) substances and/or very persistent and very mobile (vPvM) substances are an important group of substances for which additional measures to protect water resources may be needed to avoid negative environmental and human health effects. PMT/vPvM substances do not sufficiently biodegrade in the environment, they can travel long distances with water and are toxic (those that are PMT substances) to the environment and/or human health. PMT/vPvM substance research and regulation is arguably in its infancy and in order to get in control of these substances the following (non-exhaustive list of) knowledge gaps should to be addressed: environmental occurrence; the suitability of currently available analytical methods; the effectiveness and availability of treatment technologies; the ability of regional governance and industrial stewardship to contribute to safe drinking water while supporting innovation; the ways in which policies and regulations can be used most effectively to govern these substances; and, the identification of safe and sustainable alternatives.

Methods
The work is the outcome of the third PMT workshop, held in March 2021, that brought together diverse scientists, regulators, NGOs, and representatives from the water sector and the chemical sector, all concerned with protecting the quality of our water resources. The online workshop was attended by over 700 people. The knowledge gaps above were discussed in the presentations given and the attendees were invited to provide their opinions about knowledge gaps related to PMT/vPvM substance research and regulation.

Results
Strategies to closing the knowledge, technical and practical gaps to get in control of PMT/vPvM substances can be rooted in the Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability Towards a Toxic Free Environment from the European Commission, as well as recent advances in the research and industrial stewardship. Key to closing these gaps are: (i) advancing remediation and removal strategies for PMT/vPvM substances that are already in the environment, however this is not an effective long-term strategy; (ii) clear and harmonized definitions of PMT/vPvM substances across diverse European and international legislations; (iii) ensuring wider availability of analytical methods and reference standards; (iv) addressing data gaps related to persistence, mobility and toxicity of chemical substances, particularly transformation products and those within complex substance mixtures; and (v) advancing monitoring and risk assessment tools for stewardship and regulatory compliance. The two most effective ways to get in control were identified to be source control through risk governance efforts, and enhancing market incentives for alternatives to PMT/vPvM substances by using safe and sustainable by design strategies.

The authors would like to acknowledge the support of CERN's Sources, Targets and Interactions (STI) Group, the Accelerator Consolidation Project at CERN, as well as M. Wendt and F. Caspers. This program is partially supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP16H03994. This support is gratefully acknowledged. The research leading to these results has received funding from the transnational access activity ARIES which is co-funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement no. 730871. ; Beam Intercepting Devices (BIDs) are essential protection elements for the operation of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) complex. The LHC internal beam dump (LHC Target Dump Injection or LHC TDI) is the main protection BID of the LHC injection system; its main function is to protect LHC equipment in the event of a malfunction of the injection kicker magnets during beam transfer from the SPS to the LHC. Several issues with the TDI were encountered during LHC operation, most of them due to outgassing from its core components induced by electron cloud effects, which led to limitations of the injector intensity and hence had an impact onLHCavailability. The absorbing cores of the TDIs, and of beam intercepting devices in general, need to deal with high thermo-mechanical loads induced by the high intensity particle beams. In addition, devices such as the TDI—where the absorbing materials are installed close to the beam, are important contributors to the accelerator impedance budget. To reduce impedance, the absorbing materials that make up the core must be typically coated with high electrical conductivity metals. Beam impact testing of the coated absorbers is a crucial element of development work to ensure their correct operation. In the work covered by this paper, the behaviour of several metal-coated absorber materials was investigated when exposed to high intensity and high energy proton beams in the HiRadMat facility at CERN. Different coating configurations based on copper and molybdenum, and absorbing materials such as isostatic graphite, Carbon Fibre Composite (CfC) and Silicon Carbide reinforced with Silicon Carbide fibres (SiC-SiC), were tested in the facility to assess the TDI's performance and to extract information for other BIDs using these materials. In addition to beam impact tests and an extensive Post Irradiation Examination (PIE) campaign to assess the performance of the coatings and the structural integrity of the substrates, extensive numerical simulations were carried out. ; CERN's Sources, Targets and Interactions (STI) Group ; Accelerator Consolidation Project at CERN ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) ; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science ; Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) JP16H03994 ; transnational access activity ARIES - European Union 730871

This research was funded partially by the Central University of Ecuador and by the projects RESERVOIR (PRIMA programme supported by the European Union under grant agreement no. 1924) and BBVA2021-Leonardo2 along with local companies (projects Comunidad Regantes 220-I and Comunidad Regantes 1-20T). Antonio Jodar-Abellan acknowledges financial support received from the project BBVA2021-Leonardo2. In the same way, this work has been conducted within the Catedra del Agua of the University of Alicante (catedradelaguaua.org). Moreover, authors acknowledge the reviewers of the manuscript whose comments contributed greatly to improve this paper. ; Non-planned agricultural land abandonment is affecting natural hydrological processes. This is especially relevant in vulnerable arid karstic watersheds, where water resources are scarce but vital for sustaining natural ecosystems and human settlements.However, studies assessing the spatiotemporal evolution of the hydrological responses considering land-use changes and precipitation cycles for long periods are rare in karstic environments. In this research, we selected a representative karstic watershed in a Mediterranean semiarid domain, since in this belt, karst environments are prone to land degradation processes due to human impacts. Geographic Information Systems-based tools and hydrological modeling considering daily time steps were combined with temporal analysis of climate variables (wavelet analysis) to demonstrate possible interactions and vulnerable responses. Observed daily flow data were used to calibrate/ validate these hydrological models by applying statistic indicators such as the NSE efficiency and a selfdeveloped index (the ANSE index). This new index could enhance goodness-of-fit measurements obtained with traditional statistics during the model optimization. We hypothesize that this is key to adding new inputs to this research line. Our results revealed that: i) changes in the type of sclerophyllous vegetation (Quercus calliprinos, ilex, rotundifolia, suber, etc.) from 81.5% during the initial stage (1990) to natural grasslands by 81.6% (2018); and, ii) decreases in agricultural areas (crops) by approximately 60% and their transformation into coniferous forests, rock outcrops, sparsely natural grasslands, etc. in the same period. Consequently, increases in the curve number (CN) rateswere identified as a result of land abandonment. As a result, an increase in peak flow events jointlywith a relevant decrease of the average flow rates (water scarcity) in the watershed was predicted by the HEC-HMS model and verified through the observed data. This research provides useful information about the effects of anthropogenic changes in the hydrodynamic behaviour of karstic watersheds andwater resource impacts, especially key in water-scarce areas that depict important hazards for the water supply of related populations and natural ecosystems. ; Central University of Ecuador ; European Commission 1924 ; Comunidad de Madrid 220-I ; Catedra del Agua of the University of Alicante

In recent years, various governments have been trying to subordinate the Internet to the system of the Westphalian state order. This article seeks to add a new layer to the analysis of this conflict over state sovereignty and the global digital order. It draws on network theory as an alternative analytical lens to study the reconfiguration of power relations that define the Internet as a technical, social and economic network, and its governance. We review key conflicts and developments that shaped the Internet's history, from the Internet exceptionalists' visions in the 1990s to states' recent pursuits of digital sovereignty and trace how states, as well as private companies, seek to fundamentally reconfigure the dominant logic of the Internet and its sub-networks to expand and institutionalise their power position. We thus highlight a deeper layer of conflict: the current struggles over the techno-political configuration of the Internet are not only influenced by the conflict between liberal and authoritarian visions of the Internet; they are also the result of continuous tensions between processes of centralisation and decentralisation of the Internet's technical foundations and its governance. As an effect of these dynamics, we currently witness a pluralisation of power while, at the same time, new points of centralised control emerge. ; En los últimos años, varios gobiernos han intentado subordinar Internet al sistema del orden estatal de Westfalia. Este artículo busca agregar una nueva capa al análisis de este conflicto sobre el orden digital global. Se basa en la teoría de redes como una lente analítica para estudiar la reconfiguración de las relaciones de poder que definen Internet como una red técnica, social y económica, y su gobernanza. Revisamos los conflictos clave que dieron forma a la historia de Internet, desde las visiones de los excepcionalistas de Internet en la década de 1990 hasta las búsquedas recientes de soberanía digital por parte de los estados y rastreamos cómo los estados, así como las empresas privadas, buscan reconfigurar fundamentalmente la lógica dominante de Internet y sus subredes para expandir e institucionalizar su posición de poder. Destacamos así una capa más profunda de conflicto: las luchas actuales sobre la configuración tecnopolítica de Internet no solo están influenciadas por la discrepancia entre las visiones liberal y autoritaria de Internet; también resultan de las continuas tensiones entre los procesos de centralización y descentralización de las bases técnicas de Internet y su gobernanza. Como efecto de estas dinámicas, actualmente asistimos a una pluralización del poder mientras surgen nuevos puntos de control centralizado.

Residential emancipation is a phenomenon that continues to generate great academic, political and social interest. Beyond the clear effect that the economic crisis, started in 2008, had on this process in Spain, delaying residential emancipation by young people, the reality for this group today remains problematic. Conditions that adversely affect the transition to residential independence continue to exist, and this has been verified in numerous quantitative sociological investigations. Based on discussion groups with emancipated and non-emancipated individuals held in 2014 in different cities, this article uses a qualitative approach to analyze the phenomenon of residential emancipation in Spain. This analysis of young people's perceptions, valuations and interpretations of the contexts in which they are immersed verify the factors that affect the delay in residential emancipation, especially with regard to the labor market and housing. ; La emancipación residencial es un fenómeno que sigue despertando un gran interés académico, político y social. Más allá del claro efecto que la crisis económica tuvo en este proceso en nuestro país, retrasando la salida del hogar familiar/de origen por parte de los jóvenes, la realidad a la que se enfrenta este colectivo en la actualidad sigue siendo compleja y problemática. Siguen existiendo contextos adversos que dificultan el tránsito a la independencia residencial, y así lo han constatado numerosas investigaciones sociológicas, la mayoría de carácter cuantitativo. En el presente artículo, y desde una aproximación cualitativa, se analiza el fenómeno de la emancipación residencial en España recurriendo a grupos de discusión, para emancipados y no emancipados (realizados en 2014). Llevados a cabo en distintas ciudades, se recogen así percepciones, valoraciones e interpretaciones que hacen los jóvenes de la realidad en la que se encuentran inmersos y se constatan los factores que actúan de freno. ; L'émancipation résidentielle est un phénomène qui continue de susciter un grand intérêt académique, politique et social. Au-delà de l'effet évident que la crise économique a eu sur ce processus dans notre pays, en retardant le départ des jeunes du foyer familial, la réalité à laquelle ce groupe est confronté aujourd'hui continue d'être complexe et problématique. Il existe encore des contextes défavorables qui entravent la transition vers l'indépendance résidentielle, ce qui a été confirmé par de nombreuses études sociologiques, dont la plupart sont de nature quantitative. Dans cet article, et à partir d'une approche qualitative, le phénomène de l'émancipation résidentielle en Espagne est analysé à partir de focus groups de personnes émancipées et non émancipées (réalisés en 2014). Réalisés dans différentes villes, les perceptions, évaluations et interprétations que les jeunes font de la réalité dans laquelle ils se trouvent immergés sont recueillies et les facteurs qui agissent comme un frein sont notés.

Climate change is subject to lively public discussions. Especially the question of whether climate change is manmade is a central point of contention. Since climatic processes are interleaved and complex, it is difficult to evaluate public, political or scientific statements. In this work, we look at mathematical models behind climate processes on a simplified level. We present a simple model of the Earth?s energy budged developed by high school students themselves during a project week. The model allows the students to compute the global Earth?s surface temperature and effects of varying solar activity and land surface changes. More precisely, the model describing the energy budget of the Earth forms a systems of partial differential equations and can be linked to compartment models. We show how this mathematically challenging question can be didactically reduced in such a way that students can be enabled to develop, solve and extend compartment models independently without having been taught the theoretical background. We implemented this course as an interactive online workshop and present our experiences with gifted student groups. We believe that our material presents an opportunity to demonstrate the power of mathematical modeling, to understand natural phenomena, and to critically reflect on discussions. ; El cambio climático es objeto de animados debates públicos. Especialmente la cuestión de si el cambio climático está provocado por el hombre es un punto central de controversia. Dado que los procesos climáticos están entrelazados y son complejos, es difícil evaluar las las declaraciones públicas, políticas o científicas. En este trabajo, examinamos los modelos matemáticos que subyacen a los procesos climáticos a un nivel simplificado. Presentamos un modelo sencillo del brote energético de la Tierra desarrollado por los propios estudiantes de secundaria durante una semana de proyectos. El modelo permite calcular la temperatura global de la superficie de la Tierra y los efectos de la variación de la actividad solar y los cambios en la superficie terrestre. Más concretamente, el modelo que describe el balance energético de la Tierra forma un sistema de ecuaciones diferenciales parciales y puede vincularse a modelos de compartimentos. Mostramos cómo esta cuestión matemáticamente difícil puede reducirse didácticamente de manera que los estudiantes puedan desarrollar, resolver y ampliar los modelos de compartimentos de forma independiente sin que se les haya enseñado la base teórica. Implementamos este curso como un taller interactivo en línea y presentamos nuestras experiencias con grupos de estudiantes superdotados. Creemos que nuestro material presenta una oportunidad para demostrar el poder de la modelización matemática, para comprender los fenómenos naturales y reflexionar críticamente sobre los debates.

There are occasions in which, instead of a referentially rigorous, formalized, structuredand controlled language, sciences appeal to explanatory resources that do not come from thedisciplinary activity itself. In time, this phenomenon creates metaphors that eventually become partof the common scientific lexicon, as they are effective in increasing our understanding. However,should the metaphors be removed, very many scientific explanations would not sustain, given thattheir own meaning does not depend on other 'more literal' expressions. The phylogeny-ontogenymetaphor had a very strong influence in the way that, for example, the emerging anthropology andsociology, but also pedagogy, would think about human being and society. Through the analysisof bibliographical sources and specialized papers, this paper seeks to carry out a modest analysisof its internal logic in order to examine some of the effects this metaphor has in the educationalfield. It does not stand for getting rid of all metaphors, but rather for gaining awareness of how theyhinder divergent ways of thinking. It is especially interesting to stand out that the aforementionedmetaphor has sustained the construction of a body of knowledge about childhood and educationwhich works before the concrete realization of any educational situation. The problem is that this apriori knowledge, in the manner of epistemological obstacles, restricts the emergency of new ideasand/or solutions for the difficulties schooling is facing today. ; Hay ocasiones en que, en lugar de un lenguaje referencialmente riguroso, formalizado, estructurado ycontrolado, las ciencias apelan a recursos explicativos que no provienen de la actividad disciplinar misma. Este fenómeno va creando metáforas que se vuelven paulatinamente parte del léxico científico corriente al ser eficaces para aumentar nuestra comprensión. Pero si se quitaran del todo las metáforas, muchas explicaciones científicas no se sostendrían, puesto que su significación propia no depende de otras expresiones 'más literales'. La metáfora filogenia-ontogenia marcó fuertemente el modo en que, por ejemplo, las incipientes antropología y sociología, pero también la pedagogía, pensarían al ser humano y a la sociedad. Mediante el análisis de fuentes bibliográficas y artículos especializados, este trabajo busca hacer un modesto análisis de su lógica interna para revisar algunos efectos de esta metáfora en el campo educativo. No aboga por dejar de usar metáforas, antes bien pretende lograr mayor conciencia de cómo obstaculizan modos de pensar divergentes. En especial interesa destacar que la mencionada metáfora ha sustentado la construcción de un cuerpo de saberes acerca de la infancia y la educación que operan antes de la concreta realización de cualquier situación educativa. El problema es que esos saberes a priori, al modo de obstáculos epistemológicos, restringen la emergencia de nuevas ideas y/o soluciones para las dificultades que enfrenta la escolaridad hoy.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland played an important role in the European integration process from Winston Churchill's idea of creating the "United States of Europe", to becoming the first Member State in history to withdraw from the European Union. Ever since the first attempts of joining the Communities, their membership has met with reservations by the founding countries and mistrust regarding the British objectives towards the future development of the Community. The British relations with the EU have been uniquely marked with constant pursuit of better economic and political conditions of membership. Over the years, as the Government in charge of the British Parliament changed, the United Kingdom has presented with different requirements for their continued permanence and substantial budgetary contributions. These renegotiations have been repeated several times during the fortyseven years of British membership, always requesting for additional concessions. The achieved agreements were twice associated with a national referendum to confirm British membership within reformed Community. However, the two referenda led to opposite effects: the first one validated the recommendation of the Government to stay in the EU; while the second one ended with Britain leaving the European Union, against the official Governments suggestions, leading to many years of uncertainty, damaging the economy, negatively influencing working conditions, British currency, with potential to destroy the integrity of the United Kingdom. The aim of the study is to analyze both referenda results and the renegotiations of the membership conditions that led to them, by selecting the critical issues in the negotiating strategies, that were obstructing the agreements between the United Kingdom and the European Union, and by comparing several political agreements achieved by the United Kingdom in the process of negotiations at the correspondent stages of their membership within the European Union to demonstrate their political and economic implications. The research examined British, French, and American confidential diplomatic documents from the national archives, formal publications produced by Her Britannic Majesty's Government and those published by the European Institutions, as well as journals, letters and newspaper articles, documentaries, reports, and social media announcements made on the official accounts in different languages, including English, Italian, French, and Polish. In conclusion, this study shows how the national interest of the singular EU members does not always comply with the European agenda and how it overcomes any Communitarian interest. Furthermore, the research points out how the use of referenda on the membership cannot be justified as a leverage mean for negotiating the changes to the membership terms determined by the European Treaties.