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AbstractCities are increasingly capturing the attention of major international actors and now regularly feature in multilateral processes. Yet while there are many studies on networking among cities, there have been few studies of 'city networks' as formal and institutionalized governance structures facilitating city‐to‐city and city‐to‐other actors cooperation, or 'city diplomacy'. Institutionalized networks of cities, while not new, are becoming a growing presence on the international scene, almost omnipresent and perhaps even too common. Might it be time for a 'Darwinian' selection between city networking options? Diving deeper into this networked challenge, this essay focuses on the effects this networked diplomacy and overlap it might have on cities. Drawing on a research collaboration between the UCL City Leadership Laboratory at University College London and the World Health Organization's Healthy Cities Network and both a global dataset of city networks as well as qualitative focus group data, we consider the growth of these governance structures, their strengths, but also the weaknesses associated with their rapid growth, and how cities can engage with this networked landscape more strategically. In short, we argue that the potential of city networks must go hand‐in‐hand with more integrative and strategic thinking at both local and international levels.

Focusing on the attempted and successful banning of young adult fiction from media centers and classrooms, this book treats the legal and experiential history of censorship in libraries and public schools. It also looks closely at young adult novels from the early 1970s until today that have been the subject of book challenges. The authors discussed include Judy Blume, S.E. Hinton, Chris Crutcher, Jean Craighead George, M.E. Kerr, Mildred Taylor, and Sherman Alexie. This book offers parents, teachers and librarians arguments against censorship based on literary merit and societal benefit

Purpose
Culture is increasingly recognized as a key component of local development, but this attention is largely focused on large cities. This paper aims to focus on the ways in which the innovative, participatory action-research (PAR) methods of IdeaLabs and community intervention workshops are used by two projects with solidarity economy enterprise (SEE) participants to activate place-based cultural resources for local development in small communities.


Design/methodology/approach
An in-depth reflexive analysis undertaken by researchers involved in the two projects, taking a feminist ethics of care perspective, demonstrates the ways in which these two PAR methods promote local development with the goal of fighting against the economic, social and cultural degradation of small cities and rural areas.


Findings
The PAR methods used by the two projects examined stimulate place-based local development initiatives through collaboration and knowledge co-production among participants and researchers. The projects go beyond an instrumental view of the use of culture and the arts for local development to innovate and demonstrate new methodologies for more participatory approaches.


Originality/value
This paper addresses a gap in social economy literature, presenting methods that can be used in PAR projects to catalyse the use of culture as a local development tool by local SEEs.

As a young and developing city, Astana and its people are preparing their way to become a smart city. A smart city "improves the quality of life for its citizens through technological means" (Guerra, 2017). Kourtit, Nijkamp &Arribas (2012) define smart cities as highly productive cities as they perform to have highly educated people. This paper introduces the development of Institutional Repositories as possible technological component of a smart city. In Kazakhstan, the government is pushing towards providing better online access to its citizens. It is also embarking on digital library projects being spearheaded by the National Academic Library. With such projects being developed, how sufficient in terms of open- access information do the five largest cities of Kazakhstan have? State universities have their own institutional repository projects that may be a good inclusion to the smart city project. A survey of Astana University libraries and other four major cities was conducted to find out the number of existing Institutional Repositories that could possibly support the goal of the government to realize its full potential to be an innovative smart city.

This article explores the ways that oral history can help business historians to better understand how employees experience and make sense of their life at the company in relation to a company's identity. The research is based on two case studies. The first concentrates on Heineken. Specifically, it focuses on the closing of the Heineken brewery in Amsterdam in 1988. The second case was a commissioned project to write a book for the eightieth anniversary of the Amsterdam-based consultancy firm Van de Bunt Adviseurs. This project was concluded in 2016 with a publication that, like the research itself, was inspired by a cultural history approach and thus paid attention to founder narratives, sensemaking, and corporate identity construction. The article shows that oral history can broaden knowledge, especially of how employees experienced life at the company and how they made sense of it while referring to the (changing) company's identity. Through the oral history method, employees were given a voice that showed how the same events were (differently) experienced. Moreover, the oral histories made the personal impact of abstract developments more concrete, notably issues such as internationalization, mergers and acquisitions, changing workings conditions, scaling up or down, or closure. Stories about the founders and the ample use of the family metaphor, which stood out in both cases, expressed employees' feelings of being part of a company with a specific identity, as well as a longing for it. The article concludes with several suggestions that should be taken into account when conducting oral history research.

Intro -- Content -- Introduction -- Historical and Language Perspectives -- 1. Sámi Immigration and ContemporarySámi American Identity in the USA -- Introduction -- Who are the Sámi People? -- The First Sámi Immigrants -- Keweenaw Finnish and Sámi Settlement: Copper County -- Lake Lillian Township, Minnesota -- The Alaskan Sámi and the Poulsbo Puget Sound Communities -- Sámi American Revitalization and Community‑Building -- Bibliography -- 2. Czech Chicago: 1848–1918 -- Introduction -- Emigration from the Czech Lands to America -- Czech Neighbourhoods in Chicago -- Economy and the Working Class -- Catholics, Protestants, and Freethinkers -- Politics -- Cultural Activities -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- 3. Czechs in Argentina – a Brief Historyof the Expatriate Community -- General Requirements for Migration to Argentina -- The Chronology of Czech Immigration to Argentina -- The Beginning of Expatriate Institutions (2nd Half of the 19th Century –1918) -- The Expansion of the Czech Colony (1918–1939) -- The Expatriate Movement during World War II (1939–1948) -- Decline in Expatriate Activity (1949–1990) -- Revival of Czech Heritage (1990–to date) -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- 4. English Loanwords in Newspapers of Norwegian Immigrants in the US -- Introduction -- Brief History of Norwegian Immigration to the United States -- Character of the Norwegian Immigration to the US -- Norwegian Newspapers in the United States -- The Function and Significance of the Immigrant Press -- Norwegian Immigrant Press -- The Big Three -- Analysis -- Material and Method for the Analyses -- 1. Vocabulary fields and volume of English loanwords -- 2. Visual differentiation of English borrowings -- 3. Integration of Loanwords -- 4. Morphological Integration -- 5. Orthographic Integration -- Conclusion -- Bibliography

Elie Halévy's legacy is bounded by the two primary objects of his scholarly interest: the history of modern Britain and the study of French socialist doctrines. Taken together, his writings on temperate English politics and occasionally intemperate French socialists cemented his status as a leading French liberal of his generation. Read out of context, the tone of his criticism of wartime socialization and the growth of wartime governments has given him a conservative reputation in some circles and inspired a backlash among historians seeking a more progressive Halévy in his prewar writings. Meanwhile, the depth of his historical study of Britain has elicited several discussions of Halévy's turn from philosophy to history at the end of the 1890s. The portrait of Halévy that emerges in light of his historical studies of England and of French socialism is detailed, accurate, and flattering, but, like any portrait, it is incomplete. Before he was a historian, Halévy was a philosopher, and before he mastered his craft in the early twentieth century, Halévy struggled to find his voice in the late nineteenth.