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The Council of Ministers of Western European Union (WEU) met on June 16, 1955 in London. The Council gave further consideration to the setting up of the European Commission for the Saar, and the following members were nominated by governments and approved by the Council: M. F. Dehousse (Belgium), P. De Paolis (Italy), M. A. Kunnen (Luxembourg), A. W. C. Bentinck (Netherlands), and George Ren-del (United Kingdom). The first meeting of the European Commission, it was decided, would be held on June 24 in London. The Council also decided that the inaugural meeting of the Assembly of WEU would be held on July 5 in Strasbourg.

Defence date: 30 January 2017 ; Examining Board: Professor Loïc Azoulai, Sciences Po Paris (Supervisor); Professor Marco Dani, University of Trento/LSE; Professor Gareth Davies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Professor Hans-Wolfgang Micklitz, European University Institute ; The picture presented and often referred to in EU internal market law and legal scholarship is clear. Within the internal market private actors are the recipients of rights and public authorities are constrained in their (regulatory) powers. The notion of this new individualism is bound up with capacities, powers, and resources that empower private actors to engage in the internal market and cross-border situations;ultimately serving the objectives the internal market seeks to attain. Yet, within thinew individualism a conceptually different class of private actors has emerged that is constrained in economic freedoms, i.e. through obligations, rather than being empowered in the context of the internal market. This thesis will enquire the reasons that led to the development of this counter-culture. Why did it emerge? To what extent does this phenomenon affect the roles of private actors in the internal market? I will demonstrate that under the counter-culture private actors are responsibilized and transformed into 'competent authorities', i.e. alternative forms of regulatory authority, in the internal market. Private actors are placed into systems of shared responsibilities the relationships of which are coordinated by EU internal market law. In this regard, the concept of responsibility will serve as a tool to bridge the gap between the new positions EU internal market law allocates to private actors and the emerging legal consequences, i.e. allocation of obligations or tasks. The legal contexts of EU free movement law, EU discrimination law, EU food safety law and EU data protection law will serve as case studies against which the construed conceptual framework will be tested. Under the counter-culture the new individualism is no longer only about the exercise of self-interests. Rather, this form of the new individualism comes with a requirement to give account to the interests of other actors within the internal market.

Front -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- COUNTRY REPORTS -- Bulgaria -- Cyprus -- Czech Republic -- Estonia -- Hungary -- Latvia -- Lithuania -- Malta -- Poland -- Romania -- Slovakia -- Slovenia -- Turkey -- Towards the European Knowledge Society: A Closer Look at Information Society and Economic Convergence in the Transition Economies (EU8) -- Annex: Country Maps -- Resumés

Purpose: The main goal of the paper is to establish the importance of capital mobility for the occurrence of the credit booms in some EMU countries, which contributed to the so-called Eurozone crisis in the previous decade. In particular, a causal relationship between foreign capital inflows and expansions of credit to the private sector in five advanced "periphery" Eurozone economies (Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece, and Spain) in 1996–2016 is examined. Design/Methodology/Approach: A threshold method for identifying credit booms, and the Granger causality test were applied to investigate the relationship between foreign capital inflows and expansion of credit to the private sector in the PIIGS countries. We used data of an annual frequency over the years 1996–2016 and discuss the effects of using different measures for both capital inflows and credit expansion. Findings: The results allowed the authors to identify and measure credit booms in the PIIGS countries from 2006 to 2011. It has been shown that one of the reasons for the over-indebtedness of households and companies in these countries was the inflow of cheap and easily accessible capital, especially in the form of portfolio investments. Practical Implications: The results of the research can be used to assess the importance of the free movement of capital for financial stability in Eurozone countries. Originality/Value: The study contributes to a better understanding of the functioning of the Economic and Monetary Union as regards the links between capital flows in the financial market and the emergence of credit booms. ; peer-reviewed

El pdf del artículo es el documento de trabajo publicado con el titulo The private and fiscal returns to schooling and the effect of public policies on private incentives to invest in education: a general framework and some results for the EU. ; We present estimates of the private and fiscal returns to schooling in 14 European Union countries. Estimates of the private returns to post-compulsory formal education take into account the effects of schooling on wages and employment probabilities and allow for academic failure rates, the direct and opportunity costs of education, and the impact of personal taxes, social security contributions, and unemployment and pension benefits on lifetime earnings. Estimates of fiscal returns capture the long-term effects of a marginal increase in average educational attainment on public finances under conditions that approximate general equilibrium. (JEL: I20, J31, H60). ; This paper is part of a research project financed by the European Fund for Regional Development and Fundación Caixa Galicia. Additional financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science through project SEJ 2005-06357 is also gratefully acknowledged. ; Peer reviewed

This article provides an overview of the corporate self-regulation by five European-based multilateral financial institutions where European environmental acquis is applied in investment projects in the third countries. Academic research on environmental standards suffers from a certain imbalance. While scientific studies of European ambient standards and standards regulating environmental performance and its consequences are ample, little has been written so far about their application by the European players outside the European Union. This gap in the literature is, however, critical, considering the leading role the Union seeks to play in the proliferation of high environmental standards worldwide.

How has it been possible for Irish political leaders to actively promote two of the largest challenges to Irish nation-statehood: the concession of sovereignty to the European Union and the retraction of the constitutional claim over Northern Ireland? The author of this book argues that such discourses are integrally connected and, what is more, embody the enduring relevance of nationalism in modern Ireland. As the most comprehensive study to date of official discourse in twentieth-century Ireland, this book traces the ways in which nationalism can be simultaneously redefined and revitalised th

This book evaluates the application of the first autonomous European civil procedures: the European Order for Payment and the European Small Claims Procedure. The study offers an in-depth comparative and empirical analysis of the way these instruments function in interaction with national procedures in England and Wales, France, Italy, and Romania. The analysis combines available statistics with European and national case law, together with practitioners? experience. This approach provides a comprehensive understanding of the difficulties encountered, and of the solutions chosen to overcome procedural intricacies and to secure parties? procedural rights. The findings create a solid basis for enhancing judicial cooperation and addressing the practical aspects related to the application of the procedures. In its conclusion, the book discusses the ongoing developments taking shape in this area, and reflects on the implications that the legal standards established by the European uniform procedures have for future developments

Road safety is one of the most important global social issues. According to data from the United Nations, every year, around 1.2 million people worldwide die as a result of road accidents; that is, on average, one person dies every 30 seconds. Children and teenagers make up 40% of the fatalities. An additional 30–50 million people are injured as a result of these accidents; some of them become permanently disabled. The main types of accident risks are well documented; they concern a large range of factors, most often related to the behavior of drivers, especially in terms of speed. This article ranks the European Union countries in 2004 and 2018 by their levels of road safety. Four groups of countries are distinguished: very high, moderate, low, and very low levels of road safety.

Composite indices have recently become a very popular measure for tracking the progress of national economies. One of them is Legatum Prosperity Index (LPI), a relatively new and comprehensive indicator, which describes in a unique way the level and the dynamics of prosperity in the countries across the world. In this paper, prosperity of European Union and Western Balkan states during the last ten years was analyzed and its drivers investigated, using data for LPI. Also, analysis was performed of the relationships of LPI with GDP per capita and Human Development Index, as well as of the deviation of LPI level from the one that could be expected based on GDP per capita level for each observed country. In addition, the paper examines convergence/divergence between developing European countries and old EU members according to the level of LPI and the key dimensions and components of this indicator. Results indicate that new member states have the most room for improvement in the Institutional dimension, or more precisely in the Personal Freedom component, whereas Western Balkan countries could speed up their prosperity by investing more into Environment, as well as into Education, Health, and Personal Freedom.

The Routledge Handbook of European Elections explores the multifaceted dimension of the European Parliament's (EP) electoral contests across the European Community and European Union since 1979. After setting a general empirical and theoretical framework, this collaborative project presents original contributions from leading experts in the field. Each case study adheres to a common template that makes it easy to compare data, methodology and outcomes. Every country chapter includes: a brief geopolitical profile and historical background of the Member State; a glance at the national political la.