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Securing access to medicines (ATM) is critical for improving public health outcomes. Existing research has long identified and analyzed various barriers that may impede ATM at the global, national, or local levels. However, it tends to adopt a normative perspective to prescribe what infrastructures, resources, and measures should be put in place to improve ATM. Little scholarship has explored how and why countries may prioritize certain dimensions of ATM over others in pharmaceutical governance within specific historical contexts. This article fills that gap by deconstructing and historicizing the concept of ATM. The author aims to make two arguments. First, tensions easily arise between different dimensions of ATM, and prioritizing certain dimensions in pharmaceutical policy may impede improvements in others (e.g., availability vs. affordability). Second, which dimension(s) of ATM might be prioritized in the state's pharmaceutical policy hinges upon social, economic, and political forces. To substantiate these arguments, the author draws on interview and archival evidence from China. Specifically, the author provides a historical account of how and why the priorities of pharmaceutical governance in China changed over time: 1) 1949—late 1970s: pursuing both drug availability and affordability through socialist planning; 2) early 1980s—2015: priority shifting from availability (before the mid-1990s) to affordability (after the mid-1990s); 3) 2015—present: striving for a rebalance between drug availability and affordability.

This study assessed interactive governance of regulatory reform in the implementation of integrated permit processing in the Investment Agency and One Stop Services (DPMPTSP). Interaction/coordination among regulatory reform actors in the integrated units was plagued by problems. Improvement in interactive governance was adopted to solve the problems in the regulatory reforms of processing building construction permits. The research was based on qualitative research design. Used Data collection techniques included in-depth interviews and desk research. Results showed that regulatory reforms in the processing of building construction permits in DPMPTSP, DKI Jakarta is influenced by rigidity of regulations, weak institutional functions, and inconsistency in central government policies. Weak institutionalization of interactive governance is the major obstacle that has hampered the implementation of regulatory reform in the building construction permits processing. Recommended course of action include strengthening institutional capacity, improving policy consistency between the central government and DKI Jakarta administration, and creating avenues that strengthen coordination and interaction among relevant actors

This article examines the dynamics of local post-disaster tourism governance in areas on the foothills of Merapi Volcano in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, which is one of the world's most intensively active volcanoes. In this research, the author invites the readers to discuss the success achieved in local collaboration through transforming disaster life into a profitable tourism site. They face difficult situations amid government limitations in handling this post-disaster development. Using qualitative descriptive analysis, this study offers a new local-based collaboration model, especially for the post-disaster tourism governance in developing countries. Result of the study showed that local collaboration cannot be achieved in an instant, rather involves a process that is influenced by local wisdom. This article makes positive contribution to public policy literature and is essential for policymakers at the lower level and concerned about local-based development and empowerment

This special issue examines the consequences of the ongoing power transition in the world economy for global regulatory regimes, especially the variation in rising powers' transition from rule-takers to rule-makers in global markets. This introductory article presents the analytical framework for better understanding those consequences, the Power Transition Theory of Global Economic Governance (PTT-GEG), which extends the scope of traditional power transition theory to conflict and cooperation in the international political economy and global regulatory governance. PTT-GEG emphasizes variation in the institutional strength of the regulatory state as the key conduit through which the growing market size of the emergent economies gives their governments leverage in global regulatory regimes. Whether or not a particular rising power, for a particular regulatory issue, invests its resources in building a strong regulatory state, however, is a political choice, requiring an analysis of the interplay of domestic and international politics that fuels or inhibits the creation of regulatory capacity and capability. PTT-GEG further emphasizes variation in the extent to which rising powers' substantive, policy-specific preferences diverge from the established powers' preferences as enshrined in the regulatory status quo. Divergence should not be assumed as given. Distinct combinations of these two variables yield, for each regulatory regime, distinct theoretical expectations about how the power transition in the world economy will affect global economic governance, helping us identify the conditions under which rule-takers will become regime-transforming rule-makers, regime-undermining rule-breakers, resentful rule-fakers, or regime-strengthening rule-promoters, as well as the conditions under which they remain weakly regime-supporting rule-takers.

Is electoral support related to the quality of public goods provision? Does the dictum to deliver votes to the federal center harm local governance, or do better outcomes result in better opportunities to improve quality of governance? Our research contributes to the existing literature in the following ways: 1) we explore the variety of governance patterns on the understudied level of Russian municipalities, using the dataset of local statistical indicators for all municipalities starting from 2012 to 2018; 2) we estimate the effects of budget autonomy and electoral loyalty at the federal elections on public goods provision; 3) we explore whether elected heads provide local services. Our findings suggest that electoral loyalty does not uniformly improve public goods provision in municipalities, while elected heads also have limited capacity to provide better services. ; Peer reviewed

THE PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE for Development Studies (PIDS) was created on September 26, 1977 by virtue of Presidential Decree 1201 as an agency attached to the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA). It is organized as a nonstock, nonprofit government corporation. PIDS serves as the Philippine government's primary socioeconomic policy think tank performing policy-oriented research on various aspects of the Philippine economy to assist the government in formulating plans and policies that are based on research evidence. Based on this mandate, it is the mission of PIDS to serve the interests of the Filipino people through the provision of rigorous analyses of policy issues that can guide policymakers and leaders in decision-making. PIDS is ranked as one of the best think tanks in the world in the Global Go To Think Tank Index Report annually published by the Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program of the University of Pennsylvania.

Writing is a very intricate skill to acquire among the four language skills. This qualitative study was conducted to determine the writing difficulties committed by Humanities and Social Sciences (HumSS) students and analyze how they develop a topic in Philippine Politics and Governance (PPG). Participants of the study were the Grade 11 students of Morong National High School, Morong, Rizal, who took up the said subject for S.Y. 2019-2020 in its First Semester. Twelve (12) students from the six (6) HumSS classes were selected using the Systematic Sampling Technique. This study employed the Grounded Theory approach to examine written output using codes from the three (3) phases of coding – Open, Axial, and Selective Coding. After the coding process, significant themes emerged and were subjected to analysis. Findings revealed that the most common difficulties encountered by the participants when developing a topic are grammatical errors, inappropriate use of political concepts, and inappropriate choice of vocabulary. It is also found out that unnecessary shift in tense, ambiguous pronoun reference, loose sentence, sentence fragment, dangling modifier, and wordy sentence are next in line. Also, participants chose to develop their topics in Exposition, Narration, Analogy, and Examples. More so, participants also found it hard to create an issue when given a Philippine Politics and Governance writing task due to language constraints evident in their writing outputs.

Good organizational performance is also inseparable from good organizational management. However, not all Sports Organizations have a Good governance system, even though the governance system is a crucial component for managing a sports organization because it relates to policy issues and the direction of the performance of a sports organization. In addition, organizational performance is also inseparable from the intervention of organizational leaders because a leader has skills in influencing others to work together to achieve common goals. One of the successful leadership styles in business-based organizations is humanist leadership, but can humanist leadership styles contribute to realizing a sports organization that has Good Governance? A total of 20 articles in the last ten years on the topic of Good governance and humanist leadership were used as data and analyzed. Based on the results and discussion of the principles of Good Governance emphasized Transparency, Democracy, Check and Balance and Solidarity, and Humanist leadership, which has pillars such as communication, democracy, and transparency to its members. This study concludes that human leadership has a role in forming leaders who can improve the quality of good governance in sports organizations. ; Good organizational performance is also inseparable from good organizational management. However, not all Sports Organizations have a Good governance system, even though the governance system is a crucial component for managing a sports organization because it relates to policy issues and the direction of the performance of a sports organization. In addition, organizational performance is also inseparable from the intervention of organizational leaders because a leader has skills in influencing others to work together to achieve common goals. One of the successful leadership styles in business-based organizations is humanist leadership, but can humanist leadership styles contribute to realizing a sports organization that has Good Governance? A total of 20 articles in the last ten years on the topic of Good governance and humanist leadership were used as data and analyzed. Based on the results and discussion of the principles of Good Governance emphasized Transparency, Democracy, Check and Balance and Solidarity, and Humanist leadership, which has pillars such as communication, democracy, and transparency to its members. This study concludes that human leadership has a role in forming leaders who can improve the quality of good governance in sports organizations.

Die Suche nach einem Atommüll-Endlager in Deutschland stellt die Gesellschaft und Politik vor große Herausforderungen. Und nach der Bekanntgabe der geologisch geeigneten Teilgebiete ist die weiße Landkarte eingefärbt. Die Beiträger*innen des Bandes fokussieren die soziotechnischen Dimensionen der Endlagerpolitik und erläutern aus wissenschaftlicher Sicht die damit verbundenen Schwierigkeiten. Dabei greifen sie die bestehenden Problemdimensionen zwischen technisch-naturwissenschaftlichem Wissen, politischem Handeln und gesellschaftlicher Beteiligung auf und gehen auf die drei Themenkomplexe Regulierung und Interdependenzen, Reversibilität als Verfahrensmerkmal sowie Planungs- und Langzeitprozesse vertieft ein.

This research aims to analyze the effect of good corporate governance and financial distress on real earnings management. The sample in this study is a manufacturing company listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2016-2020 period. Data collection in this study was carried out using secondary data taken from the company's financial statement. The data were analyzed and tested using the SPSS 25 program to test descriptive statistics and outlier tests. The Smart PLS 3.0 program was used to test validity and reliability, test quality indexes, and test hypotheses. The results of this study indicate that institutional ownership has a significant effect on real earnings management, managerial ownership has no significant effect on real earnings management, family ownership has no significant effect on real earnings management, the audit committee has a significant effect on real earnings management, audit quality has a significant effect on management. Financial distress has a significant effect on real earnings management. The moderating variable in this study proves that family ownership has no significant effect on real earnings management which is moderated by political connections.

Toluk Jangkang Tourism is a tour that has a concept of traveling combining nature with local culture. The concept of Collaborative Governance Helping is important because in its application it does not only involve government and non-government but also other parties. This study aims to examine the concept of Collaborative Governance, the parties involved are the Tourism Office of Siak Regency, PT Cosmic, and Pokdarwis. The collaboration was carried out to develop the Toluk Angkang tourist attraction in Tualang District, Siak Regency. However, there are still inhibiting factors for Collaborative Governance in developing Toluk Jangkang tourism, namely the lack of budget provided by the government and the lack of community participation in developing Antang Jangkang tourism objects. This research method is a descriptive case study approach. The results of the research have not been fully achieved. The collaboration between the Tourism Office of Siak Regency, PT Cosmic, and Pokdarwis has proven that there is still minimal cost and community participation in developing Toluk Jangkang tourism.

This article describes the collaborative implementation of a policy that involves different stakeholders in achieving goals, primarily related to community empowerment through the development of inclusive economic and creativity facilities. Through collaborative governance, it is present as a forum for mutual interaction between policy actors in building commitment and cooperation through their roles so that the positive goals of each party are achieved. In this case, it is emphasized through the "ABCGM" pattern that connects the government, private sector, universities, the media, and the community as a foundation in building synergy so that this pattern provides conditions that describe the respective roles between actors and their authorities and even obstacles between actors in building collaboration. . The research method uses a descriptive qualitative approach through data collection techniques of observation, interviews and documentation. This article concludes that the inter-institutions involved in implementing a policy need to be accompanied by commitment as a continuous process of building trust so that collaborative action is able to accommodate the interests and goals of all parties and is inclusively felt by all parties.

During the COVID-19 crisis in Africa, several contradictory discourses have tried to predict how the continent will experience the pandemic. Based on a qualitative approach, this article goes beyond generalized and arbitrary predictions and analyzes how three countries in the Great Lakes region of Africa have managed the pandemic. We first analyze which measures the respective governments of the three countries – and their decentralized authorities – have taken. We also analyze up to which extend international prescriptions – as propagated by the World Health Organization – have influenced their choices. Second, we analyze how government measures have transformed throughout implementation and interacted with the specific circumstances of each context. Authorities, on the one hand, navigated between rigid and more flexible interpretation of national prescriptions, entering into practical arrangements or adopting force. Populations on the other hand have resorted to acceptance, circumvention, contestation or resistance. Our research ultimately points to the way in which political dynamics, resistance, violence, and local redefine both national policies and their international reference frames. In this way, the governance dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic in the African Great Lakes region provide a lens through which we can complexify our understandings of real governance in Africa.