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"This book assembles essays on legal sociology and legal history by an international group of distinguished scholars. All of them have been influenced by the eminent and prolific legal historian, legal sociologist, and scholar of comparative law, Lawrence M. Friedman. Not just a Festschrift of essays by colleagues and disciples, this volume presents a sustained examination and application of Friedman's ideas and methods. Some of the writers directly assess and comment on Friedman's vast body of work, while others examine his conclusions to see how well they have stood up over time. Various contributors apply concepts and insights derived from Friedman's work to the study of similar problems in different periods and societies. And others use Friedman's concepts and insights as a foil or contrast to their own approaches to studying law and society from theoretical perspectives very different from his. Together, the essays in this volume show the powerful ripple effects of Friedman's work on American and comparative legal sociology, American and comparative legal history, and the general sociology of law and legal change"--

Abstract
As the International Criminal Court (ICC) nears its 20th year in operation, many international criminal law practitioners and scholars are asking: where is the ICC today in relation to its original promise to end impunity for the world's worst crimes? Baked into that question are themes of the court's distance and proximity, temporal and spatial, professional and existential. Where is the ICC located along the historic 'arc of justice' and how might we push it further along that path? How does the prosecutor's refrain that the ICC is a 'court of law' that must keep away from political entanglements affect its interaction with domestic actors? What do practitioners and scholars mean when they encourage the ICC to 'get closer' to atrocity situations, whether through better communication, cooperation or in situ proceedings? These questions prompt reflection on the ICC's distance from, and proximity to, the atrocity space through an analysis of three recent monographs on the ICC and Africa. Reviewing these contributions in law, political science and anthropology, this review essay gauges the multiple planes of distance and proximity on which international criminal law advocates operate. These planes turn out to play an important part in ordering global justice, particularly the spaces and subjects of atrocities as sites of anti-impunity work.

Eavesdropping is a means by which to achieve the detection of offenses and criminal offenses. It does not constitute a legal test as evidence not included in the legislation, but the tools to search for evidence. Such as tapping should be used when it detects these offenses which by their type is very difficult to detect. Of course, this means test does not need to reach the violation of fundamental constitutional rights in Albania since otherwise the test tool will become a mechanism for pressure and fear that people will unhappily booty of this tool. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n9p434

Legal positivism is influenced by natural law from Ancient Greece, natural law comes from God to regulate human life. Humans were created by reason by God to make rules, John Austin stated that to make a rule sourced from orders or policies in the field of law by the king or parliament as the highest authority. This influenced the thinking of Hans Klesen with a pure legal theory that complies with hierarchical rules and sanctions, Hart's legal positivism explains that law comes from morals that regulate one's behavior. This paper is in the form of legal research in literature studies in the form of books and journals that discuss positivism legal policy, which is legal research, then analyzed using the John Austin doctrine. The advantage of the influence of natural law on legal positivism according to Austin is that it divides the law into two forms, namely the law from God for humans (the divine law), the law created by God for His creatures. Laws are compiled and made by humans, which consist of: Laws that are actually positive laws (properly so called), and laws that are not actually laws (improperly so called). 2. The doctrine of legal positivism, state power must be limited and controlled by law, the state must be constructed as a state of law and not a state of power. Every citizen is considered to have the same position, law enforcers to think and act legally formalistically, by placing legal justice as the goal of law.

This article aims to re-assess the relationship between law and ideology, with a view to identifying the foundational policies established within the judicial-legal sphere in Turkey at the birth of the Republic in 1923. A central focus of the article is the historical project to create a new class of legal professionals, particularly attorneys, as an exemplary case for the interaction between law, ideology and modernization. Firstly, it is argued that Kemalist legal and judicial reforms were an essential part of the general social-engineering project which intended to Westernize/modernize the newly established Republic. Accordingly, reforms were dominated by two closely interrelated themes of legal ideology: the consolidation of the new order and the development of a statist understanding of justice. In turn, legal professionals were remoulded by modernizing cadres in order to secure/promote the modernist perspective within legal foundations as delineated by official ideology. Secondly, the article argues that statist policy towards attorneys was so dominated by modernizing ideology that Weberian formalism was undermined. The idiosyncratic statist concerns outweighed universalistic legal values, which intensified rather than balanced, the ongoing tension between substantive and formalist rationality that is inherent to Weberian notions of justice.

Abstract
The article analyses the application of criminal-head guarantees to European Union legislation requiring Member States to lay down rules on administrative fines. EU legislation requiring Member States to stipulate administrative fines for breaches of EU law has been on a steady increase. The proliferation of such sanctions with little harmonisation of applicable procedural safeguards opens doors for misuses of punitive power. The first part of the article analyses the application of the Engel criteria and the Jussila exception for offences falling short of the hard-core of criminal law. The article highlights the discrepancies in the case law and suggests an alternative to the moral stigma approach in applying the Jussila exception. The second part of the article assesses whether the case law of the ECJ provides similar results and to which extent has the Union's legislator harmonised or precluded procedural safeguards regarding administrative fines.

The research paper deals with the social and criminal law characteristics of such phenomenon as "bullying". The conducted research shows that bullying is a phenomenon that is no longer purely administrative and legal, and is now subject to criminal law characteristics because it often entails criminal consequences. A detailed analysis of the provisions of the Criminal Code of Ukraine allows concluding that certain manifestations of bullying were reflected in corpus delicti as torture, driving to suicide, hooliganism. With respect to the subjective nature of these criminal offenses, it should be noted that "bullying" is defined as the unlawful activity of school-age children. At the same time, persons over the age of 16 are responsible for the criminal offense in the form of a torture. Under Article 120 "Driving to Suicide, responsibility is born only by persons aged above 16. And only for hooliganism responsibility is born by persons aged above 14. That is, now we have a situation where, on the one hand, bullying is a problem for pupils, and on the other, criminal responsibility for committing actions that actually constitute bullying is born in most cases from the age of 16, when the pupils mostly leave school. We believe that the illustrated situation should be resolved at the legislative level as soon as possible. Examples of law enforcement practice indicate that judges increasingly recognize bullying as a criminal offense, prejudging the legislator. The research paper describes the judgements of the Ukrainian courts that oblige law enforcement agencies to enter information about the facts of bullying to the Unified Register of Pre-trial Investigations. In view of the above, it is proposed to enshrine corpus delicti of "bullying" in the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Such a proposal meets the requirements of the present time and will help protect the rights of victims of school bullying. The fact that corpus delicti of the criminal offense will be different from corpus delicti of the administrative offense enshrined in Article 173-4 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses "Bullying (Harassment) of a Participant in the Educational Process". ; У статті досліджено соціальну та кримінально-правову характеристику такого явища, як «булінг». У результаті ускладнення ситуації в соціально-політичній, економічній, освітній та інших сферах суспільного життя рівень насильства в суспільстві нині збільшився в декілька разів. Підлітки є найбільш вразливою категорією суспільства. Оскілки саме в так званому перехідному віці активно формуються власна система сприйняття світу, система цінностей та пріоритетів, то діти переймають різні моделі поведінки дорослих, і, на жаль, насильство стає однією з таких моделей. Однією з найпоширеніших проблем у дитячому середовищі сьогодні є булінг, який прийнято розглядати як небажану агресивну поведінку дітей шкільного віку, що призводить до цькування дитини іншою дитиною або групою дітей з метою приниження, залякування та демонстрації сили. Проведене дослідження свідчить, що булінг – це явище, яке вже давно перестало бути суто адміністративно-правовим, і нині воно підпадає під кримінально-правові характеристики через те, що його наслідками часто стають тілесні ушкодження, моральні страждання, тобто наслідки, які містяться у складах кримінальних правопорушень. На жаль, «деякі жерти знущань настільки страждають, що закінчують або намагаються покінчити з життям самогубством. Буліцид – поняття, яке означає вчинення самогубства жертвами знущань у школі з метою припинення страждань. Детальний аналіз норм Кримінального кодексу України дає можливість зробити висновок, що окремі прояви булінгу знайшли своє відображення у таких складах кримінальних правопорушень, як катування, доведення до самогубства, хуліганство. Приклади правозастосовної практики свідчать про те, що судді все частіше визнають булінг кримінальним правопорушенням, упереджуючи в цьому законодавця. З урахуванням наведеного пропонується закріпити в Кримінальному кодексі України склад кримінального правопорушення «булінг». Така пропозиція відповідає вимогам часу та сприятиме захисту прав потерпілих від шкільного цькування.

"With the sensational arrest of former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet in 1998, the rise to prominence of universal jurisdiction over crimes against international law seemed to be assured. The arrest of Pinochet and the ensuing proceedings before the UK courts brought universal jurisdiction into the foreground of the "fight against impunity" and the principle was read as an important complementary mechanism for international justice -one that could offer justice to victims denied an avenue by the limited jurisdiction of international criminal tribunals. Yet by the time of the International Court of Justice's Arrest Warrant judgment four years later, the picture looked much bleaker and the principle was being read as a potential tool for politically motivated trials. This book explores the debate over universal jurisdiction in international criminal law, aiming to unpack a practice in which international lawyers continue to disagree over the concept of universal jurisdiction. Using Martti Koskenniemi's work as a foil, this book exposes the argumentative techniques in operation in national and international adjudication since the 1990s. Drawing on overarching patterns within the debate, Aisling O'Sullivan argues that it is bounded by a tension between contrasting political preferences or positions, labelled as moralist ("ending impunity") and formalist ("avoiding abuse") and she reads the debate as a movement of hegemonic and counter-hegemonic positions that struggle for hegemonic control. However, she draws out how these positions (moralist/formalist) merge into one another and this produces a tendency towards a "middle" position that continues to prefer a particular preference (moralist or formalist). Aisling O'Sullivan then traces the transformation towards this tendency that reflects an internal split among international lawyers between building a utopia ("court of humanity") and recognizing its impossibility of being realized."--Provided by publisher.

The essence of concepts of the legal law and the rule of law is analyzed in the article. An increased attention is given to the legal regulation of law enforcement, law application activities, the qualitative transformation of the political and state-legal system, the formation of civil society and the supremacy of law, the growth of the value of law and the strengthening of law.One of the objective trends in the development of the legislation of modern Russia is to increase the social significance and authority of the legal law as an act at the top of the legal system on which the level of the rule of law of any civilized society depends. ; В статье проанализирована сущность понятий правового закона и правовой законности. Усиленное внимание отводится правовому регулированию правоохранительной, правоприменительной деятельности, качественному преобразованию политической и государственно-правовой системы, становлению гражданского общества и правового государства, роста ценности права и укрепления законности.Одной из объективных тенденций развития законодательства современной России является повышение социальной значимости и авторитета правового закона как акта, стоящего на вершине правовой системы, от которого зависит и уровень правовой законности любого цивилизованного общества.