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Political campaigns have changed in techniques and intensity of effort, particularly during the past three decades. How may these changes be related to the changes which have occurred in the mass media? A look at the 1976 primaries makes it clear that the whistle-stop technique is still a basic part of political campaigning, even if candi date appearances are designed in part to entice media coverage, particularly by television cameras. Combining the advantages of television penetration of masses of voters with the excitement of the political rally and personal appearance became the ultimate goal of political managers. Returns from 1976 primaries through April, and opinion poll findings, indicate the mass media projected the image of front-running candidates to Americans in all parts of the country. In this sense, the mass media remained an im portant part of the political structure—including the print media. Since all available research evidence indicates rela tively few voters change their minds or make them up during an actual campaign (rather they vote traditionally), the media cannot have a massive effect upon voter decision-making. But since many elections are decided by small percentages of voters, media influences can become crucially important. Their rivals are, of course, interpersonal communication, group associations, and opinion leader influences. At times, television has played a key role in political campaigns, particularly when it brings an event directly to the viewer.

Differential socialization effects of 4 news media on 4 types of political knowledge & behavior are investigated among several categories of youth, based on their cognitive abilities, age, sex, & scholarly/political orientation. Regression analyses of questionnaire responses from 280 seventh- & tenth-grade students in the midwestern US show that TV news exposure is the strongest predictor variable. The broadcast media have a greater impact on current events knowledge than fundamental political knowledge, while a slight reversal occurs for the print media. Newspaper reading has the greatest effect on participation. There are predominantly uniform relationships across subgroups, providing little evidence that the news media produce knowledge or behavior gaps. 2 Tables, 12 References. Modified HA

'Masses in Flight, The Global Crisis of Internal Displacement' by Roberta Cohen and Francis M. Deng is reviewed.

'Masses in Flight: The Global Crisis of Internal Displacement' by Roberta Cohen and Frances M. Deng is reviewed.

THE DEGREE TO WHICH BLACKS & WHITES AT THE MASS LEVEL UNDERSTAND CONTROL-SHARING, THE EXTENT TO WHICH THERE EXISTS MASS DEMAND & SUPPORT FOR SUCH ARRANGEMENTS, & THE NATURE & FOCUS OF THAT SUPPORT, & THE DEGREE TO WHICH VARIATION EXISTS IN THESE AREAS ALONG CLASS & RACIAL LINES IS ANALYZED. INTERVIEWS WERE CONDUCTED DURING 1970 USING A SAMPLE OF MILWAUKEE RESIDENTS, 18 YEARS OLD & OVER. BLOCK CLUSTER TECHNIQUES WERE USED TO SELECT R'S. BECAUSE THE SAMPLE WAS STRATIFIED BY RACE, BLACK R'S CONSTITUTE A MUCH LARGER PROPORTION OF THE TOTAL THAN IN THE REAL POPULATION. 2 PROBABILITY SAMPLES OF EACH RACIAL GROUP WERE USED; A TOTALNOF 331 WHITE & 246 BLACK INTERVIEWS WERE CONDUCTED. THE RACE OF THE INTERVIEWER & THE R WERE MATCHED. A SERIES OF QUESTIONS WAS DESIGNED TO FIND OUT THE EXTENT TO WHICH R'S UNDERSTOOD CONTROL-SHARING IDEAS & INSTITUTIONS. STANDARD EXPECTATIONS ABOUT THE LEVEL OF SUPPORT IN THE BLACK COMMUNITY ARE NOT BORNE OUT. THE DEMAND FOR CONTROL-SHARING IS PRIMARILY AN ELITE DEMAND WITHOUT A REAL MASS BASE. THE GREATEST RACIAL DIFFERENCE FOUND IS THAT BLACKS SHOW GREATER CONFIDENCE IN THE ABILITY OF PEOPLE IN THE LOCAL COMMUNITY TO DECIDE WHAT IS BEST FOR THEIR INTERESTS. THE FINDINGS ARE SUGGESTIVE FOR OTHER LARGE CITIES CONCERNED ABOUT CONTROL-SHARING REFORMS. 8 TABLES. MODIFIED HA.

Tower and Slab looks at the contradictory history of the modernist mass housing block - home to millions of city dwellers around the world. Few urban forms have roused as much controversy. While in the United States decades-long criticism caused the demolition of most mass housing projects for the poor, in the booming metropolises of Shanghai and Mumbai remarkably similar developments are being built for the wealthy middle class. While on the surface the modernist apartment block appears universal, it is in fact diverse in its significance and connotations as its many different cultur.

Amputation is a commonly performed procedure during natural disasters and mass casualties related to industrial accidents and military conflicts where large civilian populations are subjected to severe musculoskeletal trauma. Crush injuries and crush syndrome, an often-overwhelming number of casualties, delayed presentations, regional cultural and other factors, all can mandate a surgical approach to amputation that is different than that typically used under non-disaster conditions. The following article will review the subject of amputation during natural disasters and mass casualties with emphasis on a staged approach to minimise post-surgical complications, especially infection.

Nearly two in three Californians are concerned about the threat of a mass shooting in their area. A strong majority say they would support a nationwide ban on the sale of assault weapons, though views vary widely across party lines.

'Religion and the Mass Media: Audiences and Adaptations' edited by Daniel A. Stout and Judith M. Buddenbaum is reviewed.

This article begins with a general discussion of the epistemology of rational choice, & argues that there are important questions in political science for which rational choice theory is not a particularly useful epistemic tool. It is further argued that part of the problem lies with the particular vision of methodological individualism that is inherent in the use of classical rational choice assumptions in game theoretic models. An alternative approach that endogenizes the way in which people form beliefs is then advocated as a potential solution to this problem, both as a means to expand the substantive reach of optimizing theories in political science, as well as a way of incorporating more psychological realism into models of political behavior. Two novel models allowing actors within political contexts to form beliefs in endogenous ways are then presented & discussed. Figures, Appendixes, References. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Ltd., copyright 2006.]