Suchergebnisse

Isaac AO Odeyemi,1 John Nixon21Senior Director and Head of Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Astellas Pharma UK Ltd, Chertsey, UK; 2Teaching Associate in Health Economics, Department of Economics and Related Studies, University of York, York, UKBackground: Social and national health insurance schemes are being introduced in many developing countries in moving towards universal health care. However, gaps in coverage are common and can only be met by out-of-pocket payments, general taxation, or private health insurance (PHI). This study provides an overview of PHI in different health care systems and discusses factors that affect its uptake and equity.Methods: A representative sample of countries was identified (United States, United Kingdom, The Netherlands, France, Australia, and Latvia) that illustrates the principal forms and roles of PHI. Literature describing each country's health care system was used to summarize how PHI is utilized and the factors that affect its uptake and equity.Results: In the United States, PHI is a primary source of funding in conjunction with tax-based programs to support vulnerable groups; in the UK and Latvia, PHI is used in a supplementary role to universal tax-based systems; in France and Latvia, complementary PHI is utilized to cover gaps in public funding; in The Netherlands, PHI is supplementary to statutory private and social health insurance; in Australia, the government incentivizes the uptake of complementary PHI through tax rebates and penalties. The uptake of PHI is influenced by age, income, education, health care system typology, and the incentives or disincentives applied by governments. The effect on equity can either be positive or negative depending on the type of PHI adopted and its role within the wider health care system.Conclusion: PHI has many manifestations depending on the type of health care system used and its role within that system. This study has illustrated its common applications and the factors that affect its uptake and equity in different health care systems. The results are anticipated to be helpful in informing how developing countries may utilize PHI to meet the aim of achieving universal health care.Keywords: social health insurance, developing countries, private health insurance, health care systems

Maģistra darbā autors ir veicis cilvēku tirdzniecības izpēti. Darba mērķis ir izpētīt atbildības par cilvēku tirdzniecības noziegumiem regulējumu Latvijā un iepazīties ar Krimināllikuma attiecīgo normu piemērošanu praksē. Lai sasniegtu šo mērķi, izvirzīti konkrēti uzdevumi, kuru risinājums atspoguļots diplomdarba attiecīgajās nodaļās. Tā darba pirmajā nodaļā izpētīts cilvēku tirdzniecības vēsturiskais aspekts un starptautiski tiesiskais regulējums. Otrā nodaļa ir veltīta cilvēku tirdzniecības jēdzienam un būtībai. Trešajā nodaļā analizēts cilvēku tirdzniecības regulējums atsevišķi Latvijā. Nākamajā, ceturtajā, nodaļā, veikta Krimināllikuma 154.1 panta sastāva analīzē, kurā apskatīts noziedzīga nodarījuma objekts, objektīvā puse un subjekts, subjektīvā puse. Darba piektajā nodaļā apzināta citu valstu pieredze atbildības par cilvēku tirdzniecību regulēšanā. Maģistra darba nobeigumā izdarīti secinājumi un izteikti priekšlikumi par darbā analizēto Krimināllikuma normu un to piemērošanas prakses pilnveidošanu. ; In the work of master degree author performed the research of trafficking in human beings. The goal of this thesis is a research of regulation of criminal liability for human trade in Latvia and getting to know application of appropriate chapter of the thesis legal regulations of criminal law in practice. To reach the goal concrete tasks has been brought forward; solution of those is set out in corresponding chapters. In the first part of master's degree is given a view to historical evolution of human trading and international legislation for it. The second part of degree is dedicated to the concept and essence of trafficking in human. In the third chapter is given the analysis of legal regulation of trafficking in human separately in Latvia. In the next, the fourth chapter, analysis of corpus delicti of the article 154.1 of Criminal Law has been given, in which the object, objective side and subject, subjective side has been examined. In the fifth chapter of the work a view on the human trading condemning legislation in different countries, comparing legislation of those countries with the legislation of Latvia is given. In the end of the work of master degree conclusions and solutions regarding the analysed legal provisions of Criminal Law and improvement of their application has been given.

Elektroniskā versija nesatur pielikumus ; LATVIJAS PRESES VALODA VALSTISKĀS NEATKARĪBAS ATJAUNOŠANAS PROCESĀ: SOCIOLINGVISTISKAIS ASPEKTS Atslēgas vārdi: preses valoda, žurnālistu stils, valodas jaunrade Izmantojot dažādas izpētes metodes, promocijas darbā analizēta Latvijas preses valodas attīstība un tās pārmaiņas no 1986.gada (Atmodas gadu sākuma) līdz 2009.gadam, kā arī tās ietekme uz valodas situāciju un valodas politiku Latvijā. Preses valoda piedzīvojusi dinamisku un grandiozu attīstību, kuras pamatā ir politiskās sistēmas maiņa un Latvijas valstiskās neatkarības atgūšana. Presei bijuši izšķiroša loma 3. atmodas gados, kad tā no Komunistiskās partijas noteiktā kursa sabiedrības mobilizētāja un aģitatora kļuva par Latvijas sabiedrības vienotāju un neatkarības ideju īstenotāju; 20.gs.90. gados plašsaziņas līdzekļi aktīvi sekojuši līdzi Latvijas sabiedrības pārmaiņu procesiem, Latvijai kļūstot par Eiropas Savienības dalībvalsti 2004. gadā. Darbā pētīta žurnālistu valoda: gan atsevišķās ar konkrētu tematu nesaistītās publikācijas, gan publikācijās ar konkrētu tematu – Latvijas valsts valodas politiku noteiktā laika posmā, gan vērtējot preses valodu no valodas kultūras pozīcijām. ; THE LANGUAGE OF LATVIA'S PRINTED MEDIA DURING ITS INDEPENDENCE RESTORATION PROCESS: THE SOCIOLINGUISTIC ASPECT Keywords: language in printed media, language of journalists, creativity of language Utilizing various research methods, this dissertation analyzes the development of the Latvian language as used in the mass media, particularly the press, and its transformation from 1986 – the beginning of the "Latvian Awakening Era" until 2009, as well as its influence on the language environment and the language policy in Latvia. The language used by the press has undergone a dynamic and large scale development, the basis of which was the regaining of independence of Latvia and the establishment of new political system. The press played a deciding role in the three-year "Awakening" era, shifting from a mouthpiece for the Communist Party to becoming a unifying force in Latvian society and supporter of independence. In the 1990s printed media was an active participant in the changes occurring in Latvia, actively supporting EU membership which finally took place in 2004. This research examines the language of journalists used in various themed and non-themed publications as well as evaluates it from the viewpoint of culture of language.

LATVIJAS PRESES VALODA VALSTISKĀS NEATKARĪBAS ATJAUNOŠANAS PROCESĀ: SOCIOLINGVISTISKAIS ASPEKTS Atslēgas vārdi: preses valoda, žurnālistu stils, valodas jaunrade Izmantojot dažādas izpētes metodes, promocijas darbā analizēta Latvijas preses valodas attīstība un tās pārmaiņas no 1986.gada (Atmodas gadu sākuma) līdz 2009.gadam, kā arī tās ietekme uz valodas situāciju un valodas politiku Latvijā. Preses valoda piedzīvojusi dinamisku un grandiozu attīstību, kuras pamatā ir politiskās sistēmas maiņa un Latvijas valstiskās neatkarības atgūšana. Presei bijuši izšķiroša loma 3. atmodas gados, kad tā no Komunistiskās partijas noteiktā kursa sabiedrības mobilizētāja un aģitatora kļuva par Latvijas sabiedrības vienotāju un neatkarības ideju īstenotāju; 20.gs.90. gados plašsaziņas līdzekļi aktīvi sekojuši līdzi Latvijas sabiedrības pārmaiņu procesiem, Latvijai kļūstot par Eiropas Savienības dalībvalsti 2004. gadā. Darbā pētīta žurnālistu valoda: gan atsevišķās ar konkrētu tematu nesaistītās publikācijas, gan publikācijās ar konkrētu tematu – Latvijas valsts valodas politiku noteiktā laika posmā, gan vērtējot preses valodu no valodas kultūras pozīcijām. ; THE LANGUAGE OF LATVIA'S PRINTED MEDIA DURING ITS INDEPENDENCE RESTORATION PROCESS: THE SOCIOLINGUISTIC ASPECT Keywords: language in printed media, language of journalists, creativity of language Utilizing various research methods, this dissertation analyzes the development of the Latvian language as used in the mass media, particularly the press, and its transformation from 1986 – the beginning of the "Latvian Awakening Era" until 2009, as well as its influence on the language environment and the language policy in Latvia. The language used by the press has undergone a dynamic and large scale development, the basis of which was the regaining of independence of Latvia and the establishment of new political system. The press played a deciding role in the three-year "Awakening" era, shifting from a mouthpiece for the Communist Party to becoming a unifying force in Latvian society and supporter of independence. In the 1990s printed media was an active participant in the changes occurring in Latvia, actively supporting EU membership which finally took place in 2004. This research examines the language of journalists used in various themed and non-themed publications as well as evaluates it from the viewpoint of culture of language.

Dzimumu līdztiesība ir demokrātiskas sabiedrības pamatprincips, tā ir situācija, kad vīriešu un sieviešu loma sabiedrības attīstībā tiek atzīta par līdzvērtīgu, viņiem tiek piešķirtas vienādas tiesības un atbildība, nodrošināta vienāda pieeja resursiem un to izmantošanas iespējas. Maģistra darbs "Dzimumu līdztiesība un dzimumu lomu stereotipi medijos Baltijas valstīs (1991-2009)" aplūko de jure un de facto dzimumu līdztiesību Latvijā un Lietuvā, analizējot būtiskākās atšķirības starp formālo, valsts likumdošanā garantēto, un reālo, ikdienas līdztiesību, kā arī, pielietojot kontenta analīzi, izvērtē medijos pozicionētās dzimumu stereotipiskās lomas. Darba gaitā tiek secināts, lai gan likuma normu esamība garantē sievietēm un vīriešiem vienādas tiesības, tās netiek pilnībā pielietotas, tādējādi kavējot de facto līdztiesību ekonomikā, politikā un citās dzīves sfērās. Turklāt dzimumu stereotipi ir viens no būtiskākajiem šķēršļiem ceļā uz abu dzimumu vienādu iespēju realizēšanu. Atslēgas vārdi: dzimumu līdztiesība, dzimtes stereotipi, mediji, Latvija, Lietuva ; Gender equality is a fundamental feature of a democratic society, it exists when both men and women are afforded equal social value, rights and responsibilities, as well as given equal access to resources and opportunities in all spheres of public and private life. The aim of the Master Thesis is to analyze de jure and de facto gender equality in Latvia and Lithuania. In general, the work explores major disparities between legal and practical gender equality and analyzes media portrayed gender role stereotypes. The Thesis explains theoretical concepts of gender, gender stereotypical role socialization, the role of the media in providing gender related stereotypes, analyzes de jure gender equality - legal basis, responsible institutional framework, gender related development and main gender inequality problem domains as well as applying content analysis examines de facto gender equality, gender role stereotypes in Lithuanian and Latvian media. With this Thesis the author discovers that disparities between de jure and de facto gender equality are visible in Latvia and Lithuania and gender related stereotypes are a major obstacle in achieving de facto gender equality. Keywords: gender equality, gender stereotypes, media, Latvia, Lithuania

Maģistra darba "Atlīdzinājums par prettiesisku administratīvo arestu" mērķis ir aplūkot, cik efektīvas un demokrātiskas valsts pamatprincipiem atbilstošas ir tiesību normas, kas paredz Satversmē garantētās tiesības uz atbilstīgu atlīdzinājumu. Šajā darbā tiek aplūkoti vēsturiskie aspekti attiecībā uz personas brīvības ierobežošanu un atlīdzinājuma institūta attīstību, starptautiskajos tiesību aktos noteiktās (garantētās) tiesības uz personas brīvību un atbildība par tās prettiesisku ierobežošanu, kā arī šobrīd spēkā esošās tiesību normas attiecībā uz administratīvā aresta piemērošanu, izpildi un iespējām saņemt atlīdzinājumu par prettiesisku administratīvo arestu. Darbā pamatā ir izmantoti Latvijas Republikas normatīvie akti, tiesu prakses materiāli, Igaunijas, Lietuvas, Krievijas, Somijas un Vācijas tiesību avoti, starptautiskie tiesību akti un zinātniskā literatūra. Darba gaitā autore salīdzinot Latvijas un ārvalstu praksi, secināja, ka Latvijā ir nepieciešams jauns likums par valsts atbildību saistībā ar prettiesiskas brīvības ierobežošanu, kurš regulētu gan materiāli tiesiskos, gan procesuālos jautājumus vienkopus. Atlīdzinājums par prettiesiski piemērotu administratīvo arestu gan attiecībā uz zaudējumiem, gan personisko un morālo kaitējumu, jāskata vispārējās jurisdikcijas tiesām. ; The goal of the Master's Paper "Compensation for Unjustified Administrative Imprisonment" is to examine how efficient and corresponding to underlying principles of a democratic state are the legal provisions that provide the rights for an appropriate compensation granted in the Constitution of Latvia. In this Paper historical aspects regarding restriction of personal freedom and development of institution of compensation, rights for personal freedom provided (granted) in the international legal acts and responsibility for unjustified restriction of personal freedom, as well as the existing legal provisions concerning application and implementation of administrative imprisonment and opportunities to receive compensation for unjustified administrative imprisonment are studied. The Paper is based on the legislative enactments of the Republic of Latvia, case law materials, sources of Estonian, Lithuanian, Russian, Finnish and German law, international legal acts and scientific literature. By comparing Latvian and foreign case laws, the author of the Paper concluded that in Latvia there is a new law for state's responsibility regarding unjustified restriction of freedom necessary that would govern both legal and procedural questions. Compensations for unjustified administrative imprisonment concerning both losses, and moral harm should be heard in general jurisdiction courts.

This is a translated copy of the Certificate of Graduation from the Military Medical Academy of Petrograd for Peter V. Karpovich. This is translated copy of the original which was signed on December 26, 1919 by Professors V. Tonkoff (president) and Z. Iljin (secretary) of the academy. The original document was translated by Brackett Lewis who was the general secretary of the YMCA of Riga Latvia. The document says that Dr. Karpovich passed his examination set on February 8, 1919. It then lists 20 different examinations and what the rating was for each. All ratings were excellent or satisfactory. Beside these are handwritten notes of the number of years he took courses in these subjects. There is also a handwritten note in the left hand corner that states that the original of this coy was sent to Dr. Karpovich on June 25, 1942 for use with the US Army School of Aviation, Randolph Field , Texas. The signature is very hard to read, but may be Albert Mann. ; Peter V. Karpovich (1896-1975) was born in Russia and trained as a medical doctor at the State Military Academy of Medicine in Petrograd (St. Petersburg), Russia in 1919. Under increasing political and professional turmoil, he fled to Latvia in 1922. In Latvia, Karpovich worked at the Riga YMCA. In 1925, he traveled to the United States to research at Springfield College. While there, he enrolled as a special advanced student and earned a master's degree in physical education. In 1927, while completing his studies, he became a professor of physiology at the college. In the late 1940s, he met and married his second wife, Josephine Rathbone, an acclaimed scholar of physical education and relaxation. From 1961 to 1969, he served as the director of the physiology research laboratory at Springfield College, where he published several seminal books. Karpovich was a founding member of the American College of Sports Medicine and a consultant to many government, private and educational organizations. He remains an internationally recognized pioneer in physical education.

This article is devoted to the elucidation of the role of democratic «defects» in the democratic development of society. By using the concept of the German political scientist Wolfgang Merkel, who under the democratic «defects» meant some deviation from the constitutional and legal standards of modern liberal democracies, the author emphasizes the fact that such deviations can be caused by the need to protect unconsolidated democracies against threats from anti-democratic forces. The article analyzes the situation in Latvia and Turkey, the political regimes that represented a variety of defective democracies such as «exclusive democracy» (Latvia) and «tutelary democracy» (Turkey). ; Рассматривается роль «дефектов» демократии в процессе демократического развития общества. Используя понятие немецкого политолога Вольфганга Меркеля, который под «дефектами» демократии понимал определенные отклонения от конституционно-правовых стандартов современных либеральных демократий, автор подчеркивает, что такие отклонения могут быть обусловлены необходимостью защиты неконсолидированных демократий от угроз со стороны антидемократических сил. В статье анализируются ситуации в Латвии и Турции, политические режимы которых представляли собой такие разновидности дефектных демократий, как «эксклюзивная» (Латвия) и «опекунская» (Турция). ; Розглядається роль «дефектів» демократії в процесі демократичного розвитку суспільства. Використовуючи поняття німецького політолога Вольфганга Меркеля, який під «дефектами» демократії розумів певні відхилення від конституційно-правових стандартів сталих ліберальних демократій, автор наголошує на тім, що такі відхилення можуть бути зумовлені необхідністю захисту неконсолідованих демократій від загроз з боку антидемократичних сил. У статті аналізуються ситуації в Латвії та Туреччині, політичні режими яких являли такі різновиди дефектних демократій як «ексклюзивна» (Латвія) та «опікунська» (Туреччина).

This article focuses on the development of peaceful nuclear power. The author draws attention to the fact that nuclear power is a rather young branch of national economy. However, over recent decades, it has already seen rises and falls, and a number of states have had tragic experiences of nuclear emergencies. Nevertheless, many countries — including the three Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania — express a strong interest in development, generation, and application of nuclear power. In the Baltic States, nuclear power dates back to the Soviet times, but its development was suspended pursuant to the EU regulations (the Ignalina NPP). Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia have been striving for energy independence from Russia — the principal supplier of energy carriers to these countries. For a long time, the three Baltic States have been proclaiming their unanimity on the general European path of development. However, the reality proved to be different. The touchstone for achieving common goals was the idea of constructing a new NPP at the site of the closed Ignalina NPP. The author concludes that the joint construction of a new NPP is quite questionable. When it comes to politics, each of the three Baltic States is ready to build its own NPP. Thus, the development of nuclear power in the Baltic Sea region requires joint coordinated actions independent of any bloc-inspired interests of the states involved. Moreover, this success may prove sustainable if the actions are based on innovative decisions and modern technologies.

Vēsturnieka A. Pugas grāmatā ietvertas daudzas pazīstamas vēstures liecības un uzsvērta starptautiski tiesisko dokumentu, starpvalstu līgumu ilglaicīgā, nepārtrauktā nozīme. Tieši uz šī veida vēstures liecībām balstās un turpina attīstīties sabiedrība, valstis, ES un pasaules organizācijas. Latvijas un Krievijas miera līgums, kuram šogad aprit 90 gadi, ir uzskatāms par vienu no pamatakmeņiem šīs pasaules daļas vēstures norisēs.