Suchergebnisse

End Of Mission Statement Of The Special Rapporteur On The Negative Impact Of Unilateral Coercive Measures On The Enjoyment Of Human Rights To The Syrian Arab Republic ; 6/3/2018 OHCHR | End of mission statement of the Special Rapporteur on the negative impact of unilateral coercive measures on the enjoyment of human rights t… http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23094&LangID=E 1/4 English > News and Events > DisplayNews English | Français | Español Go to navigation | Go to content | русский | العربية | 中文 WHAT ARE HUMAN RIGHTS? DONATE HOME ABOUT US ISSUES HUMAN RIGHTS BY COUNTRY WHERE WE WORK HUMAN RIGHTS BODIES NEWS AND EVENTS PUBLICATIONS AND RESOURCES End of mission statement of the Special Rapporteur on the negative impact of unilateral coercive measures on the enjoyment of human rights to the Syrian Arab Republic, 13 to 17 May 2018 Arabic End of mission statement 17 May 2018 Preliminary observations and recommendations I would like to begin this briefing by expressing my gratitude to the Government of the Syrian Arab Republic for the invitation to visit the country and for the openness and readiness with which it facilitated the meetings for my mission. I would also like to thank the office of the Resident Coordinator, the members of the UN country team and the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights for their invaluable support. I have been entrusted by the Human Rights Council with the task of monitoring, reporting and advising on the negative impact on the enjoyment of human rights of unilateral coercive measures. The United Nations has repeatedly expressed concern that the use of such measures may be contrary to international law, international humanitarian law, the UN Charter and the norms and principles governing peaceful relations among States . During my visit, I had the honour of being received by Ministers, Deputy Ministers and senior officials of the ministries of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates, Economy and Foreign Trade, Local Administration and Environment, Social Affairs and Labour, Transport, Agriculture and Agrarian Reform, Electricity and Health. I also met with the leadership pf the Planning and International Cooperation Commission, the Central Bureau of Statistics, the Chamber of Commerce, and with the Governor of the Central Bank. I was b riefed by staff from civil society, humanitarian organizations and by independent experts. Last but not least, I am also grateful to the numerous diplomatic missions that shared their views with me during my visit. I very much appreciate the briefings I received from the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia in Beirut prior to my visit. The purpose of this mission was to examine to what extent unilateral coercive measures targeting the Syrian Arab Republic impair the full realization of the rights set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights instruments. I will present my full report to the Human Rights Council in September 2018. My present statement contains my preliminary observations on the outcome of my visit. I have examined the situation of the Syrian Arab Republic as a target of unilateral coercive measures 1 134K 118K 2290 6/3/2018 OHCHR | End of mission statement of the Special Rapporteur on the negative impact of unilateral coercive measures on the enjoyment of human rights t… http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23094&LangID=E 2/4 I have examined the situation of the Syrian Arab Republic as a target of unilateral coercive measures by a number of source States. I have examined relevant evidence and endeavoured to assess the actual impact of such measures on the Syrian people. One source country has applied unilateral coercive measures since 1979, and they were strengthened in subsequent years. A larger group of States began applying similar measures in 2011. The collective measures call for a trade ban on the import and export of multiple goods and services. It also includes international financial transfers. The superimposition of different packages of collective sectoral measures, together with the across­the­board implementation of financial restrictions, are tantamount in their global impact to the imposition of comprehensive restrictions on Syria. Additional measures targeting individuals by virtue of their alleged relationship with the government have also been applied. Because of their comprehensive nature, these measures have had a devastating impact on the entire economy and the daily lives of ordinary people. This impact has compounded their suffering resulting from the devastating crisis that has unfolded since 2011. Singling out the impact of the unilateral coercive measures from that of the crisis is fraught with difficulty, but this does in no way diminish the necessity to take measures to restore their basic human rights as a whole. It is clear that the sufferings imposed by the unilateral coercive measures have reinforced those that were caused by the conflict. Indeed, it seems ironic that these measures applied by source States out of a concern for human rights are actually contributing to the worsening of the humanitarian crisis as an unintended consequence. The dramatic increase in the suffering of the Syrian people The Syrian economy continues to decline at an alarming rate. Since the application of coercive measures in 2011, and the beginning of the current crisis, the total annual GDP of Syria has fallen by two thirds. Foreign currency reserves have been depleted, and international financial and other assets remain frozen. In 2010, 45 Syrian Liras were exchanged for one dollar; by 2017 the rate fell to fell to 510 liras per dollar. Inflation has dramatically increased since 2010, reaching a peak of 82.4% in 2013; the cost of food items rose eight­fold during this time. This combination of factors visited further devastation on the living conditions of the population that were already degraded by the conflict. This has hit the half of working Syrians living on fixed salaries particularly hard. The unintended consequences of unilateral coercive measures This damage to the economy has had predictable effects on the ability of Syrians to realize their economic, social and cultural rights. Syria's human development indicators have all tumbled. There has been a staggering increase in the rate of poverty among ordinary Syrians. While there was no food insecurity prior to the outbreak of violence, by 2015 32% of Syrians were affected. At the same time unemployment rose went from 8.5% in 2010 to over 48% in 2015. Banking restrictions The most pervasive concerns I have heard during my mission relate to the negative effect that comprehensive financial restrictions have had on all aspects of Syrian life. Restrictions on the Central bank, state­owned and even private banks, and transactions in the main international currencies have comprehensively damaged the ability of anyone seeking to operate internationally. Despite nominally including "humanitarian exemptions" they have proven to be costly, or extremely slow, to access in practice. The uncertainty around what transactions do, or do not violate the unilateral coercive measures, have created a "chilling effect" on international banks and companies, which as a result are unwilling or unable to do business with Syria. This has prevented Syrian and international companies, non­governmental actors (including those operating in purely humanitarian fields), and Syrian citizens from engaging in international financial transactions (including for goods which are legal to import), obtaining credit, or for international actors to pay salaries or contractors in Syria. This has forced Syrians to find alternatives, such as hawala, which result in millions of dollars flowing 6/3/2018 OHCHR | End of mission statement of the Special Rapporteur on the negative impact of unilateral coercive measures on the enjoyment of human rights t… http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23094&LangID=E 3/4 y , , g through high cost financial intermediaries, who are alleged at times to be owned by terrorist organizations. These channels which are not transparent, cannot be audited, and increase transaction costs remain the only avenue for smaller companies and Syrian civil society actors to operate internationally. Medical care Syria practices universal, free health care for all its citizens. Prior to the current crisis, Syria enjoyed some of the highest levels of care in the region. The demands created by the crisis have overwhelmed the system, and created extraordinarily high levels of need. Despite this, restrictive measures, particularly those related to the banking system, have harmed the ability of Syria to purchase and pay for medicines, equipment, spare parts and software. While theoretical exemptions exist, in practice international private companies are unwilling to jump the hurdles necessary to ensure they can transact with Syria without being accused of inadvertently violating the restrictive measures. Migration and 'brain drain' While the security situation was a central factor which led to migration flows from Syria, it should be emphasized that the dramatic increase in unemployment, the lack of job opportunities, the closure of factories unable to obtain raw materials or machinery or to export their goods have all contributed to increasing the emigration of Syrians. Some receiving States have selected skilled migrants, while pressuring the less fortunate to return to Syria. This "brain drain" has harmed the medical and pharmaceutical industries in particular, at the worst possible time for Syria. The anticipated end of the current conflict will not put an end to the flows of migrants, especially to Europe, in view of the saturation of neighbouring countries. These flows are likely to continue so long as the Syrian authorities are prevented by unilateral coercive measures from addressing the pressing problems related to their social and economic infrastructure, in particular the restoration of energy and water supplies. Ban on equipment and spare parts The ban on the trade in equipment, machinery and spare parts has devastated Syrian industry. Vehicles, including ambulances and fire trucks, as well as agricultural machinery suffer from a lack of spare parts. Failing water pumps gravely affect the water supply and reduce agricultural production. Power generation plants are failing, and new plants cannot be purchased or maintained, leading to power outages. Complex machinery requiring international technicians for maintenance are failing, damaging medical devices and factory machinery. Civilian aircraft are no longer able to fly safely, and public transit buses are in woeful condition. Whatever rationale source countries may have for restricting so­called dual use goods, greater effort is needed to ensure that goods that are clearly intended for civilian use are permitted, and that they can be paid for. Ban on technology As a result of unilateral coercive measures, Syrians are unable to purchase many technologies, including mobile phones and computers. The global dominance of American software companies, technology companies, and banking and financial software, all of which are banned, has made it difficult to find alternatives. This has paralyzed or disrupted large parts of Syrian institutions. Education Shortages of inputs, energy and water supply as well as of teaching material causing delays in the rebuilding of schools have kept 1.8 million children without access to their classrooms. The ability of Syrians to participate in the international community has been sharply affected. Syrians have been excluded from international educational exchange programs, and the tremendous difficulties involved in obtaining a visa have prevented many from studying or travelling abroad, upgrading their training and skills, or participating in international conferences. By removing consular services from Syria, countries have forced people including the poorest, to travel to neighbouring countries for such applications, which are also placing onerous restrictions on entry for Syrians. 6/3/2018 OHCHR | End of mission statement of the Special Rapporteur on the negative impact of unilateral coercive measures on the enjoyment of human rights t… http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23094&LangID=E 4/4 Conclusion I am profoundly concerned that unilateral coercive measures are contributing to the ongoing suffering of the Syrian people. Claims that they exist to protect the Syrian population, or to promote a democratic transition, are hard to reconcile with the economic and humanitarian sufferings being caused. The time has come to ask whether these unintended consequences are now more severe than can be reasonably accepted by democratic States. Whatever their political objectives, there must be more humane means by which these can be achieved in full compliance with international law. In view of the complexity of the system of unilateral coercive measures in place, there needs to be a multi­stage approach to addressing the dire human rights situation prevailing in Syria. This would imply a sequenced approach involving addressing the crucial humanitarian needs of the population throughout the whole of Syria, without preconditions, when these touch on issues of life and death. A first stage could include addressing the urgent needs of the food insecure, which represent nearly one third of the population. The second stage is to translate at the ground level effective measures to fulfil the commitment of source States to meet their obligation to allow humanitarian exemptions, particularly for financial transactions. Finally, there must be a serious dialogue on reducing unilateral coercive measures, starting with those that have the most egregious effect on the population, along with those that will promote confidence building between the parties, with the ultimate aim of lifting the unilateral coercive measures. I hope that my report and my future work can contribute in this end. Thank you. Note: 1. More information on this prohibition can be found in the reports and resolutions on the website of the Special Rapporteur. Home CONTACT US Frequently Asked Questions OHCHR on Social Media OHCHR Memorial Employment Mobile App Site Map © OHCHR 1996­2018

Urgency of the research. The development of new topologies, methods for calculation and optimization of semiconductor transducers for WPT systems will allow to increase the electric energy transmitted wirelessly, extend the range of frequency regulation, which will reduce the time spent on recharge of electric vehicles and increase the convenience of using WPT systems by reducing the sensitivity to precise positioning of receiving and transmitting elements, which will become a prerequisite for more active introduction of electric vehicles and electric vehicles. In conditions of different ecological, demographic, economic situation in the world, the individual electric transport is becoming more and more popular. Solving the set tasks will create preconditions for the implementation of WPT in many spheres of society, both in Ukraine and in the world as a whole (private transport, military equipment and equipment, household electronics, etc.).Target setting. Now methods of wireless power transfer (WPT), based on the phenomena of electrostatic and electromagnetic induction, are widely used in various applications. WPT method is widely used today in low-power systems - wireless charging of mobile phones, razors, toothbrushes, low-power vehicles. The main constraints of such systems are low efficiency at high transmission distances and relatively large mass-size parameters of the elements, which in turn leads to high cost of WPT system. Recently, there are more and more consumers who need to transmit contactless method of electric energy from units of kilowatts or higher.Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. The analysis of the state of research shows that the subjects of research on the improvement of wireless charging systems are constantly expanding and are extremely relevant, in particular, abroad. Especially considering the development of electric vehicles, there is growing interest in wireless charging of vehicles. There is also a solution to the inductive power transmission system for low and high voltage power supplies.Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. If static and dynamic charging of electric cars is devoted to many articles and developments, then the individual means of travel are paid less attention, so the design of low-voltage wireless charging for electric bikes, electric scooters, and velomobiles is a promising area of research. Modern research is aimed at achieving lower cost and improving the efficiency of wireless charging systems for such vehicles.The research objective. The main tasks are to review and compare existing topologies, calculation methods, and optimization of WPT systems.The statement of basic materials. In the first part of the article general information about principles of operation and application of capacitive and inductive method of wireless transmission of energy are considered, advantages and disadvantages, efficiency are presented. The emphasis is on magnetic resonance communication, the main compensating topologies are considered. Graphs of the dependence of the transfer function of the WPT on the frequency for the serial-serial resonance scheme are constructed. The probable dependence of the distance between the transmitter and receiver is separately presented. In the second part of the article an analysis of the existing power semiconductor topology WPT based on inductive coupling and various compensating topologies. Initially, inductive energy transmission systems for low voltage power supplies are analyzed. The topologies of primary and secondary dc-dc converters are selected and compared from the point of view of the required nominal power and efficiency. The WPT system based on the current inverter and the compensating resonance PS-topology for electric vehicles and devices for charging the battery are analyzed. An interesting article is considered, which analyzes and compares the proposed onboard electric vehicle charger based on an impedance link with a conventional OBC. The following is a variant of the topology and cost-effective design of antennas for the transmission of wireless energy in electric scooters. In addition to purely circuit design, other solutions in the field of power electronics are considered, which will improve the efficiency of wireless power transmission. A new high-performance planar approach is presented for the integration of all magnetic components of the primary-parallel isolated enhancer converter into the structure of the form E-I-E-core planar integrated magnetic (PIM).Conclusions. The article gives an overview of the main technologies of wireless charging of energy storage devices for low-power systems. It has been found that the inductive mode of energy transmission is most effective now. At the same time, it should be noted that with increasing transmission distance, efficiency falls significantly. The improvement of the geometry of magnetic components is the main focus of research in this direction. The main topological solutions of power electronics circuits are reduced to the implementation of four main methods of compensation for obtaining sinusoidal voltage. That is, for different tasks, different topologies are selected with those or other modifications, depending, first of all, on the power that needs to be transmitted and the load. Further research may be aimed at reducing the number of semiconductors and alternative ways to realize compensation. ; Беспроводная передача энергии является неотъемлемой частью современного мира. Статья посвящена обзору существующих современных решений беспроводных зарядных устройств для маломощных систем. В частности кратко рассмотрены основе виды беспроводной передачи энергии, преимущества и недостатки каждого из методов. Более подробно рассмотрено индуктивный способ передачи как одного из наиболее распространенного и перспективного. Проанализированы основные топологические решения схем силовой электроники. Обсуждены основные проблемы и дальнейшие направления исследований в этой сфере. ; Актуальність теми дослідження. Розробка нових топологій, методів розрахунку та оптимізації напівпровід­никових перетворювачів для систем БПЕ дозволить підвищити передану бездротовим способом електричну енергію, розширити діапазон регулювання частоти, що зменшить витрати часу на підзарядку акумуляторів електротранспорту та підвищить зручність використання систем БПЕ за рахунок зниження чутливості до точного позиціонування приймальних і передавальних елементів, що стане передумовою більш активного впровадження електромобілів та електротранспорту. В умовах різної екологічної, демографічної, економічної ситуації у світі все більшого поширення набуває індивідуальний електротранспорт.Вирішення поставлених завдань створить передумови для впровадження БПЕ в багатьох сферах суспільства як України, так і світу загалом (приватний транспорт, військова техніка та обладнання, побутова електроніка тощо).Постановка проблеми. Нині методи бездротової передачі енергії (БПЕ), засновані на явищах електростатичної та електромагнітної індукції, набувають значного поширення в різноманітних застосуваннях. Метод БПЕ сьогодні широко використовується в малопотужних системах – бездротові зарядки мобільних телефонів, бритв, зубних щіток, малопотужних транспортних засобів.Основні обмеження таких систем полягають у низькій ефективності при великій відстані передачі та відносно великих масогабаритних параметрах елементів, що у свою чергу призводить до високої собівартості систем БПЕ. Останнім часом з'являється все більше споживачів, які потребують передачі безконтактним способом електричної енергії від одиниць кіловат і вище.Аналіз останніх досліджень і публікацій. Аналіз стану досліджень показує, що тематика досліджень, присвячених вдосконаленню систем бездротової зарядки, постійно розширюється і є надзвичайно актуальною, зокрема, за кордоном. Особливо, враховуючи розвиток електромобілів, зростає інтерес до бездротової зарядки транспортних засобів. Також є рішення індуктивних системи передачі енергії для приладів низької напруги середньої та високої потужності.Виділення не вирішених раніше частин загальної проблеми. Якщо статичній та динамічній зарядці електрокарів присвячено чимало статей і розробок, то індивідуальним засобам пересування приділено менше уваги, отже, проектуванню низьковольтної бездротової зарядки для електровелосипедів, електроскутерів, веломобілів є перспективним напрямком дослідження. Сучасні дослідження спрямовані саме на досягнення зниження собівартості та підвищення ефективності систем бездротової зарядки подібних транспортних засобів.Постановка завдання. Основними завданнями є огляд та порівняння існуючих топологій, методів розрахунку та напрямки оптимізації систем БПЕ.Викладення основного матеріалу. У першій частині статті розглянуто загальні відомості про принципи дії і застосування ємнісного та індуктивного способу бездротової передачі енергії, наведено переваги та недоліки, ефективність. Акцентовано увагу на магнітно-резонансному зв'язку, розглянуто основні компенсаційні топології. Побудовано графіки залежності передавальної функції БПЕ від частоти для послідовно-послідовної схеми резонансу. Окремо представлено ймовірна залежність від відстані між передавачем та приймачем.У другій частині статті зроблено аналіз існуючих силових напівпровідникових топологій БПЕ на основі індуктивного зв'язку та різних компенсаційних топологій. Спочатку аналізуються індуктивні системи передачі енергії для приладів низької напруги високої потужності. Топології первинних та вторинних dc-dc перетворювачів відбираються та порівнюються з погляду необхідної номінальної потужності та ефективності. Проаналізовано систему БПЕ на основі інвертору струму та компенсаційної резонансної PS-топології для електричних транспортних засобів та пристроїв для заряджання акумулятора. Розглянута цікава стаття, де проаналізовано та порівняно запропонований бортовий зарядний пристрій електричного транспортного засобу на базі імпедансної ланки зі звичайним БЗП. Далі представлено варіант топології та економічно ефективної конструкції антен для передачі бездротової енергії в електричних скутерах. Крім суто схемотехнічних рішень, розглянуто інші рішення у сфері силової електроніки, які поліпшать ефективність бездротової передачі електроенергії. Представлено новий високоефективний планарний підхід до об'єднання всіх магнітних компонентів первинно-паралельного ізольованого підсилюючого перетворювача у структуру форми E-I-E-core (планарний інтегрований магнетик -planar integrated magnetic – PIM).Висновки. У статті виконаний огляд основних технологій бездротової зарядки накопичувачів енергії для малопотужних систем. Було виявлено, що індуктивний спосіб передачі енергії є найбільш ефективним на цей момент. Водночас слід відзначити, що при збільшенні відстані передачі ефективність значно падає. Покращення геометрії магнітних компонентів є основним напрямком дослідження в цьому напрямку. Основні топологічні рішення схем силової електроніки зводяться до реалізації чотирьох основних способів компенсації для отримання синусоїдальної напруги. Тобто для різних задач обираються різні топології з тими чи іншими модифікаціями, залежно, передусім, від потужності, яку потрібно передати та навантаження. Подальші дослідження можуть бути спрямовані на зменшення кількості напівпровідників та альтернативним способам реалізації компенсації.

Urgency of the research. The development of new topologies, methods for calculation and optimization of semiconductor transducers for WPT systems will allow to increase the electric energy transmitted wirelessly, extend the range of frequency regulation, which will reduce the time spent on recharge of electric vehicles and increase the convenience of using WPT systems by reducing the sensitivity to precise positioning of receiving and transmitting elements, which will become a prerequisite for more active introduction of electric vehicles and electric vehicles. In conditions of different ecological, demographic, economic situation in the world, the individual electric transport is becoming more and more popular. Solving the set tasks will create preconditions for the implementation of WPT in many spheres of society, both in Ukraine and in the world as a whole (private transport, military equipment and equipment, household electronics, etc.).Target setting. Now methods of wireless power transfer (WPT), based on the phenomena of electrostatic and electromagnetic induction, are widely used in various applications. WPT method is widely used today in low-power systems - wireless charging of mobile phones, razors, toothbrushes, low-power vehicles. The main constraints of such systems are low efficiency at high transmission distances and relatively large mass-size parameters of the elements, which in turn leads to high cost of WPT system. Recently, there are more and more consumers who need to transmit contactless method of electric energy from units of kilowatts or higher.Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. The analysis of the state of research shows that the subjects of research on the improvement of wireless charging systems are constantly expanding and are extremely relevant, in particular, abroad. Especially considering the development of electric vehicles, there is growing interest in wireless charging of vehicles. There is also a solution to the inductive power transmission system for low and high voltage power supplies.Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. If static and dynamic charging of electric cars is devoted to many articles and developments, then the individual means of travel are paid less attention, so the design of low-voltage wireless charging for electric bikes, electric scooters, and velomobiles is a promising area of research. Modern research is aimed at achieving lower cost and improving the efficiency of wireless charging systems for such vehicles.The research objective. The main tasks are to review and compare existing topologies, calculation methods, and optimization of WPT systems.The statement of basic materials. In the first part of the article general information about principles of operation and application of capacitive and inductive method of wireless transmission of energy are considered, advantages and disadvantages, efficiency are presented. The emphasis is on magnetic resonance communication, the main compensating topologies are considered. Graphs of the dependence of the transfer function of the WPT on the frequency for the serial-serial resonance scheme are constructed. The probable dependence of the distance between the transmitter and receiver is separately presented. In the second part of the article an analysis of the existing power semiconductor topology WPT based on inductive coupling and various compensating topologies. Initially, inductive energy transmission systems for low voltage power supplies are analyzed. The topologies of primary and secondary dc-dc converters are selected and compared from the point of view of the required nominal power and efficiency. The WPT system based on the current inverter and the compensating resonance PS-topology for electric vehicles and devices for charging the battery are analyzed. An interesting article is considered, which analyzes and compares the proposed onboard electric vehicle charger based on an impedance link with a conventional OBC. The following is a variant of the topology and cost-effective design of antennas for the transmission of wireless energy in electric scooters. In addition to purely circuit design, other solutions in the field of power electronics are considered, which will improve the efficiency of wireless power transmission. A new high-performance planar approach is presented for the integration of all magnetic components of the primary-parallel isolated enhancer converter into the structure of the form E-I-E-core planar integrated magnetic (PIM).Conclusions. The article gives an overview of the main technologies of wireless charging of energy storage devices for low-power systems. It has been found that the inductive mode of energy transmission is most effective now. At the same time, it should be noted that with increasing transmission distance, efficiency falls significantly. The improvement of the geometry of magnetic components is the main focus of research in this direction. The main topological solutions of power electronics circuits are reduced to the implementation of four main methods of compensation for obtaining sinusoidal voltage. That is, for different tasks, different topologies are selected with those or other modifications, depending, first of all, on the power that needs to be transmitted and the load. Further research may be aimed at reducing the number of semiconductors and alternative ways to realize compensation. ; Беспроводная передача энергии является неотъемлемой частью современного мира. Статья посвящена обзору существующих современных решений беспроводных зарядных устройств для маломощных систем. В частности кратко рассмотрены основе виды беспроводной передачи энергии, преимущества и недостатки каждого из методов. Более подробно рассмотрено индуктивный способ передачи как одного из наиболее распространенного и перспективного. Проанализированы основные топологические решения схем силовой электроники. Обсуждены основные проблемы и дальнейшие направления исследований в этой сфере. ; Актуальність теми дослідження. Розробка нових топологій, методів розрахунку та оптимізації напівпровід­никових перетворювачів для систем БПЕ дозволить підвищити передану бездротовим способом електричну енергію, розширити діапазон регулювання частоти, що зменшить витрати часу на підзарядку акумуляторів електротранспорту та підвищить зручність використання систем БПЕ за рахунок зниження чутливості до точного позиціонування приймальних і передавальних елементів, що стане передумовою більш активного впровадження електромобілів та електротранспорту. В умовах різної екологічної, демографічної, економічної ситуації у світі все більшого поширення набуває індивідуальний електротранспорт.Вирішення поставлених завдань створить передумови для впровадження БПЕ в багатьох сферах суспільства як України, так і світу загалом (приватний транспорт, військова техніка та обладнання, побутова електроніка тощо).Постановка проблеми. Нині методи бездротової передачі енергії (БПЕ), засновані на явищах електростатичної та електромагнітної індукції, набувають значного поширення в різноманітних застосуваннях. Метод БПЕ сьогодні широко використовується в малопотужних системах – бездротові зарядки мобільних телефонів, бритв, зубних щіток, малопотужних транспортних засобів.Основні обмеження таких систем полягають у низькій ефективності при великій відстані передачі та відносно великих масогабаритних параметрах елементів, що у свою чергу призводить до високої собівартості систем БПЕ. Останнім часом з'являється все більше споживачів, які потребують передачі безконтактним способом електричної енергії від одиниць кіловат і вище.Аналіз останніх досліджень і публікацій. Аналіз стану досліджень показує, що тематика досліджень, присвячених вдосконаленню систем бездротової зарядки, постійно розширюється і є надзвичайно актуальною, зокрема, за кордоном. Особливо, враховуючи розвиток електромобілів, зростає інтерес до бездротової зарядки транспортних засобів. Також є рішення індуктивних системи передачі енергії для приладів низької напруги середньої та високої потужності.Виділення не вирішених раніше частин загальної проблеми. Якщо статичній та динамічній зарядці електрокарів присвячено чимало статей і розробок, то індивідуальним засобам пересування приділено менше уваги, отже, проектуванню низьковольтної бездротової зарядки для електровелосипедів, електроскутерів, веломобілів є перспективним напрямком дослідження. Сучасні дослідження спрямовані саме на досягнення зниження собівартості та підвищення ефективності систем бездротової зарядки подібних транспортних засобів.Постановка завдання. Основними завданнями є огляд та порівняння існуючих топологій, методів розрахунку та напрямки оптимізації систем БПЕ.Викладення основного матеріалу. У першій частині статті розглянуто загальні відомості про принципи дії і застосування ємнісного та індуктивного способу бездротової передачі енергії, наведено переваги та недоліки, ефективність. Акцентовано увагу на магнітно-резонансному зв'язку, розглянуто основні компенсаційні топології. Побудовано графіки залежності передавальної функції БПЕ від частоти для послідовно-послідовної схеми резонансу. Окремо представлено ймовірна залежність від відстані між передавачем та приймачем.У другій частині статті зроблено аналіз існуючих силових напівпровідникових топологій БПЕ на основі індуктивного зв'язку та різних компенсаційних топологій. Спочатку аналізуються індуктивні системи передачі енергії для приладів низької напруги високої потужності. Топології первинних та вторинних dc-dc перетворювачів відбираються та порівнюються з погляду необхідної номінальної потужності та ефективності. Проаналізовано систему БПЕ на основі інвертору струму та компенсаційної резонансної PS-топології для електричних транспортних засобів та пристроїв для заряджання акумулятора. Розглянута цікава стаття, де проаналізовано та порівняно запропонований бортовий зарядний пристрій електричного транспортного засобу на базі імпедансної ланки зі звичайним БЗП. Далі представлено варіант топології та економічно ефективної конструкції антен для передачі бездротової енергії в електричних скутерах. Крім суто схемотехнічних рішень, розглянуто інші рішення у сфері силової електроніки, які поліпшать ефективність бездротової передачі електроенергії. Представлено новий високоефективний планарний підхід до об'єднання всіх магнітних компонентів первинно-паралельного ізольованого підсилюючого перетворювача у структуру форми E-I-E-core (планарний інтегрований магнетик -planar integrated magnetic – PIM).Висновки. У статті виконаний огляд основних технологій бездротової зарядки накопичувачів енергії для малопотужних систем. Було виявлено, що індуктивний спосіб передачі енергії є найбільш ефективним на цей момент. Водночас слід відзначити, що при збільшенні відстані передачі ефективність значно падає. Покращення геометрії магнітних компонентів є основним напрямком дослідження в цьому напрямку. Основні топологічні рішення схем силової електроніки зводяться до реалізації чотирьох основних способів компенсації для отримання синусоїдальної напруги. Тобто для різних задач обираються різні топології з тими чи іншими модифікаціями, залежно, передусім, від потужності, яку потрібно передати та навантаження. Подальші дослідження можуть бути спрямовані на зменшення кількості напівпровідників та альтернативним способам реалізації компенсації.

The article addresses the presentation of Lithuanian and Lithuania-related documents in the digital environment in 1992–2015. One of the key factors impacting presentation of Lithuania's published documents in the digital environment was the trans­formation of bibliographic control. This publication focuses on this transformation, which, after the establishment of the National Bibliographic Data Bank (hereafter NBDB, Nacionalinės bibliografijos duomenų bankas), provided more opportunities for access to Lithuanian and Lithuania-related docu­ments in the digital environment. By employing the European Commission's 2-3-6 concept for electronic publishing, the process management theory and the analysis of the qualitative content research publi­cations as well as recommendations by the European Commission, IFLA and UNESCO for national bibli­ographic agencies, we conceptualized processes of bibliographic control in Lithuania and set up a model for NBDB's content, products and added value. The qualitative analysis and the analysis of this model showed that the transformation of bibliographic control in Lithuania in 1991 determined the reali­zation of the added value of the processes of Content Creation, Complex Content Measures, Marketing, Data Transfer, Service Provision and Maintenance, and User Interface and Systems.1. The process of Content Creation has been realised by undertaking national bibliographic control, including its retrospective aspect and the additional function of current national bibliographic control. The implementation of the function of cur­rent national bibliographic control allowed creating the current national bibliographic, retrospective and authority electronic bibliographic records for Lithu­ania's documents. This, in turn, allowed libraries and other cultural institutions carrying out selection of Lithuanian and Lithuania-related documents to reuse extensive records for Lithuanian and Lithu­ania-related documents for their catalogues as well as to monitor authorship and publication history. At present, national bibliography is used not only by libraries, publishers and book commerce – it also lays the groundwork for the statistical analysis of Lithu­ania's publishing output, the Government's policy for education and culture programmes as wel as the calculation of the publishing production scope. The creation of NBDB also determined successful imple­mentation of additional functions of bibliographic control (bibliographic records printed in a book; standard ISBN, ISMN and ISSN numbers), which serve as significant tools for the universal access to Lithuania's published documents. The following standard identifiers are used within NBDB: the International Standard Text Code (ISTC), the Inter­national Standard Audiovisual Number (ISAN), the International Standard Musical Work Code (ISWC), the International Standard Record Code (ISRC), the International Standard Name Identifier (ISNI) and the National Bibliography Number (NBN). The use of these identifiers improves access to published documents and their component parts in the digital environment.2. The process of Content packaging with its key functions of setting the scope of the national bibliography, application of content standards, application of identification standards and authority control ensures submission of legal deposit, which forms the basis for bibliographic control; prepa­ration of descriptive and authority records; and identification of books, serial and music publications on the international level and providing better access to them. However, it has been proved that the Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania "On the Order of the Submission of Legal Deposit of Printed and Other Documents to Libraries" of 11 December 2006 does not sufficiently reflect all the aspects of the functionality of legal deposit within the complex system of bibliographic control and does not provide for fully implementing the main functions and remit of a legal deposit body (The new version of the document was published on 11 June 2016). Therefore, drafting a law on le­gal deposit remains of current interest. Such a law would clearly define the purpose of legal deposit as well as provide measures for ensuring the collection and registration of legal deposit and long-time preservation and access of the national publishing output; also, for identifying document types for legal deposit with a focus on the archiving of electronic documents and explicitly identifying measures for implementing the law.As of July 2016, the NBDB contained 3 097 144 thousand current and retrospective national bibliographic records for Lithuania related documents, 66 063 of which were retrospective records created during the process of retroconversion of bibliographic records or preparing such records within NBDB. Now records of the national retrospective bibliography are linked with the Virtual Electronic Heritage System (VEPS) containing digital copies of the documents. It meets the requirements for today's digital libraries as well as users' expectations to read publications online or on mobile devices.3. The Marketing process with its key functions of administrative management, service evaluation, distribution of products and services and cooperation with publishers provides opportunities to take res­ponsibility for preparation and access of the national bibliography; perform analysis of marketing and com­petition; participating at international and national fairs and conferences directly and online; provide paid or voluntary services regarding cooperation with publishers in sharing metadata and assigning inter­national standard numbers. Bibliographic records containing ISBN and ISMN are a reliable prerequisite for successful access to Lithuania's documents and book trade.4. The process of Data Transfer has the key functions of accessibility to networks and use of persistent identifiers. Within NBDB, these functions operate with the help of the Z.39.50, SRU/SRW and OAI-PMH protocols, and PURL identifiers. It ensures NBDB's interoperability on the national and international level and allows to send bibliographic and authority records to Lithuania's libraries and international networks. Data managers of LIBIS send initial data in the ISO 2709 format to NBDB from their local computers by means of automatic updating or export/import under agreements defining the purpose, provisions and order of data supply as well as their preservation and use. Copying NBDB records to local electronic catalogues by means of direct access is allowed for authorised clients.5. The process of Delivery support and Service process has the key functions of submitting infor­mation online and information transfer via OPAC. The databases of bibliographic records of electronic catalogues of LIBIS managers and managers of the LIBIS data are accessible to users from Lithuania and abroad via OPAC within the library or online. The publishers' database is accessible via the online public access catalogue (http://www.lnb.lt/leidejai). The publication of data is approved under agreements with publishers. The codes of natural individuals are not published online. 6. The process of User Interface and Systems has the functions of query formulation, visualization of results, provision of access points and interoperability. The linguistic supply of LIBIS adheres to the standards and protocols of ISO, IFLA and other international organisations; consequently, current and retrospective national bibliographic records, as well as authority records, satisfy all the requirements for current and retrospective national bibliography: records are extensive, multileveled and all the mandatory UNIMARC relation fields are employed, thus ensuring diverse search possibilities. When preparing analytical records, not only relation fields (linking a record for an article with the publication in which it appears) are used, but there is also an indication of its relation with the appropriate issue or volume. For personal and corporate names and uniform titles, access points (authority records) are provided, thus ensuring their control and effective access to them. The LIBIS software is based on the ORACLE system for database management and the unified system for script encoding (Unicode) used for cataloguing and information services. It allows to provide records for publications which are issued in the original script, thus making it convenient for multilingual users. The described qualities of NBDB ensure its interoperability on the national and inter­national level. NBDB records are reused for various purposes: selection of documents, collection develo­pment and maintenance as well as copy cataloguing. It also improves access to Lithuania's documents, which are a reflection of its nature, history, sports and political and civic life as well as narratives of the national identity. ; Straipsnio objektas – Lietuvos ir su Lietuva susijusių publikuotų dokumentų teikimo į skaitmeninę erdvę raida nuo 1992 iki 2016 metų. Pagrindiniai sisteminiai mūsų šalies publikuotų dokumentų pasklidimo skaitmeninėje erdvėje veiksniai buvo bibliografinės apskaitos pertvarka, sukūrusi efektyvesnės sklaidos priemones informacijai apie mūsų šalies istorinį, politinį, socialinį ir ekonominį gyvenimą bei kultūros paveldo skaitmeninimo, grindžiamo atminties institucijų sąveika, įgyvendinimas mūsų šalyje, sudaręs prielaidas kurti vientisą publikuotų dokumentų skaitmeninį turinį ir bendrą prieigą prie jo. Šioje publikacijoje pagrindinis dėmesys skiriamas bibliografinės apskaitos pertvarkai, sukūrus Nacionalinės bibliografijos duomenų banką (NBDB), kuris sudarė geresnes informacijos apie Lietuvos ir su Lietuva susijusius dokumentus sklaidos skaitmeninėje erdvėje galimybes. Publikacijoje panaudota Europos Komisijos elektroninės leidybos pridedamosios vertės grandinės koncepcija, procesų vadybos teorija bei kokybinė turinio analizės metodologija, kurios leidžia konceptualizuoti ir vertinti NBDB sukauptą turinį ir paslaugas. Sukūrus teorinį verčių kūrimo modelį, grįstą teisiniais dokumentais, aptariamos socialinio, kultūros, inovacijų ir finansinio kapitalo pridedamosios vertės. Kitam sisteminiam veiksniui, nulėmusiam publikuotų dokumentų atsiradimą skaitmeninėje erdvėje – dokumentų skaitmeninimui ir vieningos prieigos kūrimui, bus parengta atskira publikacija. Šiame straipsnyje remiamasi Nacionalinėje Martyno Mažvydo bibliotekoje įgyvendintų projektų, kuriems vadovavo šio straipsnio autorė, rezultatais.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bijjur-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 440 ha in Shirahatti taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 633 mm of which about 363 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 165 mm during north-east and the remaining 105 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 94 per cent is covered by soils, 6 per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 23 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated for 21 crops.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 94 per cent area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 59 per cent are moderately shallow to shallow (25-75 cm) and 35 per cent are very shallow (25-75 cm).  About 85 per cent of the area has clayey soils and 10 per cent are loamy soils at the surface.  About 7 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in about 3 per cent area.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 75 per cent area and 19 per cent medium (0.5-1.0 ppm).  Available iron is low (0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The land suitability for 21 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 54 (12) Jackfruit - - Maize - 69 (16) Jamun - - Bengal gram 17 (4) 244 (55) Musambi - - Groundnut - 14 (3) Lime - - Sunflower - 14 (3) Cashew - - Cotton - 70 (16) Custard Apple - 54 (12) Banana - - Amla - 54 (12) Pomegranate - - Tamarind - - Mango - - Marigold - 69 (16) Sapota - - Chrysanthemum - 69 (16) Guava - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Bijjur-2 micro-watershed (Kanakvad sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1500' – 1502' North latitudes and 75037' – 75039' East longitudes, covering an area of about 440 ha, bounded by Kokkaragundi, Belhatti, Tangod and Kerikoppa villages with a length of growing period (LGP) 150-180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Bijjur-2 micro-watershed (Kanakvad subwatershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 56.8 to 43.2 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 56.8 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 86.4 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 62.5 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 62.5 per cent.  About 37.5 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (50%) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 50 per cent.  Swachha bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 75 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 6.8 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to urban centre for employment is prevalent among 2.3 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 75 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 3.84 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land of 86.8 % and irrigated land 13.2 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 36.6 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 40.0 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 109150 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 113050 per household, about 37.5 per cent of sample farmers having plough and seed cum fertiliser drill.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 35250 per household; about 80 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 820 grams (1750.5 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Among all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.27056 per household. About 87.5 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1328. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 912 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 378298 per year for the total area of 440.44 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 10000/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in onion (Rs. 25205) followed by cotton (Rs. 15991), ground nut (Rs. 5221), sorghum (Rs. 5074), sunflower (Rs. 2215) and maize (Rs. 1264).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around groundnut is (Rs. 8028) followed by maize (Rs. 2261) and sorghum (Rs. 988).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in cotton (Rs. 49758) fallowed by sunflower (Rs. 22675), onion (Rs. 22675), maize (Rs. 20980), sorghum (Rs. 20076) and groundnut (Rs. 17179). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (74.6 %) followed by sorghum (6.6 %), ground nut (5.3 %), onion (5.3 %), sunflower (4.4 %) and onion (4.0 %).  In Bijjur-2 micro-watershed, major soil are banded ferruginous quartzite (BFQ) landscape of series Shirol (SRL) series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 21.2 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing maize (86.2 %) and ground nut (13.8 %), Soratur (SRT) soil series are also having very shallow soil depth cover 3.1 % of area, the main crops are maize. Soil of banded ferruginous quartzite (BFQ) landscape Nabhapur (NBP) soil series having shallow soil depth cover around 13.7 % of areas, crops are cotton (50.0 %) and maize (50.0 %). Attikatti (AKT) soil series are having shallow soil depth cover around 21.0 % of area. The major crops grown are maize (57.1 %), sorghum (21.3 %) and sunflower (22.5%). Attikatti Tanda (ATT) soil series are having moderately shallow soil depth covers around 9.1 % of area, the major crop grown is maize (87.6 %) and onion (12.4 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize ranges between Rs. 25826/ha in ATT soil (with BCR of 1.16) and Rs. 14366/ha in AKT soil (with BCR of 1.53).  In onion the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 68636/ha in ATT soil (with of 1.19) and Rs.47678/ha in NBP soil (with BCR of 1.66).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation in SRL soil is Rs. 28742/ha (with BCR of 1.46).  In cotton the cost of cultivation in NBP soil is Rs. 31556/ha (with BCR of 1.51).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation in AKT soil is Rs.19341/ha (with BCR of 1.11) and sorghum the cost of cultivation in AKT soil is Rs. 14686/ha (with BCR of 1.41).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. 4  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in maize (76.3 to 84 %), onion (59.5 to 72.2 %), ground nut (63.9 %), cotton (27.7 %), sorghum (76.5 %) and sunflower (58.6 %) ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Devihal-4 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 325 ha in Shirahatti taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 633 mm, of which about 363 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 165 mm during north-east and the remaining 105 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 85 per cent is covered by soils and 15 per cent is covered by rock lands and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 18 soil phases (management units) and 7 land use classess.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 79 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 21 per cent is not suitable for agriculture.  About 60 per cent of the soils are shallow (25-50 cm) to moderately shallow (50-75 cm) and about 24 per cent are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) soils.  About 82 per cent of the area has loamy soils at the surface and 3 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface.  About 12 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 41 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel), 26 per cent very gravelly (35- 60% gravel) soils and 5% of the soils are extremely gravelly.  About 71 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) to very low (0.6 ppm) in 11 per cent and deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 74 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 23 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 37(11) 58(18) Sapota 9(3) 62(19) Maize 37(11) 58(18) Jackfruit 9(3) 34(10) Cotton 43(13) 52(16) Jamun 9(3) 34(10) Sunflower 43(13) 52(16) Musambi 9(3) 34(10) Onion 71(22) 24(7) Lime 9(3) 34(10) Groundnut 71(22) 165(51) Cashew 9(3) 71(23) Chilli 71(22) 24(7) Custard apple 43(13) 193(59) Sugarcane 43(13) 28(9) Amla 43(13) 193(59) Pomegranate 43(13) 28(9) Tamarind 9(3) 34(10) Tomato 71(22) 24 (7) Marigold 71(22) 33(10) Guava 43(13) - Chrysanthemum 71(22) 33(10) Mango 9(3) 34(10) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This helps in maintaining an ecological balance and also helps in mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Devihal-4 micro-watershed (Nilogal sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1507' – 1508' North latitudes and 75037' – 75038' East longitudes, covering an area of about 325 ha, bounded by Majjur village on north, Chabbi, Devihal village on the west, Rantur village on the east with a length of growing period (LGP) 150-180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Devihal-4 Microwatershed (Nilogal subwatershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 57.9 and 42.1 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 54.3 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 77.2 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 90.0 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 80.0 per cent.  About 40.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (90%) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 70.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 60.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production among all sample households was found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.5 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land account for 66.4 per cent 2 and irrigated land 33.6 per cent of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 7.7 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 84.6 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 14930 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 80401 per household, about 31.0 per cent of sample farmers having plough and sprayer (20 %).  The average value of livestock is around Rs.21766 per household; about 75.5 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 725.5 grams (1552.9 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 80.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs .23559 per household. About all sample farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1510. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 1494 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 407982 per year for the total area of 325.11 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 6742/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in sunflower (Rs. 9893) followed by maize (Rs. 5512) and cotton (Rs. 4820).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1162/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 2017) and cotton (Rs. 308).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in cotton (Rs. 43480) followed by sunflower (Rs. 337) and maize (Rs. 122). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (75.2 %) followed by cotton (10.0 %) and sunflower (10.8 %).  In Devihal 4 Microwatershed, major soil is Kaggalipura (KGP) soil series having shallow soil depth cover around 6.0 % of area. On this soil farmers are 3 presently growing cotton (20 %) and maize (80 %). Lakkipur (LKR) soil series is also having moderately shallow soil depth cover 40.4 % of area, the crops are maize. Tammadahalli (TDH) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 7.35 % of area, crops are maize. Chikkamegheri (CKM) soil series having soil moderately shallow depth cover around 8.59 % of areas, crops are cotton (33 %) and maize (67 %). Kumchahalli (KMH) soil series having deep soil depth cover 10.48 % of areas; crops are maize (65 %), sunflower (35 %). Ranatur (RTR) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 2.28 % of areas; crops are bengal gram (17.4 %), maize (33.4 %) and sorghum (49.2 %). Murlapur (MLR) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 14.9 % of areas the crops is maize.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton ranges between Rs. 32508 /ha in KGP soil (with BCR of 1.14) and Rs. 17208/ha in CKM soil (with BCR of 1.41).  In maize the cost cultivation is range between Rs. 38586/ha in RTR soil (with of 1.02) and Rs.15126/ha in CKM soil (with BCR of 1.77).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation in KMH soil is Rs. 19527/ha (with BCR of 1.51).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (45.9 to 45.9 %), maize (79.2 to 70.5 %) and sunflower (54.8 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Sonath-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 445 ha in Sonath -1 microwatershed in Gulbarga taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 740 mm, of which about 540 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 126 mm during north-east and the remaining 74 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils, four per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 14 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 3rd week of May to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 80 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 16 per cent is not suitable for agriculture.  About 65 per cent area has very shallow (150 cm) soils.  About 72 per cent of the area has clayey soils and about 24 % loamy soils at the surface.  About 55 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 12 per cent gravelly to very gravelly soils (15-60 % gravel) and 29 per cent extremely gravelly soils (60-80%).  About 65 per cent of the area has soils that are very low (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 67 per cent of the area has very gently sloping (1-3%), about 13 per cent area is gently sloping (3-5%) and about 16 per cent area has moderately sloping (5-10%) lands.  An area of about 34 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1), 33 per cent moderately eroded (e2) and 29 per cent severely eroded (e3).  An area of about 23 per cent has soils that are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8), about 37 per cent moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), about 15 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 22 per cent area is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  Major area of 47 per cent has soils that are low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 7 per cent low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 82 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 140 (31) - Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 140 (31) Jamun - 107 (24) Sunflower 140 (31) - Musambi 107 (24) 33 (7) Cotton 107 (24) 33 (7) Lime 107 (24) 33 (7) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 140 (31) - Custard apple 140 (31) - Bengal gram 140 (31) 75 (17) Amla 140 (31) - Guava - - Tamarind - 107 (24) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in sustained production and also maintaining in the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provides fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This helps in maintaining an ecological balance and also contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Sonath-1 micro-watershed (Sonath-1 sub-watershed, Gulbarga taluk and district) is located in between 17035'–17037' North latitudes and 7705'–7707' East longitudes, covering an area of about 445 ha, bounded by Mormanchi, Malsapur, Kinhi, Chengta and Margatti villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Sonath-1 micro-watershed (Sonath subwatershed, Gulbarga taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 60.5 to 39.5 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 62.8 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 72.1 per cent.  Social groups belong to general caste is around 50 per cent.  Wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 50 per cent.  About 10 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 60 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 30 per cent of sample household.  Women participation in decisions making is among all the households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding 1.6 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belonging to marginal and small and large farmers. The rain fed land is the total cultivated land area among all the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 72.1 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation around 11.6 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.75901 per household. Mobile and television are popular mass media communication.  The average farm assets value is around Rs. 181375 per household, about 50 per cent of sample farmers having bullock cart, plough, sprayer and tractor.  The average livestock value is around Rs. 71250 per household; among the all sample household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 823 grams (1811.5 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 60 per cent of sample farmers are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 55519 per household. About 80 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs. 2428. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 628 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 345861 per year for the total area of 444.65 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 8286/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in redgram (Rs. 19003) followed by black gram (Rs. 3970) and green gram (Rs. 1886).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in redgram (Rs. 57451) followed by green gram (Rs. 48847) and black gram (Rs. 45488). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (86.0 %) followed by black gram (8.2 %) and green gram (5.7 %).  Sonath-1 micro-watershed, major soil is Marguti (DDT) series having very shallow soil depth cover around 44.9 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing redgram, Novinihala (DGR) are having shallow soil depth cover around 3 16.9 % of area, the crops are red gram and Mannur soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 24.0 % of area; major crops are black gram, red gram and green gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 23799 ha in MAR soil (with BCR of 1.46) and Rs.19508 /ha in NHA soil (with BCR of 2.53).  In green gram the cost of cultivation Rs 38785ha in MAR soil (with BCR of 1.06) and black gram the cost of cultivation in MAR soil Rs.22377/ha (with BCR of 1.18).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (0 to 21.2 %), green gram (18.5 %) and black gram (32.5 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chikkasavanur-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 474 ha in Shirahatti taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 633 mm of which about 363 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 165 mm during north-east and the remaining 105 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 88 per cent is covered by soils, 19 percent is covered by rock lands and three per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 25 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 78 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 22 per cent is not suitable for agriculture.  About 69 per cent of the soils are very shallow (150 cm) soils.  About 8 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface, 56 per cent loamy soils and 14 per cent of the area has sandy soils at the surface.  About 9 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 55 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) and 13 per cent very gravelly (35- 60% gravel) soils.  About 78 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) to very low (9.0), 22 per cent neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 7 per cent slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in about 21 per cent area and about 57 per cent area is low (1.0 ppm) in 6 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient in about 21 per cent area and sufficient in 57 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  Available zinc is sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in 6 per cent and deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 71 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 23 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Sorghum 75(16) 83 (18) Sapota - 41(9) Maize 75(16) 83 (18) Jackfruit - - Cotton - 158(33) Jamun - - Sunflower - 88(19) Musambi - - Onion 41(9) 117 (25) Lime - - Groundnut 41(9) 139(29) Cashew - 41(9) Chilli 41(9) 117(25) Custard apple - 180(39) Sugarca ne 41(9) 139(29) Amla - 69 (14) Pomegran ate - 41(9) Tamarind - - Tomato 41(9) 117 (25) Marigold 41(9) 133(28) Guava - 117 (25) Chrysanthem um 41(9) 133(28) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Chikasavanur-2 micro-watershed (Nilogal sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1504' – 1506' North latitudes and 75035' – 75037' East longitudes, covering an area of about 322 ha, bounded by Fatgoan Badani, Nilogal, Chikasavanur and Devihal villages with a length of growing period (LGP) 150- 180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified for each watershed. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Chikasavanur-2 Microwatershed (Nilogal sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 62.7 to 37.3 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 50.9 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 72.5 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 44.4 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 77.8 per cent.  About 44.4 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (66.7 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system among all the sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 33.3 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 7.84 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making is around 58 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.61 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The total cultivated land by dry land condition among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 22.2 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 33.3 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 106480 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 137948 per household; about 33.3 per cent of sample farmers owen plough and bullock cart.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 32550 per household; about 25 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 819.2 grams (1634.5 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 88.9 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 12537 per household. Among all sample farm households are above poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs. 1114. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 467 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 171969 per year for the total area of 474.16 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food production is around Rs. 20433/ ha/year. Per hectare food production services is maximum in lemon (Rs. 415454) followed by horse gram (Rs. 9228), sunflower (Rs. 5480), cowpea (Rs. 3575), Ragi (Rs. 1356) and sorghum negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2213/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize greengram (Rs 2687) followed by sorghum (Rs. 1976) and maize (Rs. 1976).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in cotton (Rs. 49758), sorghum (Rs. 37643), greengram (Rs. 37317), sunflower (Rs. 33256) and maize (Rs. 21598). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (65.9 %) followed by greengram (17.4 %), cotton (8.4 %), sorghum (5.6 %) and sunflower (2.8 %).  In Chikasavanur-2 micro-watershed, major soil are soil of alluvial landscape of Chikasavanur (CRS) and Kanchanahali (KNH) soil series are having shallow soil depth covered around 20.59 per cent and 9.61 per cent of areas respectively. On the soil farmers growing crops are maize and cotton. Kutegoudanahundi (KGH) series are having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 18.07 per cent of areas; crops on greengram (38%), maize (44%), sorghum (12 %) and sunflower (6%).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for sunflower Rs.57747/ha in KGH soil (with BCR of 1.20).  In cotton the cost of cultivation Rs. 34446/ha in KGH soil (with BCR of 1.47).  In maize the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs. 32642/ha in KGH soil (with BCR of 1.05) and Rs.17944/ha in CRS soil (with BCR of 81.34).  In greengram the cost of cultivation Rs. 19891/ha in KGH soil (with BCR of 1.17) and sorghum the cost of cultivation Rs 21936/ha in KGH soil (with BCR of 1.10).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in maize (71.5 to 81.8 %), cotton (56.0 %), sorghum (83.9 %), green gram (27.7 %), sunflower (38.5 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Babulgaon-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 404 ha in Babulgaon-2 microwatershed in Humnabad taluk of Bidar district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought- prone with an average annual rainfall of 811 mm, of which about 609 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 109 mm during north-east and the remaining 93 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soils and three per cent is covered by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 34 soil phases (management units) and 4 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 2nd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area is suitable for agriculture.  About 87 per cent of the soils are moderately deep to deep and very deep (75- >150 cm) and 10 per cent are shallow (25-50 cm) soils.  An area of 75 per cent has clayey soils at the surface and 22 per cent soils are loamy at the surface.  About 80 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils and 17 per cent gravelly to very gravelly (15-60% gravel) soils.  About 18 per cent of the area are very high (>200mm/m), 32 per cent medium (100- 150 mm/m) and 47 per cent low (50-100 mm/m) to very low (0.75%) in organic carbon and 5 per cent medium (0.5-0.75%) in organic carbon.  Major area of 85 per cent has soils that are low (57 kg/ha) in about 2 per cent area.  About 30 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) and 4 per cent is deficient in available iron.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 27 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 71 (18) 185 (46) Sapota 23 (6) 212(53) Maize - 185 (46) Jackfruit 97 (24) 151 (38) Red gram - 256 (64) Jamun 97 (24) 222 (55) Sunflower 71 (18) 185 (46) Musambi 23 (6) 296 (74) Cotton 65 (16) 187 (46) Lime 23 (6) 296 (74) Sugarcane - 185 (46) Cashew 103 (25) 136 (34) Soybean 71 (18) 200(50) Custard apple 181 (45) 144 (36) Bengalgram 71 (18) 185 (46) Amla 178 (44) 147 (36) Guava 23 (6) 212(52) Tamarind 97(24) 89 (22) Mango - 100 (25) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This helps in maintaining an ecological balance and also helps in mitigating the climate change.Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Babulgaon-2 micro-watershed (Raipalli sub-watershed, Humnabad taluk, Bidar district) is located in between 17040' – 17042' North latitudes and 77014' – 77016' East longitudes, covering an area of about 404 ha, bounded by Mustari, Udbal, Bannahalli and Bilkhera villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified for each watershed. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Babulgaon-2 micro-watershed in Raipalli sub-watershed, Humnabad taluk and Bidar district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 68.1 to 31.9 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age group of 18 to 30 populations is around 57.5 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 85.1 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 50 per cent.  Fire wood and liquefied petroleum gas is the source of energy for a cooking among 70 per cent.  About 40 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 30 percent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system are among all households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities, among all these study area household are not having toilet facilities.  Women participation in decisions making are around 90 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.63 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belonging to marginal and small farmers. The total cultivated area by dry land condition of among all sample households. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 19.1per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 42.6 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 20229 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of livestock is around Rs.42667 per household; about 66.9 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 827grams (1879 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition recommendation at 827 gram. Around 82.9 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.31803 per household. Among all farm households are comes under the below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs. 2039. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 1406 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 548361 per year for the total area of 403 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 22424/ ha/year. Per hector food grain production services is maximum in redgram (Rs. 35746) followed by sugarcane (Rs. 26202) and maize (Rs. 5324).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in sugarcane (Rs. 146532) followed by redgram (Rs.63166) and maize (Rs. 25152). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (17.3 %) followed by redgram (53.8%) sugarcane (25.5 %).  In Babulgaon-2 micro watershed, major soils of Babulgoan (BGN) series are having very soil depth cover around 17.7 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing redgram. Mudhanal (MNL) are also having deep soil depth cover around 3.7 % of area, major crops are redgram. Muthangi (MTN) soil series having moderately soil depth cover around 19.7 % of areas, crops are sugarcane. Mustarwadi (MWD) and soil series having very deep soil depth cover 24.7 % of areas crops are maize (29 %) and redgram (71%). 3  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for redgram ranges between Rs. 66484/ha in MNL soil (with of BCR of 0.83) and Rs. 41914/ha in MWD soil (with of BCR 1.15).  In sugarcane the cost of cultivation in MTN soil is Rs. 123820/ha (with of BCR 1.21).  In maize the cost of cultivation Rs. 23492/ha in MWD soil (with BCR of 1.23)  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in redgram (2.7 to 48%) followed by sugarcane (10.7%) and maize (75.2%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Saidapur Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 564 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 517 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 8 ha by rock outcrops and about 38 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 18 soil phases (management units) and 4 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 76 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 16 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 4 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 32 per cent loamy soils and 56 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 91 per cent area of the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 42 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 6 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 8 per cent area is very low (0.75).  About 31 per cent area is low in available phosphorus, 45 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 16 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha).  About 2 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in 17 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 86 per cent area and sufficient in 6 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 472(84) Sapota - - Maize - 32(6) Pomegranate - 429(76) Bajra - 461(82) Musambi - 429(76) Groundnut - 31(5) Lime - 429(76) Sunflower - 429(76) Amla - 472(84) Redgram - 429(76) Cashew - - Bengal gram 12(2) 460(82) Jackfruit - - Cotton 12(2) 460(82) Jamun - 203(36) Chilli - 461(82) Custard apple - 472(84) Tomato - 32(6) Tamarind - 203(36) Drumstick - 429(76) Mulberry - - Mango - 12(2) Marigold - 472(84) Guava - - Chrysanthemum - 472(84)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Saidapur micro-watershed (Yadgir taluk and district) is located in between 16033' – 16034' North latitudes and 770 15' – 76016' East longitudes, covering an area of about 563.89 ha, bounded by Kanikal, Kudlura, Ramapura and Sydhapura villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Saidapur micro-watershed in Yadgir taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 57.06 to 42.94 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age group 18 to 50 of population is around 57.1 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 51.5 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) are around 48.4 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among all sample households.  About 22.6 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 16.1 per cent farm households having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 83.9 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 19.4 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 77 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.91ha indicates that majority of farm households are belonging to marginal and small farmers. The account for dry land of 56.7 ha among the total cultivated land among the sample households. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation is only 0.6 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 65.0 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.82233per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.179881 per household, about 29.0 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs.25152 per household; about 22.58 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 1020.22 grams (2216.39 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition recommendation at 827 gram. Around 23 per cent of sample households are consuming more than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 41470 per household. About 90.3 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.2706. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. Rs.9890/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in ground nut (Rs.20268) followed by cotton (Rs.11313), green gram (Rs.9112), red gram (Rs.7599), paddy (Rs.9112) and maize (Rs.5435).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs.676/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in groundnut (Rs. 1029) followed by paddy (Rs.823) and maize (Rs.176).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The value of per hector water used was maximum (Table 26 and Figure 11) in green gram (Rs.69084) followed by red gram (Rs.59505), cotton (Rs.42991), paddy (Rs. 34436), maize (Rs. 26342) and groundnut (Rs.22905). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (58.6 %) followed by cotton (15.4 %), maize (13.0%), green gram (7.1%), groundnut (3.9 %) and paddy (1.9 %).  The total cost of cultivation in study area for cotton ranges between Rs.42960/ha in small farmers (with BCR of 1.18) and Rs.21800/ha in semi medium farmers (with BCR of 1.44) 3  In Green gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs.35897/ha in marginal farmers (with BCR of 1.04) and Rs.30209/ha in semi medium farmers (with BCR of 1.37)  In red gram cost of cultivation range between Rs.43673/ha in marginal farmers (with BCR of 1.21) and Rs.11725/ha in medium farmers (with BCR of 1.31),  In maize the cost of cultivation range between is Rs.27940/ha in marginal farmers (with BCR of 1.80) and Rs.26033/ha in semi medium farmers (with BCR of 1.44)  In paddy the cost of cultivation is Rs.17985/ha in semi medium farmers (with BCR of 1.37).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthening institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthening agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (27.7 to 38.7 %), maize (60.4 to 87.4 %), paddy (64.9 %), and red gram (19.7 to 36.4 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Indankal-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 713 ha in Chitapur taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 762 mm, of which about 571 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 99 mm during north-east and the remaining 92 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 699 ha (98%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 15 ha (2%) is covered by railway and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 4 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 3 Land Use Classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of June to 3rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 98 per cent of the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  An area of about 96 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) and moderately shallow (50-75 cm) soils of only 2 per cent area cover the microwatershed.  Entire area of the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface  An area of about 85 per cent of the soils are non gravelly (200 mm/m) and an area of 4 per cent has low (51-100 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 90 per cent of the area has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and about 8 per cent of the area is gently sloping (3-5%).  An area of about 49 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1), 44 per cent moderately eroded (e2) and 5 per cent of soils are severely eroded (e3).  An area of about 58 per cent soils that are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 35 per cent area have strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) to very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) and very small area of 5 per cent soils are slightly alkaline (pH 7.0-7.8).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75) in organic carbon.  About 90 per cent of the area is low (4.5 ppm) in 95 per cent area and deficient in only 3 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 2 per cent of soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 257 (36) 440(62) Sapota - 643(90) Maize - - Jackfruit - - Redgram - 698(98) Jamun - 643(90) Sunflower 257 (36) 426(60) Musambi 540(76) 112(16) Cotton 257 (36) 440(62) Lime 540(76) 112(16) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 257 (36) 440(62) Custard apple 643(90) 56(8) Bengal gram 566(79) 133 (19) Amla 643(90) 56(8) Guava - 643(90) Tamarind - 643(90) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass, thus helping in maintaining an ecological balance and also in mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Indankal-3 micro-watershed (Mattimadu sub-watershed, Chitapur taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17014' – 17016' North latitudes and 7703' – 7706' East longitudes, covering an area of about 713 ha, bounded by Mopti, Muchkhed, Totanhalli and Invi villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Indankal-3 Microwatershed (Mattimadu subwatershed, Chitapur taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 64.9 to 35.0 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 56.2 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population among all sample households.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 40.0 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 80 per cent.  About 10 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Farm households (10 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 40 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production are among all sample households was found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.0 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The total cultivated land of dry land area among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 28.1 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 64.9 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.12486 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.8200 per household, about 10 per cent of sample farmers having plough and sprayer each.  The average value of livestock is around Rs.40000 per househol; about 20.0 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 799.2 grams (2044.1 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 70.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 28416 per household. About 90.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.4176. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.917 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 640830 per year for the total area of 713.2 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 9160/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs. 14415) and sorghum (Rs. 3905).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1211/ ha/year is sorghum.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs 57946) and sorghum (Rs. 36905). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (95.9 %) and sorghum (4.1%).  In Indankal-3 Microwatershed, major soil is soil of Mathimuda (MTM) series is having moderately deep soil depth cover around 18.9 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing redgram (84.5 %) and sorghum (15.5 %). Dhrgah (DRG) and Dhandothi (DDT) soils series are having deep and very 3 deep soil depth cover 19.9 per cent and 57.0 per cent of area, respectively; the main crops are redgram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs.25274 /ha in MTM soil (with BCR of 1.59) and Rs. 21108/ha in DRG soil (with BCR of 1.66).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation in MTM soil is Rs. 27660/ha (with BCR of 11.14).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in redgram (24.6 to 11.4 %) and sorghum (56.9 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Adavalli-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 283 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soils, three per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 2 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  Entire area has clayey soils at the surface.  About 61 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 35 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) and 200 mm/m) available water capacity.  Entire area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  About 1 per cent area is slightly eroded (e1) and 96 per cent area moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 28 per cent has soils that are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) and 69 per cent has very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is 0.75%) in organic carbon.  Available phosphorus is low (337 kg/ha) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (10 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 83 per cent area, medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 7 per cent area and high (>1.0 ppm) in about 7 percent soils.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 24 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 110 (39) 163(58) Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Bajra - - Jamun - 205 (72) Groundnut - - Musambi 78 (27) 196 (69) Sunflower 78 (27) 196 (69) Lime 78 (27) 196 (69) Chilli - - Cashew - - Tomato - - Custard apple 110 (39) 163 (58) Drumstick - 274 (97) Amla - 274 (97) Mulberry - 274 (97) Tamarind - 205 (72) Pomegranate - 274 (97) Marigold - 274 (97) Guava - - Chrysanthemum - 274 (97) Mango - 9 (3) Jasmine - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 2 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: The Adavalli-3 micro-watershed (Koppal taluk and district) is located in between 15019' – 15020' North latitudes and 75057' – 75059' East longitudes, covering an area of about 283.26 ha, bounded by Kavalura village with length of growing period (LGP) 60-90 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Adavalli-3 micro-watershed (Koppal taluk and district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 53.3 to 46.7 per cent to the total sample population. Majority of male population in medium farmers (58.3%) and female population (57.1%) in semi- medium farmers.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 48.4 per cent to the total sample population. About 56.2 per cent of younger comes under small farmer of size group.  Literacy population is around 75.0 per cent of sample households. The highest in semi medium farmers (85.7%) of size groups.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 21.4 per cent. Around 66.7 per cent of scheduled caste in semi medium farmers.  Firewood is the main source of energy for cooking among all the sample farm households.  About 85.7 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Among all farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system was among all the households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 85.7 per cent.  Around 10 per cent of households co-operated to in institutional participation among them majority of participating households are medium farmers.  Rural migration to urban centre for employment is prevalent among 21.4 per cent of sample households. 2  Women participation in decisions making are around 30 per cent of sample households. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.0 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land account for 92.7 % and fallow land is 7.3 % of total cultivated land of the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation is around 22.4 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation is around 53.1 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 60907 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 319369 per household, about 50.0 per cent of sample farmers are having sprayer.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 16000 per household; about 44.4 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 1896 kilo calories against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 2250 kilo calories. Around 78.4 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 27131 per household: All sample farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1019. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 7580/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in coriander (Rs. 39253) followed by greengram (Rs. 6422), cotton (Rs. 3948), sunflower (Rs. 3661), bengalgram (Rs. 1786), sorghum (Rs. 1425) and bajra is negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2632/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in bajra (Rs.3146) followed by sorghum (Rs. 2118).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in green gram (Rs. 70397) followed by coriander (Rs. 62459), bengal gram (Rs. 52331), cotton (Rs. 49758), bajra (Rs. 42251), sorghum (Rs. 32723) and sunflower (Rs. 19954). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is bengal gram (35.5 %) followed by coriander (22.8 %) sorghum (21.8 %), sunflower (7.5 %), green gram (4.7 %), bajra (4.7 %) and cotton (3.0 %).  Adavalli-3 Micro-watershed, major soils are soil Dambarahalli (DLR) series is having moderately deep soil depth cover around 12.81 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (28.6 %) and sorghum (71.4%). Gatareddihal (GRH) and Handrala (HDL) soil series are also having deep soil depth cover around 41.87 per cent and 20.35 per cent of areas, respectively; crops are bengalgram, sorghum, sunflower, bajra and green gram.  The data on cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for sorghum range between Rs. 21575/ha in GRH soil (with BCR of 1.22) and Rs. 13711/ha in DRL soil (with BCR of 0.98).  In cotton the cost of cultivation is Rs.17047/ha in DRL soil (with BCR of 1.23).  In bengal gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 30121/ha in HDL soil (with BCR of 1.09) and Rs. 25213/ha in GRH soil (with BCR of 1.07).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation is Rs. 14716 /ha in GRH soil (with BCR of 1.25) bajra cultivation is Rs. 17591/ha in HDL soil (with BCR of 0.98).  In coriander the cost of cultivation in Rs. 14775/ha in HDL soil (with BCR of 1.36).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households. 4  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in bajra (25.3 %), bengal gram (23.6 %), coriander (89.3 %), green gram (65.1 %), sorghum (62.7 to 36.6 %) and sunflower (46.7 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Harve-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 514 ha in Harve-1 microwatershed in Chamarajnagar taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought- prone with an average annual rainfall of 769 mm, of which about 316 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 252 mm during north-east and the remaining 201 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 89 per cent area is covered by soils, 1 per cent is covered by rock-out crops, 150 cm) soils, an area of 20 per cent has moderately deep to deep (75-150 cm) soils. An area of about 32 per cent is under moderately shallow (50-75 cm) soils and shallow (25-50 cm) soils occupy 22 per cent area in the microwatershed.  An area of about 14 per cent has clayey soils at the surface, 39 per cent has loamy soils at the surface and an area of about 37 per cent has sandy at the surface.  An area of about 10 per cent has non-gravelly (0.75 ppm) in organic carbon.  An area of about 6 per cent is low (57 kg/ha) in 43 per cent area in available phosphorus.  An area of about 35 per cent has soils that are medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 54 per cent area has high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 26 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 1 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 75 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5ppm) in the available iron.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  An area of about 76 per cent has soils that are deficient (<0.6 ppm) and 14 per cent has soils are sufficient in available zinc.  The land suitability for 9 major crops (agricultural and horticultural) grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crops Suitability area in ha (%) Highly Suitable (S1) Moderately Suitable (S2) Sorghum 39(8) 255(50) Maize 39(8) 255(50) Finger millet 39(8) 255(50) Red gram - 131(26) Groundnut 69(14) 224(44) Cotton - 275(54) Chilli 39(8) 255(50) Mango - 28(6) Sapota - 99(19)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 9 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass, which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Harve 1 micro-watershed (Chamarajanagar taluk and district) is located in between 15018' – 15020' North latitudes and 7603' – 7605' East longitudes, covering an area of about 513.47 ha, bounded by Harve, Mundakudu, Kethanapura and Maliyur villages with length growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Harve 1 micro-watershed in Chamarajanagar taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 53.8 to 46.2 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 61.4 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 74.7 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste is around 57 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among all households.  About 36 per cent of households have a Bhima and Yashaswini health card.  About 18 per cent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 64.0 per cent  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 91.0 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 10.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 55 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.81 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land of 41 % and irrigated land 59 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 75.7 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 24.3 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 15472 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 79781per household, about 54.5 per cent of sample farmers having plough and sprayer (18.2%).  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 17962 per household; about 90 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 721 grams (1515 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 91 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 57041 per cent of sample household. About 45.4 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1102. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 452 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 207248 per year for the total area of 513.51 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 20608/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in coconut (Rs. 68775) followed by maize (Rs. 22547), sunflower (Rs. 9460), horse gram (Rs. 1348) and sorghum (Rs. 908).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 5938/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in sorghum (Rs.19425) followed by horse gram (Rs.15695) and maize (Rs.1200).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 269700) followed by maize (Rs. 52820), sorghum (Rs. 32100), horse gram (Rs. 22355) and sunflower (Rs. 26604). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is coconut (28.4%) followed by sunflower (26.7 %), maize (26.2%), horse gram (11.3%) and sorghum (7.2 %).  In Harve 1 micro-watershed, major soil Kutegoudanahundi (KGH) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 9.49 % of area, crops are sorghum. Gollarahatti (GHT) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth covers around 7.62 % of area, the major crop grown is sorghum. Honnenahalli (HNH) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover 3.48 % of areas; crops are coconut. Kengaki (KGK) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 9.99 % of areas respectively; crops are coconut (24.3 %), sunflower (54.1 %) and maize (21.6 %), Kethanapura (KTP) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover 3.65 % of areas; crops are coconut (47.8 %), horse gram (4.2%) and sorghum (48.0 %). Lakkur (LKR) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 13.19 % of area the major crop coconut (47.8 %), horse gram (4.2 %) and sorghum (48 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for horse gram ranges between Rs. 43872/ha in HDH soil (with BCR of 3.96) and Rs.11259/ha in KGH soil (with BCR of 1.93).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 118931/ha in KGH soil (with of 1.06) and Rs. 23522/ha in HDH soil (with BCR of 1.35).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 26605/ha in KGH soil (with BCR of 1.41) and Rs. 16307/ha in KTP soil (with BCR of 2.99).  In coconut the cost of cultivation range between is Rs.51014/ha in HNH soil (with BCR of 2.48) and Rs 34147 in LKR soil (with BCR of 2.82).  In maize the cost of cultivation in KTP soil is Rs.27473/ha (with BCR of 2.27).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. 4  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in horsegram (13.2 to 52.0%), sorghum (15.7 to 73.6%), sunflower (39.3 to 47.9%), coconut (63.6 to 69.0 %) and maize (45.8 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kinhi microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 650 ha in Kinhi microwatershed in Gulbarga taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 740 mm, of which about 540 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 126 mm during north-east and the remaining 74 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 93 per cent is covered by soils, seven per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 19 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 3rd week of May to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 92 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 8 per cent is not suitable for agriculture.  About 15 per cent of the soils are moderately deep to deep (75-150 cm), 3 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150cm), 67 per cent are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm) and about 8 per cent are very shallow (200mm/m) in available water capacity, 42 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 37 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) to very low (0.75%) and 1 per cent low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 58 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha), 1 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) and 34 per cent low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 1 per cent area.  Available iron, manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 42 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderate ly suitable (S2) Sorghum 99 (15) 246 (38) Guava - 315(49) Maize - 222(34) Jackfruit - - Red gram - 345 (53) Jamun - 99(15) Sunflower 99 (15) - Musambi 21 (3) 294(45) Cotton 95 (15) 250 (38) Lime 21 (3) 294(45) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 99 (15) 246 (38) Custard apple 316 (49) 209(32 ) Bengalgra m 322(50) 200(31) Amla 316 (49) 177 (27) Mango - - Tamarind - 99 (15) Sapota - 315(49) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in in sustained production and also in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would helps in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance also also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kinhi micro-watershed (Sonath sub-watershed, Gulbarga taluk and district) is located in between 17038' – 17040' North latitudes and 7702' – 7703' East longitudes, covering an area of about 649 ha, surrounded by Dongargaon, Dhanura, Hallikheda and Dhorjamga villages with an length of grown period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Kinhi micro-watershed (Sonath sub-watershed) in Gulbarga taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 48.1 to 51.9 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 61.5 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 92.3 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 80 per cent.  Wood is the major source of energy for a cooking among 80 per cent.  About 10 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (20%) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 30 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 30 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 11.5 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 90 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.41 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The farmer cultivated land on dry land of sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 6.06 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 75.76 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.16500 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 4339 per household; about 30.0 per cent of sample farmers owen plough and bullock cart.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 42222 per household; about 47 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 765.6 grams (1603.63 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Among all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 37021 per household. About 70 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.2381. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 2011 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 1220753 per year for the total area of 649 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 7638/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in sugarcane (Rs. 47224) followed by red gram (Rs. 44128) and bengal gram (Rs. 7119).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in sugar cane Rs. 174190 followed by red gram (Rs. 106399) and bengal gram (Rs. 46606). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (78.7 %) followed by bengal gram (12.27 %) and sugar cane (9.0 %). 3  In Kinhi Microwatershed, major soil is Basaltic landforms of Margutti (MGT) series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 7.9 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram. Novinihala (NHA) is also having shallow soil depth cover 20.64 % of area, the crops are red gram (66.7 %) and bengal gram (33.3 %). Dinsi (DSI) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 41.2 % of areas, crops are red gram (80.1%) and sugar cane (19.9 %). Mahagaon (MAN) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 3.3 % of area, crops are red gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs.164793/ha in MGT soil (with BCR of 0.33) and Rs.19150/ha in DSI soil (with BCR of 1.85).  In bengal gram cost of cultivation in NHA soil is Rs 19876/ha (with BCR of 1.36) and sugarcane cost of cultivation in DSI soil is Rs. 35724/ha (with BCR of 2.32).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (10.7 to 39.8%), bengal gram (53.9 %) and sugarcane (38.2 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Khurgunta-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 603 ha in Sedam taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 839 mm, of which about 639 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 109 mm during north-east and the remaining 91 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 481 ha (80%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 6 ha (1%) area covered by railway and 117 ha (19%) by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 3 soil series and 6 soil phases (management units), and 2 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of June to 3rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 80 percent of area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 71 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) and 9 per cent soils are shallow (25-50 cm) in depth.  About 80 per cent area of the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface.  About 79per cent area is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity and 9 per cent area is low (51-100 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 80 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently (1-3% slope) sloping lands.  An area of about 59 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 21 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded to severely eroded.  An area of about 80 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is low (2-4 dSm-1) in 80 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 69 per cent soils are medium (0.5-0.75%) and 11 per cent is high (>0.75%) in soil organic carbon content.  About 78 per cent of the area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 80 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese is sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available copper is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is sufficient in 3 per cent and deficient in 76 per cent of soils in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 413(68) 13(2) Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Redgram - 426(71) Jamun - 426(71) Sunflower 413(68) 13(2) Musambi 413(68) 13(2) Cotton 413(68) 13(2) Lime 413(68) 13(2) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 413(68) 13(2) Custard apple 413(68) 13(2) Bengal gram 413(68) 68(11) Amla 413(68) 13(2) Guava - - Tamarind - 426(71) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also help in mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Khurgunta-2 micro-watershed (Adki sub-watershed, Sedam taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 1709'–17011' North latitudes and 77019'–76021' East longitudes, covering an area of about 603.11 ha, bounded by Khurgunta, Sedam and Madhakal villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and eco system services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Khurgunta-2 micro-watershed (Adki subwatershed, Sedam taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 52.8 to 47.2 Per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is 66.6 around per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 79.2 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) 60 percent.  Liquefied petroleum gas is the source of energy for a cooking among 80 per cent.  About 10.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 10.0 percent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 70 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 40 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making is among all the households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.19 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land is total cultivated land area among all the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 83.3 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation around 4.2 percent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.19277 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.7483 per household, about 80 per cent of sample farmers having plough and bullock cart (30 %).  The average value of livestock is around Rs.33666 per household; about 30.0 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 827 grams (1970 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 60 per cent of sample farmers are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.48361 per household. About 50.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.2558 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.685 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.329794 per year for the total area of 603 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 14354/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs.18647) and bengal gram (Rs.10421).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 57776) and bengalgram (Rs. 46909). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (86.5 %) and bengal gram (13.4 %).  In Khurgunta-2 micro-watershed, major soil series are grown on Dhoandothi soils are very deep soil depth covers around 36.38 % of area major crops are red gram and bengalgram. Dargah soils are moderately deep soil depth covers around 34.19 % of area. on these soil farmers are presently growing red gram. Adki soils are shallow soil depth covers around 9.06 % of area major crops are red gram. 3  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 28187/ha in ADK soil (with BCR of 1.89) and Rs. 22489/ha in DRG soil (with BCR of 1.84).  In bengalgram the cost of cultivation in DDT soil is Rs. 16749/ha (with BCR of 1.62).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in redgram (16.9 to 18.4 %) and bengalgram (53.6 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project