Suchergebnisse

The article examines the socio-psychological aspect of the influence of political processes and changes in the civil society of the Russian Empire in ХІХ century. on the personality of the nobleman-liberal Alexander Lindfors (1837–1890) – one of the founders of the Russian constitutional movement.The purpose of the article is to cover the formation of his life position through the lens of influences on the personality of political processes and changes in civil society from 1837 to 1890.The main methods of research were the method of analysis of life path and the method of socio-cultural transmissions, which allowed to cover the problem more thoroughly.The scientific novelty of the study was the attempt for the first time to analyze the effects that contributed to the foundation of certain ideals of A. Lindfors, on which his worldview was based.The intelligence findings highlight important factors in the domestic political situation in the nineteenth-century Russian Empire that helped shape the necessary ideals of the well-known representative of the Zemsky Liberal Movement.A. Lindfors' involvement in liberal ideas came about through his noble origin, the example of his father (F. Lindfors, who served as the conciliator of Gorodnia county), in connection with the friendly relations with I. Petrunkevich (a well-known representative of the liberal movement), as well as directly related to the overall situation in post-reform Russia. However, for the first time he managed to get acquainted with liberal ideas in educational institutions, first and foremost in the Pagus of His Imperial Majesty's Corps. A significant catalyst for the formation of A. Lindfors' views in the liberal movement was the introduction of a constitution in Bulgaria and the creation of a Supreme Administrative Commission.It later helped, in our view, to realize A. Lindfors' need for a constitutional monarchy for the Russian Empire.

The article analysis the issues of the transformation of the academic staff of modern higher education and the changes that it has undergone over the past 25 years. The article draws on the materials published in the annual publication "Research Bulleting of Kharkiv University of Humanities "People's Ukrainian Academy" that allow tracking the changes in the university teacher and the risks they have been facing over a quarter of a century. The author's articles in the above edition give an insight into the global, regional, and local developments; the dramatic impact of economic and political conditions; the need to take into account the fundamentally different conditions of the academic staff genesis in domestic and Western European universities. The above is clearly evidenced in the article. The author arrives at the conclusion that the aggregate risks dramatically reshaping the university teacher as the key actor of the educational process are objectively bound to increase with the transition to the digital era. The above challenge is far from being a speciality facing the domestic university alone; it's a challenge shared by the educational systems worldwide, although manifested in a variety of ways. The author places a particular focus on the fact that both educational systems – with the higher school above all – and certain regions as well as universities are going through a period of high-scale diversification characterized by a continually increasing rate. Given the above, the analysis of aggregate risks is to cover the peculiarities and the variety of approaches to meeting the challenges facing not only individual systems, countries, or regions, but certain universities as well. It stands to reason that such approaches do not mean that the search for common markers is impractical. However, the desire to outline general tendencies and trends should not rule out the consideration of the features pinpointed in the article – a sharp increase in diversification processes promoting a global-scale analysis. ...

The article deals with the legislative and conceptual principles for the training of future primary school teachers in Ukraine since its independence. The purpose of the article is to investigate changes in the guidelines for the training of future elementary school teachers, with the acquisition of independence of Ukraine and pedagogical analysis of the positive aspects in the training process. The researching methodology consists of working with archival materials, dissertation researches, scientific papers, analysis and characterization of the documentary base of training of future primary school teachers. Scientific novelty is the study of the current state of development of society, which requires such teacher training, which is focused on the development of the child's personality, self-development, the ability of self-improvement. The role in the implementation of this task is entrusted, including, to elementary school. The National Doctrine for the Development of Education of Ukraine and other applicable documents governing the educational process in general secondary education institutions emphasize the importance of achieving this goal. The School of the 21st Century should realize the ideas of personally oriented pedagogy; to ensure the unity of intellectual, physical, spiritual, aesthetic and moral development of the personality, its competitiveness in the labor market; to learn the planning of one's own life strategy, the improvement of personal traits, the orientation in the value system, the definition of life credo and lifestyle. Such ideas will require specialists who can effectively implement them. This raises the problem of providing elementary schools as primary education, teachers who have music education, have the appropriate knowledge, skills and experience to perform musical and aesthetic education aimed at shaping the comprehensive development of the student's personality. Drawing conclusions, we can say that with the Ukraine's independence, changes were made in primary education, ...

Today, in the context of aggravation of socio–economic and political problems, the standard of living of the population is the indicator that reflects the development of the state. This category should become the main criterion for the development and evaluation of the effectiveness of the implementation of socio–economic policies of Ukraine, both at the national and regional levels in particular. The main goal of the article is to study the methodological foundations of assessing the standard of living of the population, using the construction of integral indicators. A specific feature of Ukraine is a significant regional differentiation of the population by living standards, requiring an integrated assessment of the living standards of the population for individual regions of Ukraine. For this purpose, we proposed the use of a regional index of living standards, taking into account certain methodological recommendations for its calculation, associated with changes in the socio–economic situation in the country and corresponding changes in the methodology of statistical observations. And also, an analysis was made of the standard of living of the population of individual regions by such an integral indicator as the regional human development index. And the regions of Ukraine were grouped by the regional human development index, the leaders and outsiders were identified. The methodological tools of the study were methods of systematization, grouping and classification, average values, indicators of variation and analysis of the series of dynamics, index calculations, correlation analysis. The period of the study of the standard of living of the population in the regions of Ukraine was chosen for the period 2004–2017. The object of the study was Ukraine as a whole and its individual regions. Given the above, it should be noted that ensuring a decent standard of living of the population should become an unconditional priority of both state and regional policies, and the quality of life of citizens should meet the ...

The article provides an analysis of the current state of the procedural legislation of Ukraine in the context of the judicial system reform carried out in 2014-2019. The drastic changes in this direction, which began with the tragic events in the life of Ukraine in 2014, radically reversed the three components of national justice – judicial system, status of judges and legal procedure. The key issue of the judicial reform in Ukraine is the implementation of the principles of the organization and administration of justice, the main of which is the supremacy of the law. The essential principle in terms of the strategic vision of the key results of the judicial reform in Ukraine was the improvement of such principles as political and economic independence of justice. In accordance with constitutional amendments, a reauthorization took place between the High Qualification Commission of Judges of Ukraine and the new constitutional body – the High Council of Justice. The power to review disciplinary cases against all judges, taking decisions on temporary suspension of judges from the justice fall within the competence of the latter. The Higher Qualification Commission of Judges of Ukraine is solely responsible for selection of judges, qualification assessments, holding competitions to fill the vacancy for judges. The second principle of the organization and implementation of the judicial power in Ukraine was the principle of accessibility of justice, which is traditionally viewed as a lack of excessive judicial expenses, lack of judicial corruption, complex judicial procedures and excessive length of the judicial process. The primary change reflected in all procedural codes is the introduction of effective protection of rights the rights of a person. Particular attention is paid to ensuring the activities of the Supreme Court and implementing mechanisms that ensure the unity of law enforcement practice within the framework of a unified cassation proceedings. An important step in the implementation of the justice ...

The arrival of digital data in agriculture opens the possibility to realise productivity gains through precision farming. It also raises questions about the distribution of these gains between farmers and agricultural service providers. Farmers' control of the data is often perceived as a means to appropriate a larger share of these gains. We show how data-driven agricultural business models lock farm data into machines and devices that reduce competition in downstream agricultural services markets. Personal data protection regulation is not applicable to non-personal agricultural machine data. Voluntary data charters in the EU and US emulate GDPR-like principles to give farmers more control over their data but do not really change market-based outcomes due to their legal design. Third-party platforms are a necessary intermediary because farmers cannot achieve the benefits from applications that depend on economies of scale and scope in data aggregation. The low marginal value of individual farm data in such applications puts farmers in a weak bargaining position. Neutral intermediaries that are not vertically integrated into agricultural machines, inputs or services may circumvent monopolistic data lock-ins provided they can access the data. Unless they find a way to generate and monetise economies of scale and scope with their data, their business model may not be sustainable. Regulatory intervention that facilitates portability and interoperability might be useful for farmers to overcome data lock-ins, but designing data access rights is a complicated issue as many parties contribute data to the production process and may claim access rights. Minor changes in who gets access to which data under which conditions may have significant effects on stakeholders. We conclude that digital agriculture still has some way to go to reach equitable and efficient solutions to data access rights. Similar situations are likely to occur in other industries that rely on non-personal machine data.

In China political control is centralised and economic management is decentralised. This gives rise to a serious principal-agent problem, in which the agents are often better informed than the principal. China also has a semi-marketised economy involving much state intervention. This intervention serves both a political and an economic function. It assists the Communist Party to remain in political command and generates formidable patronage resources. It also provides the policy instruments, including incentive structures for officialdom, to maintain a 'developmental state'. The combination of economic decentralisation and semi-marketised economy creates a problem of weak accountability and a breeding ground for rent seeking and corruption. For a quarter of a century China's leadership gave overwhelming priority to the objective of achieving rapid economic growth. This policy was viewed as providing political legitimacy and securing the best protection against social instability. It is argued that the leadership was able to solve the principal-agent problem in its pursuit of economic growth. By contrast, the solution to the principal-agent problem failed in other respects, giving rise to societal costs. Little attention was paid to the dramatic socioeconomic changes –including rising inequality and economic insecurity, environmental degradation, mass migration, rent seeking and corruption – which accompanied economic growth and posed new challenges. It is argued that these changes help to explain the failure of life satisfaction scores to rise over the two decades 1990-2010. They can also help to explain the rise in indicators of social instability over that period. It is to be hoped that the new leadership's current anti-corruption campaign together with its declared policy intention to reduce state economic intervention and increase reliance on competitive markets will strengthen deterrence and weaken opportunities for rent seeking and corruption. The paper carries the implication that China's economy cannot ...

BACKGROUND : There has been an appreciable increase in the number of people in Africa with metabolic syndrome and Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in recent years as a result of a number of factors. Factors include lifestyle changes, urbanisation, and the growing consumption of processed foods coupled with increasing levels of obesity. Currently there are 19 million adults in Africa with diabetes, mainly T2DM (95%), estimated to grow to 47 million people by 2045 unless controlled. This has a considerable impact on morbidity, mortality and costs in the region. There are a number of issues to address to reduce the impact of T2DM including improving detection rates and current access to services alongside addressing issues of adherence to prescribed medicines. There are also high rates of co-morbidities with infectious diseases such as HIV and tuberculosis in patients in Africa with T2DM that require attention. OBJECTIVE : Document ongoing activities across Africa to improve the care of patients with T2DM especially around issues of identification, access, and adherence to changing lifestyles and prescribed medicines. In addition, discussing potential ways forward to improve the care of patients with T2DM based on ongoing activities and experiences including addressing key issues associated with co-morbidities with infectious diseases. OUR APPROACH : Contextualise the findings from a wide range of publications including internet based publications of national approaches coupled with input from senior level government, academic and other professionals from across Africa to provide future guidance. ONGOING ACTIVITIES : A number of African countries are actively instigating programmes to improve the care of patients with T2DM starting with improved diagnosis. This recognises the growing burden of non-communicable diseases across Africa, which has been neglected in the past. Planned activities include programmes to improve detection rates and address key issues with diet and lifestyle changes, alongside improving monitoring of ...

© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ; Study question: How has the performance of the European regional register of the European IVF-monitoring Consortium (EIM)/European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) evolved from 1997 to 2016, as compared to the register of the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of the USA and the Australia and New Zealand Assisted Reproduction Database (ANZARD)? Summary answer: It was found that coherent and analogous changes are recorded in the three regional registers over time, with a different intensity and pace, that new technologies are taken up with considerable delay and that incidental complications and adverse events are only recorded sporadically. What is known already: European data on ART have been collected since 1997 by EIM. Data collection on ART in Europe is particularly difficult due to its fragmented political and legal landscape. In 1997, approximately 78.1% of all known institutions offering ART services in 23 European countries submitted data and in 2016 this number rose to 91.8% in 40 countries. Study design, size, duration: We compared the changes in European ART data as published in the EIM reports (2001-2020) with those of the USA, as published by CDC, and with those of Australia and New Zealand, as published by ANZARD. Participants/materials, setting, methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of the published EIM data sets spanning the 20 years observance period from 1997 to 2016, together with the published data sets of the USA as well as of Australia and New Zealand. By comparing the data sets in these three large registers, we analysed ...

Estimating changes in organic matter flow from resource to consumer using trophic basis of production (TBP) is a way to examine resource limitation effects on ecosystem function. We examined diet shifts and production of insect detritivores to assess changes with reduced detrital inputs to a forested headwater stream. Organic matter was excluded for 7 years using a canopy net. Small and large wood were removed from the stream after the 3rd and 5th year, respectively. Detritivore production declined after 3 years of litter exclusion. After wood removal, production of detritivores declined again. Steepest declines in Pycnopsyche gentilis production occurred within year 1. Tipula spp. and Tallaperla spp. production declined after wood removal. Diets shifted from leaves to wood to fine particulate organic matter (FPOM) for Tipula spp. and Tallaperla spp., but not for P. gentilis. Resource flows to detritivores shifted in the exclusion stream from leaves to wood to FPOM after leaf standing crops declined and wood removal. Small wood was an important food resource. TBP results showed shifts in food resource use by two detritivores with terrestrial input reduction. These findings suggest that maintaining diverse riparian inputs of organic matter is important for detritivore productivity in forested headwater watersheds. ; National Science FoundationNational Science Foundation (NSF) [DEB-9207498, DEB-9629268, DEB-0212315] ; We thank the technicians and students that assisted with this study. Special thanks to C. Wallace for digitizing many insect gut contents. S. Golladay, A. Rosemond, D. Batzer, M. Moretti, and two anonymous reviewers provided helpful comments that improved this paper. W. Swank, J. Vose, and B. Kloeppel at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory provided site support. The National Science Foundation (Grants DEB-9207498, DEB-9629268, and DEB-0212315) funded this research. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee

Problem setting. New complex challenges of the present, including transformation and complication of heterogeneity and entropy of the Internet space, intensive development of robotics, technologies of artificial intelligence, can not but affect the state and development of the entire legal system of the state and legislation in various spheres of public relations. It is necessary to formulate criteria for a typology of legal problems that can be solved by digital formalization, and which require the use of the potential of "personal knowledge" to which intuition and practical experience are involved, etc. Recent research and publications analysis. The results of studies of these problems make it possible to point out that, as a whole, a systematic scientific understanding of the complex, voluminous and multidimensional problem of clarifying the perspectives and limits of the technological approach in professional legal practice, legal expert activity, influence on the transformation of legal norms, jurisprudence and legal education and the like need further careful study. The rapid development of new technologies, in particular artificial intelligence technologies, the Internet of Things, cloud technologies, etc., is contributing to changes in current legislation. Today, advanced economies are already pondering the question of regulating the status and use of AI technologies. While these are only the first bold steps, in the future, all of these can affect global changes in the legal system – perhaps full-fledged comprehensive institutions of law and institutions of law, even the branches and branches of law. Paper objectiv. The purpose of this article is to consideration of certain aspects of digitization of law and the limits of possible and admissible in the technological approach to legal knowledge on the basis of the results of understanding of this problem by different representatives of the humanities and interdisciplinary researchers. Paper main body. The article substantiates the importance and ...

The article analyzes the process of constitutional law updating. However, we note that, of course, national law plays a significant role in direct law enforcement activities, but the role of global law is increasingly present. Changes on a global scale have affected constitutional law. This influence has a dual nature. Firstly, constitutional law as a branch of national law is changed and transformed in accordance with the recognized latest international legal standards, or implements positive foreign practice. We should note that today there is a number of social problems of a global nature, which can be solved only by international cooperation, including issues of counter-terrorism, security issues, legal regulation of relations in the information sphere and more. Therefore, the development of uniform mechanisms must be agreed at the national level, so they are implemented in the constitutional legal framework. The current trend of democratization of power relations is especially noted. It is noted that this does not automatically lead to the real rule of law, but the means of democratic transformation are introduced into the institutional mechanism of state power. Secondly, the changes affected constitutional law as a science and an academic discipline. Expansion of educational programs related to modern legal systems, comparative research, interpretation of foreign law, and knowledge in the field of constitutional law of foreign countries - an urgent requirement of modern legal science. Globalization as a modern general factor in the transformation of the entire legal reality is a catalyst for the development of the legal system, including constitutional law. The assertion of the principles of the rule of law, constitutionalism and humanism remain axiological determinants of the national law of civilized people. Legal globalization combines a system of national, international and even positive foreign processes, which in symbiosis leads to the renewal of constitutional law.

Background Internet-based Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (iCBT) is found effective in treating common mental disorders. However, the use of these interventions in routine care is limited. The international ImpleMentAll study is funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 programme. It is concerned with studying and improving methods for implementing evidence-based iCBT services for common mental disorders in routine mental health care. A digitally accessible implementation toolkit (ItFits-toolkit) will be introduced to mental health care organizations with the aim to facilitate the ongoing implementation of iCBT services within local contexts. This study investigates the effectiveness of the ItFits-toolkit by comparing it to implementation-as-usual activities. Methods A stepped wedge cluster randomized controlled trial (SWT) design will be applied. Over a trial period of 30 months, the ItFits-toolkit will be introduced sequentially in twelve routine mental health care organizations in primary and specialist care across nine countries in Europe and Australia. Repeated measures are applied to assess change over time in the outcome variables. The effectiveness of the ItFits-toolkit will be assessed in terms of the degree of normalization of the use of the iCBT services. Several exploratory outcomes including uptake of the iCBT services will be measured to feed the interpretation of the primary outcome. Data will be collected via a centralized data collection system and analysed using generalized linear mixed modelling. A qualitative process evaluation of routine implementation activities and the use of the ItFits-toolkit will be conducted within this study. Discussion The ImpleMentAll study is a large-scale international research project designed to study the effectiveness of tailored implementation. Using a SWT design that allows to examine change over time, this study will investigate the effect of tailored implementation on the normalization of the use of iCBT services and their uptake. It will provide a better ...

The New Information and Communication Technologies (NTICs) are modifying the traditional way of doing politics, given that they articulate new dynamics of communication, organization, production, deliberation and citizen participation. In turn, they generate changes in the public space, the city and democracy. This article presents a theoretical-methodological proposal for the analysis of the use and appropriation of NTICs by citizens in the "city-network", from an ecological and critical perspective. First, it reflects on the challenges posed by the NICTs on the city, citizenship, participation and democracy. Second, the role of telecentres as public services for local development is analyzed, analyzing their concept, organizational model, elements, functions, services and users. Third, lines of action are proposed to develop public policies, paying special attention to the role of telecentres as engines of social change and local development. ; Las Nuevas Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (NTIC's) están modificando la forma tradicional de hacer política, dado que articulan nuevas dinámicas de comunicación, organización, producción, deliberación y participación ciudadana. A su vez generan cambios sobre el espacio público, la ciudad y la democracia. Este artículo presenta una propuesta teórico-metodológica para el análisis del uso y apropiación de las NTIC's por parte de la ciudadanía en la ciudad-red, desde una perspectiva ecológica y crítica. Primero, se reflexiona acerca de los retos que plantean las NTIC's sobre la ciudad, la ciudadanía, la participación y la democracia. Segundo, se analiza el rol de los telecentros como servicios públicos para el desarrollo local, analizando su concepto, modelo organizativo, elementos, funciones, servicios y usuarios. Tercero, se plantean líneas de acción para desarrollar políticas públicas, prestando especial atención al rol de los telecentros como motores de cambio social y desarrollo local.

PurposeToday heritage is of strategic importance not only because of its historical value, but also due to the capacity to sustain traditional philosophy. A problem arose in association with the over-commercialisation of heritage that led to a question of how the citizens react to the problem and the emerging values. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between heritage conservation practices conducted by the government and local people.Design/Methodology/Approach This study used qualitative analysis to investigate official documents and newspapers. In-depth interviews were used to elaborate citizens' perception about heritage values.Findings There were connection and disconnection between the implementation of heritage conservation policy and citizens' opinions about conservation practices. The connection should be maintained to anticipate the change of meanings and overcome problems stemmed from heritage tourism and the uncontrolled urban development.Research Limitations/Implications This study bridged a possibility of evaluating the impact of urban development on heritage value by assessing perspectives from different social actors. It was evidenced that the official and unofficial values of heritage are differently recognised. However, this study had a limitation in terms of the social group involved in interviews. The analytical framework of this research needs to be developed incorporating quantitative analysis with a survey of particular population in Yogyakarta. This kind of study is essential to discovering how the population reacts to urban development and heritage sites.Social/Practical Implications The government should not dominate the practice of heritage conservation. It is essential to maintain the cultural authenticity of heritage by involving general public in monitoring urban development surrounding heritage sites.Originality/Value This study provides a framework for integrating different perspectives to better recognise and manage heritage sites and the overall urban landscape. This framework can be used as a foundation for evaluating heritage impact relating to societal changes and the dynamics of urban development.