Suchergebnisse

Research infrastructures (RI) include major scientific equipment, scientific collections, archives, structured information and ICT-based infrastructures and services3. They support top-level research and can be organized at the national and regional level, at EU Member State, European and global level. RIs have become a topic of interest and priority for funders, political bodies, and (increasingly) institutional decision makers. In Europe the European Commission is a funder of RIs, complementing funding done by EU Member States at the national level. Over the last ten years hundreds of RI-projects have been planned and some received funding for design, extension and improvement of operations and services to scientific communities. The ESFRI4 roadmap for research infrastructures represents a financial volume of approx. 20 billion EUR for ten years to construct 44 RIs. From the perspective of realizing the objectives set for RI, 2012 is an essential milestone, as the discussion of the HORIZON 2020 programmes at the European level will take place as well as consultations with member states. The following overview is by no means complete. It focuses on some RIs majorly influenced by the production and management of scientific information and which have relevance for the European political and funding agenda. RI projects include a variety of typologies, ranging from hard, single-site facilities to distributed, soft facilities relying on networks. Typically they have emerged from discipline-specific or cross-disciplinary requirements. RIs produce, process or manage big and small but heterogeneous volumes of information. They are the so-called 'scientific data factories' of the 21st century. They comprise various types of information resources such as publications, digitized collections, learning objects and research data. Key issues on today's agenda for RIs are their uptake by researchers, and their viability, sustainability and interoperability. Research libraries' engagement with RIs has been low. While this could be understandable in 2005 when the first priorities for RI investments were defined, it now represents a big gap in the European strategy. Key initiatives such as the ESFRI Research Infrastructures involve no participation by research libraries, except for DARIAH. Participation in EC-funded projects (through LIBER or directly through institutions) focused (with a few exceptions) on the areas of digitization, cultural heritage and publications. Research libraries need to become visible actors in strategic discussions on RIs and should actively explore their engagement in research data infrastructures. Open Access, open science (data), research data infrastructures and management are the catalysts to get research libraries back into the awareness of researchers beyond the humanities and social sciences. 'Open Access is global — but implementation is local'. This is a popular slogan of the OpenAIRE project and gives local research libraries an important role in the European context. Research data are discipline-specific, but policies, workflows and standards also need to be implemented at the local level. Creating participatory infrastructures by involving institutional, national and disciplinary actors has been identified by the EC as a key task for the current decade. The term 'participatory' is also considered to be of fundamental relevance for European policy strategy, as it matches well with national and European coordination for cost efficiency and is instrumental in avoiding duplication of work. The primary challenges to building a coherent, fundable and sustainable ecosystem do not lie in ICT technology, but rather in governance, law, organization, socio- cultural aspects, trust, and, of course, costs.

Introduction Sustainable development clearly requires the integration of the economic, ecological, and social pillars. While scholars and practitioners have mainly approached sustainability from the standpoint of environmental protection and resource management, the social pillar has been a more limited part of the research agenda (Dillard et al. 2009), although it is generally recognized that "human well-being, equity, democratic government, and democratic civil society are central constituents of sustainability" (Magis & Shinn, 2009).The most compelling contributions about sustainability are mainly related to the concept of environmental justice (Leonard, 1989), in terms of both inequalities in access to environmental goods and unequal distribution of environmental risks (Beck, 1986). While democratic inclusion in the governance of sustainability has also received a great deal of attention (see, e.g., Hajer, 1995; Glasbergen, 1998; van Tatenhoven, 2003; Pellizzoni, 2010), social inequalities, justice, and inclusiveness have rarely been integrated into studies of sustainability (with some interesting exceptions, e.g., Polese & Stren 2001; Vrankenet et al. 2002; Magis & Shinn, 2009). There is, however, a broader and independent literature about the overlapping concepts of social cohesion and social exclusion (Pahl, 1991; Hopwoodet et al. 2005; Littig & Griessler, 2005; Dempsey et al. 2011; Ranci, 2011).1The main aims of this article are to highlight the relevance of an integrated approach to sustainability and to avoid possible tradeoff mechanisms among the different dimensions of this concept in the process of policy design and implementation. For instance, in a paradoxical way, initiatives oriented toward fostering mobility may lead to increases in environmental pollution while programs to contain the ecological impacts of mobility may undermine social justice and increase inequalities.Accessibility as a Wobbly Pillar of Sustainable Mobility To analyze possible tradeoff dynamics, this article discusses an even more important issue in the wider debate about sustainability: the challenges of fostering sustainable mobility. There are several reasons for growing attention to this issue, but most important is the idea that while mobility in one form or another has been essential throughout human history, in recent years it has undergone strong expansion and acceleration--of both people and goods--all around the globe (Urry, 2000). This development has been due to several drivers. First, a significant number of innovative technologies for transporting both people and goods, especially in the field of information technology and communication have encouraged greater mobility (Castells, 1996).2 Second, recent decades have seen an increase in freedom of movement within many political and territorial contexts such as Eastern Europe and Asia (Bauman, 1998). Finally, the spread of the free market and the growth of the international financial economy have gradually enveloped almost all of the planet's main economies, promoting a significant increase in the movement of raw materials, workers, and products (Sheller & Urry, 2006).These changing scenarios have promoted new mobility dynamics, with important environmental, economic, and social impacts.First, there is little doubt that mobility has important consequences for environmental protection, in terms of both natural resource consumption (e.g., raw materials, fuel, soil) and air and noise pollution. More specifically, motorized transportation can be divided roughly into four main modalities, of which waterways and railways have a lower environmental impact, while airways and roadways are more harmful in terms of both pollution and natural resource utilization (EU, 2009). As far as the environmental dimension of sustainability is concerned, it is clear that the extraordinary growth of the most ecologically problematic forms of transportation is responsible for a preponderant share of the challenges. …

Research infrastructures (RI) include major scientific equipment, scientific collections, archives, structured information and ICT-based infrastructures and services[3]. They support top-level research and can be organized at the national and regional level, at EU Member State, European and global level. RIs have become a topic of interest and priority for funders, political bodies, and (increasingly) institutional decision makers. In Europe the European Commission is a funder of RIs, complementing funding done by EU Member States at the national level. Over the last ten years hundreds of RI-projects have been planned and some received funding for design, extension and improvement of operations and services to scientific communities. The ESFRI[4] roadmap for research infrastructures represents a financial volume of approx. 20 billion EUR for ten years to construct 44 RIs. From the perspective of realizing the objectives set for RI, 2012 is an essential milestone, as the discussion of the HORIZON 2020 programmes at the European level will take place as well as consultations with member states. The following overview is by no means complete. It focuses on some RIs majorly influenced by the production and management of scientific information and which have relevance for the European political and funding agenda. RI projects include a variety of typologies, ranging from hard, single-site facilities to distributed, soft facilities relying on networks. Typically they have emerged from discipline-specific or cross-disciplinary requirements. RIs produce, process or manage big and small but heterogeneous volumes of information. They are the so-called 'scientific data factories' of the 21st century. They comprise various types of information resources such as publications, digitized collections, learning objects and research data. Key issues on today's agenda for RIs are their uptake by researchers, and their viability, sustainability and interoperability. Research libraries' engagement with RIs has been low. While this could be understandable in 2005 when the first priorities for RI investments were defined, it now represents a big gap in the European strategy. Key initiatives such as the ESFRI Research Infrastructures involve no participation by research libraries, except for DARIAH. Participation in EC-funded projects (through LIBER or directly through institutions) focused (with a few exceptions) on the areas of digitization, cultural heritage and publications. Research libraries need to become visible actors in strategic discussions on RIs and should actively explore their engagement in research data infrastructures. Open Access, open science (data), research data infrastructures and management are the catalysts to get research libraries back into the awareness of researchers beyond the humanities and social sciences. 'Open Access is global — but implementation is local'. This is a popular slogan of the OpenAIRE project and gives local research libraries an important role in the European context. Research data are discipline-specific, but policies, workflows and standards also need to be implemented at the local level. Creating participatory infrastructures by involving institutional, national and disciplinary actors has been identified by the EC as a key task for the current decade. The term 'participatory' is also considered to be of fundamental relevance for European policy strategy, as it matches well with national and European coordination for cost efficiency and is instrumental in avoiding duplication of work. The primary challenges to building a coherent, fundable and sustainable ecosystem do not lie in ICT technology, but rather in governance, law, organization, socio- cultural aspects, trust, and, of course, costs. ; peerReviewed

Рассматривается история высшего образования в Израиле как неотъемлемый элемент инновационного развития этой страны. Основным принципом стратегии развития Государства Израиль является понимание того, что при отсутствии природных ресурсов упор на человеческий капитал и знания является единственным и естественным выбором. Образование, научные исследования и разработки, технологические инновации стали ключевыми факторами успешного социально-экономического развития страны и основой ее национальной мощи. ; The author raises the question of the impact of Israeli government higher education policy and academic institutions funding on Israeli scientific and technological potential, Israeli economy competitiveness and further national development. In the 21st century, Israel is faced with the exceedingly demanding challenge of development, growth, and renewal in an increasingly dynamic and competitive world. Israel derives great strength and technological excellence from its human capital along with the academic and technological infrastructure it has developed. The creation of modern Israeli economy with the high-tech sector predominance would have been impossible without the high-class system of higher education and the critical mass of scientists, researchers, highly educated, qualified and creative manpower. Israel is a leading innovative nation in numerous fields. Israel is blessed with creative and innovative minds, and thus, is capable of transforming new ideas into products of high added value within a short period of time with a modest budget. A fundamental principle of the vision of the State of Israel is the understanding that reliance on human capital and knowledge has been the most fitting and natural choice. Education, R&D, and technological innovation have been the key success factors to the nations economic and social development, as well as the basis for its national strength. Israel has chosen to invest more in innovation and human resources than in infrastructure. Education is the major source for knowledge sharing and creating high quality human resources. Israels ability to harness education for creating innovative knowledge and motivation to develop high-tech in the future is a core capability, which provides growth potential and a long-term competitive advantage. The Israeli government considers education an important measure for preparing the new generation for the future. Therefore, Israel's total expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP has the highest rate in comparison with other OECD countries. 42% of Israelis between the ages of 25-34 have completed at least tertiary education. Israel has world-class education institutions. Research is carried out in Israel's seven universities, five technical colleges, and ten specialized research institutes. Six of the universities are ranked among the best in the world: The Hebrew University in Jerusalem is in the top 100. The Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Tel Aviv University and the Weizmann Institute of Science are in the top 200. Bar-Ilan University and Ben Gurion University are in the top 300. In a survey conducted by The Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011, Israel ranked first in quality of scientific research institutions out of 125 countries that took part in the survey. This data demonstrates the high reputation of Israel's academic institutions in the eyes of its citizens. Israel has a highly educated workforce along with first class educational institutions. The quality of Israel's human resources is unmatched; Israel has 140 scientists and technicians per 10,000 employees, more than any other developed country. Israel has 135 engineers per 10,000 employees, which is the most concentrated number of engineers in the world. According to the Global Competitiveness Report of 2006, Israel was ranked first in availability of scientists and engineers. The human factor is the most important link in the process of value creation. Thus, the success of this process depends on the development and renewal of human resources, and its very important to understand the way the Israeli higher education system has developed.

This report has been prepared by the Institute for Prospective Technology Studies (IPTS) of the EU's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as a formal deliverable under Work Package 3 (Monitoring and analysis of the reforms of research universities in the ERA) of the FP7 ERAWATCH2 contract. ERAWATCH is a cooperative undertaking between DG RTD and DG JRC. It is a strategic intelligence service designed to support evidence-based policy making in the research field in Europe and to contribute to the realisation of the European Research Area (ERA). It aims to provide a better understanding of national and regional research systems and the environment in which they operate. ; European higher education systems have experienced important changes over recent decades, leading to higher autonomy in most cases. The more autonomous a university is, then it should, in principle, be able to better compete in obtaining funds from different sources, such as competitive funds, contracts with private companies, and donations from the non-profit sector. This could make institutions less dependent on one single stream of income and more able to adapt to a changing environment. The main objective of this report is to investigate the structure of the budget in a sample of research-active European universities and to analyse to what extent the level of financial autonomy effects the diversification of their budget and the amount of competitive funding they receive. The study covers 200 research-active universities from 33 European Research Area (ERA) countries (27 Member States and Croatia, Iceland, Israel, Norway, Switzerland and Turkey) within the framework of the 'European Observatory of Research-Active Universities and National Public Research Funding Agencies' (UniObs). The criteria followed to select the list of universities in the sample are based on research performance and country representativeness. The main findings of the study are as follows: • Looking at the general budget, 70 % of the total university income comes from government allocations. Sources from private companies represent about 6 %, around 3 % comes from non-profit sectors and approximately 2 % is from abroad. The remaining 19 % belongs to a residual category 'Other'. • Considering only public funding coming from government (national and regional) we observe that, on average, about 20 % is assigned on a competitive basis, with UK institutions and, in general, technological universities having the highest shares of competitive funds. • We observe large within-country variability in the shares of government competitive funds, which could be attributed to the strategic behaviour of single institutions in acquiring funds or to their ability to compete successfully against other institutions. Examples of these are the University of Cambridge in the UK, the University of Karlsruhe in Germany, the University of Florence in Italy, and the universities of Leiden and Wageningen in the Netherlands. • Most institutions with highly diversified budgets are located in the UK. • University research budgets vary considerably between institutions. Research funds coming from regional authorities are considered important for institutions operating in countries with a more decentralised government structure such as Belgium, Germany or Spain. • Institutions that declare to be completely autonomous are the ones that have the most diversified budget. ; This report was produced by Laura de Dominicis, Susana Elena Pérez and Ana Fernández- Zubieta at the JRC-IPTS's Knowledge for Growth Unit (Head of Unit: Xabier Goenaga). We wish to thank Rosy Rueda, Yasmina Boujraf and Tanja Anita Acuña for their skilful help in creating the database. We extend our gratitude to thank Xabier Goenaga, Fulvio Mulatero, Luisa Henriques, Dimitrios Kyriakou, René van Bavel, Giuseppe Veltri, Ken Guy, Constanze Multerer and Peter Whitten for their useful suggestions. JRC.DDG.J.3-Knowledge for Growth ; Peer reviewed

Desde los años noventa la calidad en la educación superior y la necesidad de evaluarla se ha convertido en uno de los temas prioritarios de las diferentes agendas políticas y académicas de los países y universidades. En el Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, una de las cuatro universidades estatales, se ha asumido el tema de la calidad desde el año 1998, cuando se incluyó dentro de sus directrices a nivel institucional. Desde esa fecha hasta la actualidad, se han acreditado nueve carreras; en este artículo se presenta una serie de lecciones, producto del proceso de autoevaluación con miras a la acreditación, específicamente, desde la experiencia de una de las carreras acreditadas, por lo que estos factores se inscriben en este contexto. Esta evaluación de la calidad de los programas académicos es una condición indispensable para pensar en su mejora. Con los años se ha demostrado que la manera de realizarla es a partir de un proceso de autoevaluación o autorreflexión realizado por la propia universidad acerca de su quehacer (vinculado a un programa específico o institucional) y de la pertinencia y coherencia de aquel con su misión; seguido de una evaluación externa, que reduzca el riesgo de una mirada endogámica y que enriquezca el proceso de reflexión. Dicho proceso debe conducir a una propuesta de mejora que no se limite a una declaración de buenas intenciones, sino que se convierta en un compromiso institucional con ella misma y con la sociedad. En este contexto, la acreditación otorga reconocimiento público a la calidad de una institución o programa académico. El objetivo de este artículo consiste en reconocer los factores que contribuyen a que una experiencia de acreditación sea exitosa. Lo anterior se presenta desde dos perspectivas: la importancia de una asesoría metodológica y técnica, y la importancia de la participación de los actores y sus aprendizajes. Since decade of the nineties quality in Higher Education and the need of Evaluating has become one of the priority topics in different politic and academic agendas of the countries and universities. Costa Rica Institute of Technology, one of the four public Universities of Costa Rica, has assumed the issue of quality as an institutional policy since 1998. From that date until now, nine academic programs has been accredited. This paper presents a series of lessons emerged during self-evaluation process. The article describes one of this experiences. This quality evaluation of academic programs is an indispensable condition for its improvement. With the years it has been demonstrated that the best way to do it is by an auto evaluation process or auto reflection made by the own university, concerning about its duty (linked to a specific or institutional program) and of the relevance and the coherence with its mission; followed by an external evaluation, that reduces the risk of an endogamy vision and that enriches the reflection process. This mechanism must conduce to an improvement proposal that is not limited to one declaration of good intentions; rather it should convert in an institutional commitment with itself and the society. In the same direction the accreditation permits the public recognition to the quality of an institution or academic program. The objective of this article consists recognizing the factors that contribute to that an accreditation experience is successful, the previous thing appears from two perspective: the importance of a methodological and technical consultant's office; and the importance of the participation of the actors and its learning.

Gedruckte Version im Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin (www.univerlag.tu-berlin.de) erschienen, ISBN 3-978-7983-2292-9 ; Für wirtschaftliches Wachstum, hohe regionale Wertschöpfung und einen erfolgreichen sektoralen Strukturwandel nehmen Innovationen eine immer bedeutendere Rolle ein. Ihre Entstehung wird dabei als komplexer, interaktiver, technischer und sozialer Prozess verstanden, an dem nicht nur Produzenten, sondern auch Anwender Wissenschaftler und politische Entscheidungsträger teilhaben. Dementsprechend hat das räumliche Umfeld mit seiner Branchenstruktur, dem Wissenschaftssektor, der politischen Ebene, dem Arbeitskräfteangebot sowie dem Zusammenspiel der regionalen Akteure einen erheblichen Einfluss auf das Innovationsgeschehen einer Region. Die Komplexität des Innovationsprozesses spiegelt sich auch in der Aufgabe der Innovationsförderung. Vor diesem Hintergrund arbeitet Berlin gemeinsam mit Brandenburg an neuen Innovationsstrategien. Zur Überprüfung dieser Strategien und zur Positionierung im Wettbewerb um innovative Unternehmen und qualifizierte Fachkräfte muss sich die Hauptstadtregion mit den anderen Metropolregionen Deutschlands vergleichen. Diese Aufgabe war Inhalt des Projektes "Entwicklung eines Berliner Innovationspanels (BIP)", das finanziell von der Technologiestiftung Berlin (TSB) unterstützt wurde. Zentrales Ziel des Projektes war es, die Bedeutung der Metropolregion Berlin-Brandenburg und seiner Kompetenzfelder hinsichtlich Innovation aufzuzeigen und damit die Innovationsstrategien Berlins auf ihre Wirksamkeit hin überprüfen zu können. Das Projekt bestand aus zwei Bausteinen. Im ersten Schritt wurde eine vergleichende Bewertung von Innovationspotenzial und -leistung der Metropolregion Berlin-Brandenburg über die Kompetenzfelder hinausgehend vorgenommen. Mit Hilfe eines umfangreichen Indikatorensets sekundärstatistischer Daten konnten Aussagen sowohl zum Aufwand, der betrieben wurde, um Innovationen zu generieren, als auch zum generierten Output der Bemühungen getroffen werden. Als Quellen wurden neben dem Statistischen Bundesamt unter anderem auch auf Landkreisebene verfügbare Daten des Stifterverbandes der Deutschen Wissenschaften, des Mannheimer Unternehmenspanels und des Europäischen Patentamtes verwendet. In einem zweiten Schritt wurden geeignete Methodiken zur Gewinnung belastbarer Daten für zukünftige Bewertung des Innovationsstandortes Berlin und seiner Kompetenzfelder identifiziert und verglichen. In diesem Rahmen konnten Möglichkeiten eines aussagefähigen überregionalen Monitorings mittels verfügbarer Sekundärstatistiken und relevanter Kennzahlen für die Kompetenzfelder erörtert und hinsichtlich ihrer Machbarkeit überprüft werden. Neben einer Bestandsaufnahme aktueller Innovationsstudien wurden Interviews mit Vertretern des Managements der sechs Berliner Kompetenzfelder ein sowie mit Experten aus der Senatsverwaltung für Wirtschaft, Technologie und Frauen, der Investitionsbank Berlin und der IHK Berlin durchgeführt. ; Innovation plays an increasingly important role for economic growth, regional output and a successful sector restructuring. The development of an innovation is regarded as a complex, interactive, technical and social process involving not only producers but also users, scientists and policy makers. Accordingly, the geographical environment with its industry structure, the scientific community, the political level, the labor supply and the interplay of regional actors have a significant impact on the innovation process in a region. The complexity of the innovation process is also reflected in the task of promoting innovation. Against this background, the states of Berlin and Brandenburg develop jointly new innovation strategies. To test these strategies and to position the Capital Region in the competition for innovative businesses and skilled workers, it must be compared with the other German Metropolitan Areas. This task was content of the project "Development of a Berlin Innovation Panel (BIP)", which was financially supported by the Technologiestiftung Berlin (TSB). The central objective of the project was to demonstrate the innovative importance of the Metropolitan Area Berlin-Brandenburg and its fields of competence. In addition, the innovation strategies of Berlin should be reviewed for their effectiveness. In the first step, a comparative assessment of innovation potential and performance of the Metropolitan Area Berlin-Brandenburg was made. Using a comprehensive set of indicators innovation input and output of the region were evaluated. The data stem from a number of relevant surveys at county level, e.g. the German Federal Statistical Office, the Mannheim Enterprise Panel and the European Patent Office. In a second step, appropriate methods for obtaining reliable data for future evaluation of innovation in Berlin and its fields of competence were identified and compared. In this context, possibilities of a meaningful national monitoring using available secondary statistics and relevant indicators for the fields of competence are discussed and reviewed with regard to their feasibility. In addition to an inventory of current innovation studies, interviews with representatives of the management of the six competence fields of Berlin and with other experts from the Senate Department for Economics, Technology and Women's Issues, the subsidy bank of the Federal Land of Berlin (IBB) and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of Berlin (ICC Berlin) were conducted.

EDITORIAL BY THE NATIONAL ENERGY COUNCILEnergy research in Southern Africa is currently being conducted over a wide front. It varies from sharply focused and specialised technical research at one end of the spectrum, to multi-disciplinary applied research into appropriateenergy technology at the other. Likewise, diverse organisations are involved, from government institutions to the individual in the private sector. It is an unfortunate fact however, that researchers and decision-makers are not adequately informed about ongoing research, and about the results and implications of research already completed. Admittedly, researchers do publish their results in a variety of journals, both locally and internationally. But whilst this meets the needs of the researcher, it does not satisfy the needs of the energy community at large in order to gain an overall impression of the research scene and the results achieved. To improve the communication of ongoing energy research in this country, the National Energy Council (NEC) has undertaken to offer financial support for the first two years of this new journal. Through this journal, the NEC hopes to stimulate the local energy debate, thereby providing appropriate information not only to policy- and decision-makers, but to all researchers and other interested parties. The energy sector deals with scarce resources, such as manpower, money, the natural environment and fossil fuels, all of which need to be used optimally. As always, competition is an important factor, making appropriate information essential.The journal is being launched at a time when the NEC is changing its approach from sponsoring objective-driven research and development to one supporting outputdriven research and development, where the production of tangible results involving specific receivers is stressed. The output of this project to support the initial launching of this journal is to publish six issues over the two-year contract period, resulting in an eventual subscription target of 500. It will focus on the results of applied research within Southern Africa. The readership of the journal will, hopefully, come from the ranks of the energy decision-makers and researchers from government departments, Eskom, local authorities, and oil, coal and renewable energy companies, as well as consultants and manufacturers of energy products and systems. Much could be said about the purpose and the approach to local energy research and development. It becomes a particularly thorny issue in a relatively small geographical area such as ours, where aspects such as the following are constantly debated:• a suitable balance between basic and applied research• the timing and extent of local research in relation to that in other countries• the respective R&D responsibilities of the public and private sector• the development of local expertise, products and solutions as opposed to acquiring them from other countries• pure technical research versus applied multi-disciplinary and field research The journal will, no doubt, be covering the majority of these topics in due course.Undoubtedly, the reaction to and feedback from its readers is the lifeblood of a publication of this nature. Suitable contributions, such as review articles and analyses of trends in local research and development, from researchers,decision-makers and readers in all disciplines and fields of energy, are therefore warmly welcomed. Readers may also wish to submit book reviews and reports on conferences and visits abroad. The impact and credibility of this journal will be dependent on the contributions of the researcher, evaluator, reviewer,analyst and commentator. To assist in producing a journal of excellence, the Editorial Committee looks forward to a lively exchange of ideas with readers. Ultimately, it is hoped that this journal will contribute to a visionary, ethicaland responsive energy sector.

El presente artículo tiene por objetivo analizar críticamente un conjunto de sentidos estabilizados en torno al tipo y carácter de las unidades productivas que deben ser privilegiadas como ordenadoras de un sistema de innovación y producción. En términos estilizados, la teoría económica sobre cambio tecnológico e innovación ha asociado i) a la innovación como resultado de la competencia dinámica entre empresas maximizadoras de lucro; ii) que esa competencia, generadora de nuevas mercancías y nuevas técnicas de producción, se traduce necesariamente en mayores tasas de crecimiento económico; y ii) debido a que (por definición) los loci de la innovación son las empresas maximizadoras de lucro, éstas deben ser consideradas como el actor clave de las políticas públicas de innovación. A partir de una evaluación crítica, éste trabajo pretende posicionar, desde el desarrollo teórico, a las cooperativas de trabajo como actores dinamizadores de procesos de innovación y desarrollo social. En especial, se busca jerarquizar a éstas unidades productivas dentro de la órbita de acción de las políticas públicas de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (CTI). Para esto se propone un ejercicio de comparación entre las empresas maximizadoras de lucro y las cooperativas de trabajo y producción; para lo que se utiliza el caso FUCVAN con fines ilustrativos. La hipótesis de trabajo, entonces, gira en torno a demostrar que cambiar el centro de atención hacia las cooperativas de trabajo tiene la potencialidad de desplegar un conjunto de dinámicas de aprendizaje, circulación de conocimientos, y generación de capacidades tecno-productivas que conllevan procesos democráticos de socialización del conocimiento y de la generación del valor asociado. ; This paper aims to provide a critical analysis for a set of established ideas around the type and the nature of the productive units which should be privileged as organizers of an innovation and production system.In stylized terms, the economic theory on technological change has posited that: i) innovation is the result of dynamic competition between profit-maximizing firms; ii) this competition, which sparks new merchandises and new production techniques, necessarily leads to higher economic growth rates and, finally iii) because profit-maximizing firms are by definition the loci of innovation, they should be treated as the key actor of public policies for innovation.From a theoretical perspective, and based on a critical assessment, this paper is oriented to foster worker cooperatives as dynamic actors for innovation and social development processes. Particularly, the main goal is to highlight the role of these productive units in the context of Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) public policy. For this, a comparison exercise between profit maximizing firms and worker and production cooperatives is proposed; the FUCVAN case will be used for illustration.Thus, the working hypothesis is that a shift on the focus towards worker cooperatives would put in action a series of learning dynamics, knowledge sharing, and techno-productive capability generation which would entail more democratic processes of knowledge socialization, and generation of the associated value. ; Fil: Thomas, Hernan Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Departamento de Ciencias Sociales. Instituto de Estudios Sociales de la Ciencia y la Tecnología; Argentina ; Fil: Becerra, Lucas Dardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Departamento de Ciencias Sociales. Instituto de Estudios Sociales de la Ciencia y la Tecnología; Argentina ; Fil: Picabea, Juan Facundo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Departamento de Ciencias Sociales. Instituto de Estudios Sociales de la Ciencia y la Tecnología; Argentina

Doing Business in Italy 2013 is a new subnational report of the Doing Business series. It measures business regulations and their enforcement across 4 indicators in 13 Italian cities: Bari (Apulia), Bologna (Emilia-Romagna), Cagliari (Sardinia), Campobasso (Molise), Catanzaro (Calabria), L'Aquila (Abruzzo), Milan (Lombardy), Naples (Campania), Padua (Veneto), Palermo (Sicily), Potenza (Basilicata), Rome (Latium), and Turin (Piedmont) and the indicator trading across borders in 7 ports: Cagliari (Sardinia), Catania (Sicily), Genoa (Liguria), Gioia Tauro (Calabria), Naples (Campania), Taranto (Apulia), Trieste (Friuli-Venezia Giulia). The cities were selected by the Department for Planning and Coordination of Economic Policy (DIPE) of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers of the Italian Republic. The cities can be compared against each other, and with 185 economies worldwide. Doing Business investigates the regulations that enhance business activity and those that constrain it. Regulations affecting 5 stages of the life of a business are measured at the subnational level in Italy: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, registering property, trading across borders and enforcing contracts. These indicators were selected because they cover areas of local jurisdiction or practice. The indicators are used to analyze economic outcomes and identify what reforms have worked, where and why. The data in Doing Business in Italy 2013 are current as of June 1st, 2012.

Актуальність теми дослідження пояснюється тими завданнями, які сьогодні поставлено перед таким потужним засобом впливу на свідомість людей як засоби масової інформації. Новий етап еволюції людства спричиняє нові умови існування. І саме інформаційно-комунікативні технології є рушійною силою науково-соціального прогресу суспільства. ХХІ століття стає епохою значних змін у техніці, економічних галузях, гуманітарній сфері, соціальному житті людей. Інформація, знання, освіта дають поштовх суспільному розвитку. Мета статті – дослідити наукову думку щодо сутності нової – інформаційної – епохи, ролі ЗМІ у формуванні суспільної думки. Автор прагне визначити проблематику сучасних засобів масової комунікації на прикладі наукових та практичних напрацювань відомих вчених. Дослідження теорії комунікації перетинаються з іншими дисциплінами: історією, політологією, правознавством, економічними науками, соціологією, психологією, педагогікою, літературознавством та мовознавством, кіно та наукою про телебачення, медіа-інформатикою. У теорії комунікації та її часткових областях застосовуються такі методи та техніки досліджень: історичний метод, кількісні та якісні емпірично-аналітичні методи, герменевтично-інтерпретаційні методи досліджень. Методологія – системний, структурно-функціональний, історичного і логічного, порівняльний Сьогодні медіа перебувають в центрі уваги держави і суспільства, вони пронизують усі сфери суспільного життя та пропонують кожному стартовий майданчик для участі в соціальній комунікації від місцевого та світового масштабу. Результат. Таким чином спостерігаємо процес злиття, інтеграції інформаційних і комунікативних технологій в єдиний інформаційний ресурс. Відбувається конвергенція, тобто «взаємний вплив явищ, а й взаємопроникнення технологій, стирання меж між ними. Щоб захистити український інформаційний простір серед першочергових кроків є: експертне середовище, державна підтримка наукових розробок у сфері інформаційних технологій, інформаційної політики та інформаційної безпеки, зокрема, стимулювання меді-досліджень і моніторингу інформаційного простору; побудова нової комунікаційної стратегії влади, обов'язковими складовими якої мають бути комунікація з населенням, неконфліктна комунікація всередині влади; комунікація з зовнішнім світом; впровадження системи медіа-грамотності в школах і в ВНЗ; перехід від політики заборони до політики стимулювання суспільно-корисної діяльності в медіа-сфері ; Актуальность темы исследования объясняется теми заданиями, которые сегодня поставлены перед таким мощным способом влияния на сознание людей как средства массовой информации. Новый этап эволюции вызывает новые условия существования. И только информационно-коммуникативные технологии есть движущей силой научно-социального прогресса общества.ХХІ столетие становится эпохой значительных перемен в технике, экономических отраслях, гуманитарной сфере, социальной жизни людей. Информация, знания, образование дают толчок общественному развитию.Цель статьи – исследовать научное мнение относительно сущности новой –информационной эпохи, роли СМИ в формировании общественной мысли. Автор стремится определить проблематику современных средств массовой информации на примере научных и практических наработок известных ученых.Исследования теории коммуникации пересекаются с другими дисциплинами: историей, политологией, правоведением, экономическими науками, социологией, психологией, педагогикой, литературоведением и языкознанием, кино и наукой о телевидении, медиа-информатикой.В теории коммуникации и других ее областях применяются такие методы и техники исследований: исторический метод, количественные и качественные эмпирико-аналитические методы, герменевтико-интерпретационные методы исследований.Методология – системный, структурно-функциональный, исторического и логического, сравнительный. Сегодня медиа пребывают в центре внимания государства и общества, они пронизывают все сферы общественной жизни и предлагают каждому стартовую площадку для участия в социальной коммуникации местного и мирового масштаба. Результат. Таким образом, наблюдаем процесс соединения, интеграции информационных и коммуникационных технологий в единый информцаионный ресурс. Происходит конверегенция, то есть не только взаимное переплетение явлений, но и взаимопроникновение технологий, стирание границ между ними.Чтобы защитить украинское информационное пространство среди первоочередных шагов следует выделить: экспертную среду, государственную поддержку научных разработок в сфере информационных технологий, информационной политики и информационной безопасности, в частности, стимулирование медиа-исследований и мониторинга информационного пространства; формирование новой коммуникационной стратегии власти, обязательными составляющими которой должны быть: коммуникация с населением, неконфликтная коммуникация всредине структуры власти; коммуникация с внешним миром; внедрение системы медиа-грамотности в школах и высших учебных заведениях; переход от политики запрета к политике стимулирования общественно-полезной деятельности в медиа-сфере ; The urgency of the topic of research is explained by the tasks that today are faced with such a powerful means of influencing people's minds as the media. A new stage in the evolution of humanity leads to new conditions of existence. And the information and communication technologies themselves are the driving force behind the scientific and social progress of society.XXI century is the era of significant changes in technology, economic sectors, the humanitarian sphere, social life of people. Information, knowledge, education give impetus to social development The purpose of the article is to investigate the scientific idea about the essence of the new information era and the role of the media in shaping public opinion. The author seeks to identify the problems of modern media communication on the example of scientific and practical developments of well-known scholars.Research in the theory of communication intersect with other disciplines: history, political science, jurisprudence, economics, sociology, psychology, pedagogy, literary studies and linguistics, cinema and the science of television, media informatics.The following methods and techniques of research are used in the theory of communication and its partial fields: historical method, quantitative and qualitative empirical-analytical methods, hermeneutic-interpretation methods of research. Methodology - Systemic, Structural-Functional, Historical and Logical, Comparative Today, the media are at the center of state and society's attention, they penetrate all spheres of public life and offer each starting point for participation in social communication from the local and world scale Result. Thus, we observe the process of merger, integration of information and communication technologies into a single information resource.There is convergence, that is, "the mutual influence of phenomena, but also interpenetration of technologies, erasing the boundaries between them. Among the top steps to protect the Ukrainian information space are:: expert environment, state support for scientific developments in the field of information technologies, information policy and information security, in particular, promotion of copper research and monitoring of information space; the construction of a new communications strategy of power, the mandatory components of which should be communication with the population, non-conflict communication within the authorities; communication with the outside world; introduction of a system of media literacy in schools and universities; the transition from a policy of prohibition to a policy of stimulation of socially useful activity in the media sphere

Dissertação de Mestrado em Gestão e Internacionalização de Empresas ; It is widely recognized that entrepreneurs and policy makers play a critical role in both economic growth and the growth and development of firms. The ability to innovate is recognized at the international level as a key competitive factor in the business world and public policies are a key instrument that often assist companies to grow to international levels. Entrepreneurship emerges as one of the main mechanisms of social and economic growth and as a result, gains a progressive interest both in the academia to investigate this phenomenon and in several public and private initiatives that promote business activity. The literature shows that entrepreneurship is an important growth factor and therefore it is extremely important to understand if such support has been effective in stimulating entrepreneurial activity. In order to accomplish the objective of the work, a research was developed based on the review of scientific publications related to entrepreneurship- and internationalisation-related public policies, highlighting the contemporaneous approaches on governmental policies and regulations and international business, corroborated by an empirical support that allowed to identify the relations between the public politics supporting entrepreneurship and internationalization of firms. This dissertation includes five key dimensions: innovation, entrepreneurship; public policy; economic growth and internationalisation. The approach of the quantitative study consisted of using the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) database that is a research program focused on the relationship between entrepreneurship and the context allowing economic growth and, based on the identification of variables related to public policies to analyse the extent to which they influence the experts' perceptions on the efficiency of governmental policies to supporting new and growing business. Our data was subjected to statistical, univariate and multivariate analysis that allowed producing the results presented in the two studies. Our results show that the effectiveness of public policies is associated with the information and infrastructures available; adequacy of programs; recognition of the importance of public bodies for entrepreneurship policies; the competence and effectiveness of policy-related institutions; the priority of such policies in the context of national policies; the existence of support for young entrepreneurs; the bureaucratic system and the regulatory framework; and the concentration of policies in a single institution. Our results also suggest that governments gain a reputation and that according to this reputation; individuals evaluate different types of policies in a similar way. In addition, there is evidence that, in some countries, experts evaluate their policies in a more homogeneous way, while others have important divergences when experts evaluate the efficiency of their governments in implementing policies. It has also shown that investing in a reputation can be the result of the conditions that governments create in their societies and economies, in particular as regards a strong institutional and legal framework, the education system and the development of a coherent national culture, conditions of individuals' lives and levels of investment in technology and politics. ; É geralmente reconhecido que os empresários e os decisores políticos desempenham um papel fundamental tanto no crescimento económico como no crescimento e desenvolvimento de muitas empresas. A capacidade de inovar é reconhecida, a nível internacional, como um fator competitivo chave no mundo dos negócios e as políticas públicas são um instrumento fundamental que muitas vezes ajudam as empresas a crescer para níveis internacionais. O empreendedorismo surge como um dos principais mecanismos de crescimento económico e, consequentemente, social e, como resultado, adquire um interesse progressivo quer no meio académico para investigar esse fenómeno quer em diversas iniciativas públicas e privadas que promovem a atividade empresarial. A literatura mostra que o empreendedorismo é um fator de crescimento e, portanto, é extremamente importante entender se esse apoio tem sido eficaz para estimular a atividade empresarial. Para alcançar o objetivo do trabalho, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa baseada na revisão de publicações científicas relacionadas com políticas públicas de apoio ao empreendedorismo e à internacionalização de empresas, destacando as abordagens de referência atuais sobre o tema das políticas e regulamentos governamentais e negócios internacionais, corroborado por um apoio empírico que permitiu identificar as relações entre as políticas públicas que apoiam o empreendedorismo e a internacionalização das empresas. Esta dissertação inclui cinco dimensões-chave: inovação, empreendedorismo; políticas públicas; crescimento econômico e internacionalização. A abordagem deste estudo, de natureza quantitativa, consistiu no uso da base de dados do Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) – base de dados focada na relação entre o empreendedorismo e o contexto propício ao crescimento económico, com base na identificação de variáveis relacionadas com políticas públicas para analisar em que medida estas influenciam a perceção dos especialistas sobre a eficiência das políticas governamentais em apoiar negócios novos e em crescimento. Os dados recolhidos foram sujeitos a análises estatísticas, univariadas e multivariadas, que permitiram obter os resultados apresentados nos dois estudos. Os resultados mostram que a eficácia das políticas públicas está associada às informações e infraestruturas disponíveis; adequação de programas; reconhecimento da importância dos órgãos públicos para as políticas de empreendedorismo; á competência e à eficácia das instituições relacionadas com políticas; à prioridade de tais políticas no contexto das políticas nacionais; à existência de apoio a jovens empreendedores; ao sistema burocrático e ao quadro regulatório; e à concentração de políticas numa única instituição. Os resultados sugerem, também, que os governos ganham reputação e que, de acordo com essa reputação, os indivíduos avaliam diferentes tipos de políticas de forma semelhante. Adicionalmente, há evidência de que em alguns países, os peritos avaliam as suas políticas de forma mais homogénea, enquanto outros têm divergências importantes quando os especialistas avaliam a eficiência dos seus governos na implementação de políticas. Também mostrou que investir numa reputação pode ser o resultado das condições que os governos criam nas suas sociedades e economias, em particular no que diz respeito a um forte quadro institucional e jurídico, ao sistema educacional e ao desenvolvimento de uma cultura nacional coerente, condições de vidas de indivíduos e níveis de investimento em tecnologia e política.

Understanding why some countries are prosperous while others fail in achieving high standards of welfare and wellbeing is one of the most interesting and investigated topics in economics. Several candidate exlplanations have been proposed, for instance cultural factors (Banfield 1958, Putnam 1993), geographical determinism (Diamond 1997), institutional determinants (North 1990, Acemoglu 2000, Acemoglu 2012). Interestingly, a common feature of any theoretical argument is that each of them fits well with the recent European history. If it is the theory which has been adapted to Europe or if it is Europe which presents the characteristics suited to successful economic growth is debatable. According to Landes (1999), it is just a stylized fact that Europe took and kept the lead for at least the last one thousand years. Therefore, even though "some would say that Eurocentrism is bad [.], hence to be avoided", it can be understood as an aknowledgement of history. Of course, there is not full agreement on the topic and different perspectives on the matter have been proposed (Hobson 2004). Whatever the story is, the European case is an interesting one, both in historical and in current terms. Indeed, since the Nineteenth century Europe (and the Western World) has been undertaking a continuous growth process, achieving unprecedented levels of wealth. Such a historical path allowed the Western countries to take the lead economically and politically. Using Landes (1999) words, "we live in a world of inequality and diversity, in which there are three kinds of nations: those that spend lots of money to keep their weight down; those whose people eat to live; and those whose people don't know where the next meal is coming from". Europe and the West have been constantly in the first kind. However, richies have never been evenly distributed also within rich countries and this is true for Europe as well. In particular, European geography has been characterized by a growing dichotomy. On the one hand, some countries have been performing succesfully, maintaining levels of wealth which are top standards on a global scale. This is the case for continental countries, including Scandinavian economies and the United Kingdom. On the other hand, other countries have been falling behind and have not been able to keep in touch with the fast growing core. In this group we find the so called South of Europe, i.e. the Mediterranean countries, as well as the former sovietic Eastern economies. Of course, disparities have always been with us and this is not necessarily bad, since growth does not need to be a perfectly balanced process (Hirschman 1958). However, such an issue becomes relevant as long as national and regional disparities either do not reduce or worsen overtime. This is even more important if the diverging economies belong to the same political entity. This is precisely the case of Europe, in particular of the European Union, a political and economic construct in which policy interventions have been implemented in the last decades to foster convergence and cohesion between economies. This dissertation investigates some of the main topics in the empirical literature on economic growth. The scope is to assess empirically the validity of some theoreatical statements and policy provisions, focussing mostly on European economies because of their peculiar economic history. A broader cross-country analysis is also provided in the last section. As a first step we will test whether under some specific circumstances economies will tend to get closer and closer in terms of wealth. Theoretically, following Solow (1957), the standard neoclassical model predicts that one should find evidence of convergence, in the sense that poorer economies ar expected to grow faster than richer ones (Barro 1992, Mankiw 1990). Of course, this holds as long as economies are similar in terms of structural characteristics (as the composition of output and the distribution of labour force across sectors) and technology. Hence, the first part of this dissertation will address unconditional convergence in European regions from 1990 to 2007, a relitvely homogeneous set of economies, emphasizing the role of sectoral dynamics in shaping aggregate outcome. The analysis of the dynamics of economic output provides an insightful picture of trends in economic growth and inequality between regions, fully describing the evolution of the distribution. Even though some policy implications can be drawn, they are quite limited. Indeed, such an unconditional analysis does not allow to tell which factors are positively associated with economic performance and which are not. The second section of this dissertation explores this line of research by focusing on two domains which have become particularly relevant after the last crisis in 2008: deregulation and liberalization of the labour market, fiscal parameters. The last part of this work takes a broader perspective on economic growth and correlated phenomena, also enlarging the sample under analysis beyond the European Union. One of the emerging topic in the empirical literature concerns the investigation of the relationship between environment degradation and economic growth. If at a first glance a positive relationship may be the more obvious pattern, some theoretical arguments suggest that under specific conditions environmental degradation may start declining at higher levels of GDP. In particular, three factors may be fostering such a process: environmental friendly technological innovation, structural change towards less energy-intensive activities, change in individual preferences together with regulation. Given this set of hypothesis, starting from the Nineties a large amount of empirical studies has been investigating the relationship between various indicators of environmental degradation and GPD. The main scope is to test empirically the so called Environmental Kuznetz Curve hypothesis, which states that environmental degradation increases with income until a threshold level, after which the relationship turns negative. The main idea is that at a sufficiently high level of income the three mechanisms above will trigger the switch in the relationship. We will test this hypothesis for a large sample of countries, augmenting the standard model in order to account for convergence in environmental degradation.

Esta sección contiene los siguientes documentos: Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Beijing Statement on Forests and Forestry- The First APEC Meeting of Ministers Responsible for Forestry - Beijing, China, Sep 2011. High Level Policy Dialogue on Open Governance and Economic Growth - Honolulu, Hawaii , United States, Nov 2011. High Level Policy Dialogue on Disaster Resiliency - Honolulu, Hawaii , United States, Nov 2011. High Level Policy Dialogue on Women and the Economy Declaration - San Francisco, California, United States, Sep 2011. The Honolulu Declaration - Toward a Seamless Regional Economy - Honolulu, Hawaii, United States, Nov 2011 Leaders'. Joint Ministerial Statement - Finance Ministerial Meeting -Honolulu, Hawaii, United States, Nov 2011. Ministerial Joint Statement - Transportation Ministerial Meeting - San Francisco, California, United States, Sep 2011. Banco Mundial Doing Bussines 2012: Haciendo negocios en un mundo más transparente. Informe Anual 2011. Comunidad Andina de Naciones (CAN) Declaración de Bogotá – Noviembre de 2011. Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI) Informe Anual 2011 – Buscando un crecimiento equitativo y equilibrado. Informe sobre la estabilidad financiera mundial - Resumen ejecutivo - Septiembre de 2011. Monitor Fiscal - Septiembre de 2011. Perspectivas de la Economía Mundial - Septiembre de 2011. Perspectivas económicas Las Américas: Vientos cambiantes, nuevos desafíos de política – Octubre de 2011. Grupo de los 8 (G8) Agreed terms of reference by G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors - Marseille, 9 September 2011. Deauville Partnership Finance Ministers' Meeting Communiqué – Marseille, September 10, 2011. Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors - August 8, 2011. Grupo de los 20 (G20) Cannes summit final declaration "Building our common future: renewed collective action for the benefit of all" 4 november 2011. Communiqué G20 Leaders Summit – Cannes – 3-4 November 2011. Communiqué of Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors of the G‐20 Paris, France, 14‐15 October 2011. Communiqué of Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors of the G-20 Washington DC, USA, 22 September 2011 Ministerial Meeting on Development – Communiqué 23 September 2011, Washington DC, USA. Statement of G-20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors August 8, 2011. The Cannes Action Plan for Growth and Jobs - Cannes – 3-4 November 2011. Mercado Común del Sur (MERCOSUR) Declaración de los Estados Partes del MERCOSUR y Estados Asociados sobre Buques que enarbolan la bandera ilegal de las Islas Malvinas, Montevideo, diciembre de 2011. Comunicado Conjunto de los Presidentes de los Estados Partes, Montevideo, diciembre de 2011. Comunicado Conjunto de los Presidentes de los Estados Partes y los Estados Asociados, Montevideo, diciembre de 2011. 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Diese Studie befasst sich mit Aspekten der Raumplanung und der städtischer Landwirtschaft in Dar es Salaam, Tansania, einer der rasant anwachsenden Regionen Afrikas südlich der Sahara. Die Studie zeigt anhand der Untersuchungsregionen Goba, Chango'mbe 'A' und Ubungo Darajani, in welcher Weise städtische Landwirtschaft mit dem Ziel die städtische Raumplanung zu verbessern in diese integriert werden kann. Lage und periurbane Typologie der Gebiete bilden die theoretischen Grundlagen der Studie, was die Politik und praktische Voraussetzungen besser verstehen lässt, welche die Integration der von städtischer Landwirtschaft abhängigen Existenzen in städtische Raumplanungs- und Landentwicklungsprozesse hemmt. Angewandte methodologische Aspekte sind Literaturrecharge, Interviews, Kartenanalyse, Beobachtungen und die Analyse historischer Entwicklungstrends. Kontext, empirische Forschungsgrundlage und institutionale Vernetzungen wurden als analytischer Rahmen herangezogen. Die Arbeit zeigt, dass Urbanisierungsprozesse, städtische Armut, Nahrungsunsicherheit und unzureichende Beteiligung der Gemeinden an der Raumplanung verstärkende und katalysierende Faktoren von Landnutzungsproblemen, Landumnutzung, Immigration und der Zunahme von städtischer Landwirtschaft sind. Dies lässt annehmen, dass die mangelnde Verwaltung staedtischen Landes nicht als einziger Verursacher der Probleme gesehen werden darf, sondern ebenso die Versäumnisse seitens Planungseinrichtungen, Veränderungen rechtzeitig zu erkennen und die Planung an diese neuen Herausforderungen, die die städtische Landwirtschaft in den Prozessen der städtischen Raumplanung darstellt, anzupassen. Dementsprechend zeigt die steigende Zahl der mit städtischer Landwirtschaft genutzten Flächen Unstimmigkeiten mit den Planungsrichtlinien. Ein Standard würde äußerliche Landnutzungsplanungsprozesse und Strukturen der städtischen Entwicklung bestärken. Diese beinhalten Zonenbildung, Lage, Änderungen in der Landnutzung, Dichteverteilung, Zugang zu Ressourcen, Pachtverhältnisse und gerechte Verteilung grundlegender Leistungen um eine nachhaltige Nutzung von städtischem Land zu gewährleisten. Die Studie weist ebenso auf die bestehende städtische Landentwicklungspolitik und Landesgesetzgebung für städtische Landwirtschaft hin, die jedoch in der Praxis mit gesundheitlichen, sanitären und ökonomischen Rückläufen konfrontiert sind. Diese Probleme machen sich in der wachsenden städtischen Landwirtschaft mit negativen Vorstellungen der Kunden, mangelnder Akzeptanz räumlicher Landnutzungsplanungsprozesse und seiner Durchführung bemerkbar. Der Sektor macht produktiven Nutzen von unerschlossenem Land, Grüngürtel der Stadt sichern Einkommen, Ernährung und stellen oft Sicherheitsnetzfunktionen für die Ärmsten der Gesellschaft dar. Beispielsweise ist städtische Landwirtschaft ein wichtiger Ansatz zur Minderung städtischer Armut, Mobilisierung des Sozialkapitals und nachhaltigen Landnutzung. Die Studie führt auf, dass in Zukunft das Wachsen des städtischen Landwirtschaftsektors vorrausichtlich eine unerlässliche Realität in der städtische Raumnutzung der schnell wachsenden Städten südlich der Sahara bleibt. Eine Aufnahme der von städtischer Landwirtschaft abhängiger Existenzen in die Landnutzungsprozesse und Entscheidungsstrukturen durch Bereitstellung, Anwendung und Überwachung wird für die Verbesserung des Lebensumfeldes der armen, städtischen Kleinbauern als notwendig betrachtet. Dies kann durch die Aufnahme betreffender Ziele städtischer Planung, Aufwertung der Siedlungen, institutionale Zusammenarbeit und der Dezentralisierung der Rollen auf ein lokales Level erreicht werden. Diese Möglichkeiten können dann effektiv sein, wenn sich die Regierung bemühen würde, Politik und Gesetzgebung an Ort und Stelle durchzuführen und alles zu überprüfen, indem unterschiedliche Akeure im den Entscheidungsprozess miteinbezogen werden und dadurch das Bewusstsein von Informationen und Kommunikation verbessert wird. Teilweise wird die Nutzung von Abwassertechnologie in die Landwirtschaft miteinbezogen, welche auf lange Zeit betrachtet Sicherheit und Zugang garantiert und flexible Planungsstandards vorgibt. Die Studie schließt mit dem Aufzeigen der geringen Wahlmöglichkeit der Stadtplaner und Entscheidungsträger, die zukünftige Form der städtischen Landwirtschaft auf anderem Wege als in Form der Landnutzungspraxis in einem angeleiteten Planungsrahmen zu gestalten und zu verfestigen. Wenn die städtischen Landwirtschaftsformen nicht angeleitet werden, untergraben die negativen Langzeiteffekte die Existenzen der armen Stadtbevölkerung und die Umweltqualität. Es besteht die dringende Notwendigkeit, die Prozesse zu leiten und die institutionalen Strukturen und Verbindungen der Raumplanungspraktiken zu stärken, die lokalen Gemeinden als primäres Arbeitsfeld zu betrachten, um die Verwaltung staedtischen Landes in Tansania zu verbessern. ; This study examines spatial land use planning and urban agriculture practises in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, one of the rapidly urbanising cities in Sub-Saharan Africa. It demonstrates how urban agriculture livelihood can be integrated in spatial land use planning and improve urban land governance by taking Goba, Chango'mbe 'A' and Ubungo Darajani as case study settlements. Location and periurban typology are theoretical premises used in this study. These help in understanding the policy and practical premises that constrain urban agriculture livelihood integration in urban land use planning processes and land management principles. Methodological aspects deployed are documentary search, interviews, mapping, observations, and historical trends analysis. In addition, context, evidence based and institutional links are analytical frameworks used. The study shows that the urbanisation processes, urban poverty, food insecurity and inadequate community involvement in land use planning are the factors underpinning and catalysing changes in land use, land transactions, immigration and overall urban agriculture proliferation in the city. The implications generated by these factors suggest that poor urban land governance is not only the cause, but it is caused by the weakness of planning institutions to realise and adapt to the new challenges that urban agriculture presents to urban land development process. Correspondingly, the rise of urban agricultural land use by and large, indicates a disparity between the widely cherished planning norms and standards underpinning formal land use planning processes and structures in urban development. These include land use zoning, location, land use change conditions, density distribution, accessibility to resources, land tenure modalities, and equitable provision of basic services in ensuring sustainable use of urban land. Equally, the study indicates the existence of supportive city land development policies and country legislature for urban agriculture, which are in practise faced with health, sanitation and economic return constraints. These constraints increase urban agriculture's negative perceptions to consumers and decrease acceptance in spatial land use planning processes and output implementation. However, urban agriculture has been observed to make productive use of undeveloped land, green the city, provide income and nutrition, and is often a safety-net function for the poorest sectors of society. As such, it is an important vehicle for poverty alleviation, capital mobilisation, and sustainable use of land. The study argues that for an unforeseeable future, the growth of the urban agriculture sector is likely to remain an indispensable reality depicting urban land development in rapidly urbanising cities in Sub-Saharan Africa. Inclusion of urban agriculture based livelihoods in spatial land use planning processes and structures, including decision making, preparation, implementation and monitoring are observed rationale for improving the livelihoods of the urban poor-smallholder farmers and space use. This can be achieved through, but not limited to, adopting participatory urban planning approaches, settlement upgrading, institutional collaborations, decentralising roles to the local level and strengthening smallholder organization through institutionalisation and giving them a voice platform in the political dialogue. These options can be effective if the government is able to enforce and review policy and legislatures in place and if different actors are involved in the decision making processes, and if information and communication awareness is established. Other improvement include the use of treated wastewater technology for farming, granting long term tenure security, improving accessibility to resources, and adopting flexible planning standards. The study concludes that urban planners and policy makers have little choice but to ensconce and consolidate emerging forms of urban agriculture based livelihoods within land use planning practises and within a guided planning framework. If urban agriculture forms are not guided, then the negative effects, in the long run can undermine the livelihood of the urban poor and degrade the environment. Thus, there is an urgent need to guide the processes, strengthen institutional structures and linkages in land use planning practises, and consider local communities priorities when working to improve urban land governance in Tanzania.