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Context. Reconstructing the structure and history of young clusters is pivotal to understanding the mechanisms and timescales of early stellar evolution and planet formation. Recent studies suggest that star clusters often exhibit a hierarchical structure, possibly resulting from several star formation episodes occurring sequentially rather than a monolithic cloud collapse. Aims. We aim to explore the structure of the open cluster and star-forming region NGC 2264 (∼3 Myr), which is one of the youngest, richest and most accessible star clusters in the local spiral arm of our Galaxy; we link the spatial distribution of cluster members to other stellar properties such as age and evolutionary stage to probe the star formation history within the region. Methods. We combined spectroscopic data obtained as part of the Gaia-ESO Survey (GES) with multi-wavelength photometric data from the Coordinated Synoptic Investigation of NGC 2264 (CSI 2264) campaign. We examined a sample of 655 cluster members, with masses between 0.2 and 1.8 M and including both disk-bearing and disk-free young stars. We used T estimates from GES and g,r,i photometry from CSI 2264 to derive individual extinction and stellar parameters. Results. We find a significant age spread of 4-5 Myr among cluster members. Disk-bearing objects are statistically associated with younger isochronal ages than disk-free sources. The cluster has a hierarchical structure, with two main blocks along its latitudinal extension. The northern half develops around the O-type binary star S Mon; the southern half, close to the tip of the Cone Nebula, contains the most embedded regions of NGC 2264, populated mainly by objects with disks and ongoing accretion. The median ages of objects at different locations within the cluster, and the spatial distribution of disked and non-disked sources, suggest that star formation began in the north of the cluster, over 5 Myr ago, and was ignited in its southern region a few Myr later. Star formation is likely still ongoing in the most embedded regions of the cluster, while the outer regions host a widespread population of more evolved objects; these may be the result of an earlier star formation episode followed by outward migration on timescales of a few Myr. We find a detectable lag between the typical age of disk-bearing objects and that of accreting objects in the inner regions of NGC 2264: the first tend to be older than the second, but younger than disk-free sources at similar locations within the cluster. This supports earlier findings that the characteristic timescales of disk accretion are shorter than those of disk dispersal, and smaller than the average age of NGC 2264 (i.e., ≲ 3 Myr). At the same time, we note that disks in the north of the cluster tend to be shorter-lived (∼2.5 Myr) than elsewhere; this may reflect the impact of massive stars within the region (notably S Mon), that trigger rapid disk dispersal. Conclusions. Our results, consistent with earlier studies on NGC 2264 and other young clusters, support the idea of a star formation process that takes place sequentially over a prolonged span in a given region. A complete understanding of the dynamics of formation and evolution of star clusters requires accurate astrometric and kinematic characterization of its population; significant advance in this field is foreseen in the upcoming years thanks to the ongoing Gaia mission, coupled with extensive ground-based surveys like GES.© ESO, 2017. ; This work is based on data products from observations made with ESO Telescopes at the La Silla Paranal Observatory under program ID 188.B-3002. These data products have been processed by the Cambridge Astronomy Survey Unit (CASU) at the Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, and by the FLAMES/UVES reduction team at INAF/Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri. These data have been obtained from the Gaia-ESO Survey Data Archive, prepared and hosted by the Wide Field Astronomy Unit, Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, which is funded by the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council. This work is also based on observations made with the Spitzer Space Telescope, operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under a contract with NASA, and on data from MegaPrime/MegaCam, a joint project of CFHT and CEA/DAPNIA, at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) which is operated by the National Research Council (NRC) of Canada, the Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) of France, and the University of Hawaii. The authors acknowledge useful discussions with S. Sciortino. We also thank V. Kalari, A. Klutsch, and L. A. Hillen-brand for their comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. This work was partly supported by the European Union FP7 program through ERC grant number 320360 and by the Leverhulme Trust through grant RPG-2012-541. We acknowledge the support from INAF and Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR) in the form of the grant >Premiale VLT 2012>. The results presented here benefit from discussions held during the Gaia-ESO workshops and conferences supported by the ESF (European Science Foundation) through the GREAT Research Network program. The authors acknowledge support through the PRIN INAF 2014 funding scheme of the National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) of the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (>The Gaia-ESO Survey>, P.I.: S. Randich). S.H.P.A. acknowledges financial support from CNPq, CAPES and Fapemig. M.T.C. acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, through grant AYA2016-75931-C2-1-P.

Defence date: 09 October 2018 ; Examining Board: Prof. Ramon Marimon, European University Institute; Supervisor Prof. Juan Dolado, European University Institute; Prof. Mike Elsby, University of Edinburgh; Prof. Richard Rogerson, Princeton University ; This thesis contains four chapters that cover topics in macroeconomics and labor,and in theoretical asset pricing. Chapters one, two and three contain theoretical and quantitative work on macro and labor. Chapter one, written with Árpád Ábrahám, Ramon Marimon and Lukas Mayr, contains an evaluation of a policy proposal discussed by European Union policy makers and researchers over the last decades on the creation of a European Unemployment Insurance System(EUIS). Building on previous literature, we use a dynamic general equilibrium model to characterize the heterogeneous labor markets across EU countries. Our analysis shows that labor markets differ greatly across EU countries, implying different degrees of exposure of workers to unemployment risk, and different costs of providing unemployment insurance. With this model, we assess the potential benefits of a EUIS. We calculate the potential welfare gains from insuring against country-specific cyclical fluctuations in unemployment expenditures, and from joint lyre forming currently national unemployment benefit systems. The results show that the potential gains from insuring short-term country-specific fluctuations at the European Union level are small, and that there could be significant positive improvements in all the countries studied in reforming the existing national unemployment insurance systems to a common EUIS, with country specific contribution rates to prevent long-term cross-country transfers. The second chapter studies trends in schooling and lifetime labor supply in the United States. Life expectancy increased dramatically by almost 20 years for men born between 1850 and 1970 in the US. The allocation of time during the life also changed greatly. Hours worked per week for the population under 18 years old went from 20 hours to 5 hours on average, during the 1900s. Almost all the difference is explained by the increase in time spent in school. Later in life, despite the large increase in lifespan and years spent in school, total lifetime hours worked fell. The average length of retirement period increased five fold to more than 10 years for the 1970 cohort. This chapter shows that the long-run trends can be rationalized with a life-cycle human capital acquisition model, where individuals optimally choose the years of schooling and of labor force participation. The observed increase in life expectancy alone would imply, according to the model, an increase in schooling years and in years of participation in the labor market, which is counter factual. The analysis shows that in the model, an increase in the returns to schooling, in wages, and life expectancy, drives individuals' optimal time allocation decisions as in the data. In the chapter, I revisit empirical evidence on wages and on the decline in the cost of schooling during the first half of the 20th century, with the expansion of public provision of secondary education in the United States. In the third chapter, in joint work with Julián Díaz-Saavedra and Ramon Marimon, we study how the introduction of an employment fund can enhance production efficiency and social welfare, and how it complements, and in part substitutes, the two classical systems of public insurance: pay-as you-go pensions and Unemployment Insurance (UI). The employment fund is akin to the system introduced in Austria in 2003, that was planned to increase in job mobility and flexibility in the labor market. We investigate the effects of this "Austrian Backpack" in a dynamic general equilibrium model with heterogeneous agents calibrated to the Spanish economy in 2014. A backpack (BP) employment fund is an individual (across jobs) transferable fund, which earns the economy interest rate as a return and is financed with a small payroll tax (a BP tax). The worker can use his BP savings if becomes unemployed or retires. The results in this chapter show that to complement the existing Spanish pension and UI systems with a 2% BP tax would be preferred to the status quo by more than 90% of the households of the calibrated economy; a percentage that can be higher with a more substantial BP (i.e. higher BP tax). The model presented in this chapter is a frame work where other reforms (e.g.a partial, or complete, substitution of current unsustainable pension systems) can be quantitatively assessed. Finally, the fourth chapter contains work developed with Fabian Schuetze about equilibrium conditions in the canonical Lucas asset pricing model. We provide conditions on investor's preferences, and the persistence and volatility of the dividend process under which equilibrium in the economy exists and is unique. The original paper of Lucas shows existence and uniqueness of equilibrium under the assumption of a bounded utility function. This chapter shows how to extend the argument in the case of constant relative risk aversion preferences and log-normally distributed dividends. ; -- 1. On the Design of an European Unemployment Insurance System -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Literature Review -- 1.3 Model -- 1.4 Calibration -- 1.4.1 Calibration strategy -- 1.4.2 Quality of the Fit -- 1.4.3 Diversity of Labour Market Institutions -- 1.5 Policy Experiments -- 1.5.1 Insuring Country Level Fluctuations Only -- 1.5.2 National Reforms of the Unemployment Benefit System -- 1.5.3 Harmonized European Unemployment Insurance Scheme -- 1.6 Conclusion -- Appendix -- References -- 2 Schooling and Life time Labor Supply -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Empirical Evidence and Related Literature -- 2.3 Model -- 2.3.1 Preferences and Technology -- 2.3.2 Solution -- 2.3.3 Numerical solution -- 2.3.4 Quantitative exercise -- 2.4 Concluding remarks -- Appendix -- References

In dieser Arbeit untersuche ich den Einfluss des urbanen Kontexts von Kinshasa (Demokratische Republik Kongo) auf die Nutzung von Heilpflanzen sowie die Strategien der Heilpflanzen nutzenden Bewohner. Heilpflanzen sind Dreh- und Angelpunkt verschiedenster medizinischer, politischer und ökonomischer Interessen und bieten daher ein spannendes Forschungsfeld für die Analyse von Mensch-Umwelt-Beziehungen sowie Machtkonstellationen und Aushandlungsprozessen. Sie nehmen in einer Großstadt wie Kinshasa eine besondere Position ein, da sie einerseits eine kostengünstige medizinische Ressource für die meist arme Bevölkerung darstellen und für Heiler eine Möglichkeit bieten, mit ihnen Geld zu verdienen. Andererseits zeigen sich Vorbehalte gegenüber ihrer Anwendung und wilde Pflanzen wachsen zunehmend seltener in der Umgebung. Ob es deswegen zu einem Rückgang ihrer Nutzung kommt, und wie Heilpflanzen verwendende Akteure damit umgehen, untersuche ich über quantitative und qualitative Methoden. Die Daten basieren auf drei Feldforschungsaufenthalten in Kinshasa über insgesamt 15 Monate in den Jahren 2007 bis 2009. Für die Arbeit mit den Herbalisten wendete ich qualitative, für die Arbeit mit nicht-Heilern (sogenannte Laien) vorwiegend quantitative Methoden an. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Heilpflanzen von vielen Bewohnern genutzt und geschätzt werden und kein Rückgang der Nutzung erkennbar ist. Durch die Betrachtung von Heilpflanzen als Objekte therapeutischen Handelns wird deutlich, dass diese einen besonderen Stellenwert in den Behandlungen gegen bestimmte Leiden haben. Dies bestätigen die quantitativen Daten der Studie in 171 Haushalten, in denen eindeutige Präferenzen zur Nutzung von Heilpflanzen gegen bestimmte Leiden erkennbar sind, und in denen eine Verdrängung durch die Nutzung von Produkten wie Aspirin nicht nachweisbar ist. Weiterhin zeigten Befragte mit hohem Bildungsstand und somit höherer Einkommenslage entgegen der Erwartungen ein stärkeres Interesse an Heilpflanzen als solche mit geringerem Bildungsstand. Die Analyse der Praktiken, Selbstreflektionen und Darstellungsweisen von Herbalisten zeigen, dass sie trotz der gefühlten benachteiligten Position im Vergleich zu biomedizinischen Akteuren wie Ärzte vielfältige Formen finden, Anerkennung für ihre Arbeit mit Heilpflanzen zu erhalten. Da Herbalisten die besonders in der Stadt geforderte biomedizinische Prüfung ihrer Produkte und Praktiken nicht leisten können oder wollen, suchen sie Anerkennung auf andere Weise. So schaffen sie durch die Zugehörigkeit zu einem Heilerverein und vielfältige Verweise auf ihr Können ihre individuellen Stile als urbane Herbalisten. Wegen des Rückgangs ehemals vorhandener Bestände in der Umgebung, greifen die Herbalisten zunehmend auf Händler zurück, um Heilpflanzen weiterhin nutzen zu können. Dabei verlagern viele die Verantwortung für die ordnungsgemäße Ernte und Lagerung, die teilweise mit Ver- und Geboten verbunden ist, auf die Händler. Laien passen ihre Versorgungsweisen auch an den städtischen Kontext an, indem viele von ihnen leicht zugängliche Pflanzen von Parzellen nutzen und weiter entfernt wachsende Arten bei Verkäufern erwerben. Weiterhin deutet der hohe Anteil kosmopolitischer Arten darauf hin, dass die Bewohner zahlreiche, ehemals fremde Arten in ihr Nutzungsrepertoire aufgenommen haben. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass viele Laien kultivierte Heilpflanzen bei Gemüse-, Obst- und Gewürzhändlern erwerben, welche in Marktstudien zu Heilpflanzen meist nicht befragt wurden. Somit erscheint dem Leser solcher Studien, dass sich die Bewohner weni-ger nachhaltig versorgen, als es insgesamt für den Handel mit Heilpflanzen tatsächlich der Fall ist. Diese Arbeit leistet am Beispiel von Heilpflanzen im urbanen Kontext Kinshasa einen empirischen Beitrag zur Medizinethnologie, zur Stadtethnologie und zur Biodiversitätsforschung, indem sie die komplexen Beziehungen und wechselseitigen Dynamiken zwischen Bewohnern und ihrer Umwelt erforscht. Sie widerlegt populäre Ideen zum Rückgang der Heilpflanzennutzung im urbanen Kontext und verdeutlicht die Notwendigkeit, Untersuchungen zur Nutzung von Heilpflanzen auch auf Ebene von Laien durchzuführen. ; This dissertation explores how the urban context of Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of Congo) influences the use of medicinal plants and the strategies of medicinal plant users. Medicinal plants are a highly contested resource and in the center of various medical, political and economic debates and conflicts. They are, on one side, a cheap medical resource for the mostly poor population, and, for herbalists, they constitute the main ingredient in their therapies through which they earn money. However, their use seems contested: biomedical products such as aspirin are popular and readily available, state actors condemn the traditional use of medicinal plants as being insecure, and gathering of plants becomes more difficult in the increasingly urbanized immediate surroundings. This thesis analyzes whether these aspects lead to a decrease of medicinal plant use, and how medicinal plant users deal with it. It is based on quantitative and qualitative data gathered among herbalists and lay population during a total of 15 months of fieldwork in Kinshasa from 2007 to 2009. Results show that medicinal plants play an important role in the treatment of specific illnesses, as interview partners show clear preferences for the use of medicinal plants when dealing with certain illnesses such as pota ya libumu or ameba. In addition, the widespread consumption of biomedical drugs such as aspirin does not replace the use of medicinal plants. Moreover, contrary to our expectations, lay persons with a higher educational level and thus lesser economic restrictions to access biomedical services show a greater interest in the use of medicinal plants compared to those with a lower level of education. The analysis of the practices, self-reflections, and styles displayed by herbalists reveal that, despite their perceived disadvantageous position in comparison to biomedical actors such as physicians, they find various ways to gain recognition for their work. For instance, they do so via the affiliation to healer associations or by pointing out their competence. They signify their competence by referring to aspects associated with biomedicine as well as traditional medicine and by doing so create their own styles as urban herbalists. Most herbalists increasingly rely on medicinal plant traders in order to have access and continue using medicinal plants. Thereby, they transfer the responsibility for the correct harvest, storage, and the sometimes associated prohibitions and imperatives to the traders. Laymen also adapt their ways of accessing medicinal plants to the urban context: they start using plants coming from other places and use mainly plants growing on their urban plots. Furthermore, they buy wild species which do not grow nearby from vendors. Contrary to general perception, the supply of the urban population with plants used for medical purpose is more sustainable than what most studies reflect, as most of the studies predominantly focus on market-dynamics and vendors specialized in wild medicinal plants. In the present study, laymen show a vast knowledge for the medicinal use of cultivated plants like ginger, garlic or lemongrass, which they buy from vegetable, fruit or spice sellers. The results suggest that sustainable supply with plants used medicinally is much bigger than what observers usually conclude, as cyclical cultivation of these plants provides a more sustainable supply. In summary, this thesis provides a contribution to medical anthropology, urban anthropology, and biodiversity research by analyzing the complex relationships and dynamics between city inhabitants and their environment through the example of medicinal plant use in Kinshasa. It refutes popular ideas of medicinal plant use decreasing in urban contexts, and underlines the necessity to focus on medicinal plant research and the various actors connected to it – including the often-overlooked laymen.

The main aim of the article is the conceptualization of the categorical apparatus of biopolitics. The focus is on biocentrism as one of the main categories of modern biopolitical discourse. It is stated that biopolitics today offers a variety of research directions and a specific categorical apparatus, while fluctuations in the interpretations of the main terms and categories should be noted. The main terms are considered: «biopolitics», «political man», biopower and biocentrism. The definition of the above terms in the biopolitics is systematized and proposed author's definitions. «Homo Politicus» as a phenomenon was a complicated and problematic subject of scientific conceptualization. Proposed particulars of the biopolitical view on «Homo Politicus»: «Homo Politicus» is genetically related with another biological species and this definitely has influence to his behaviour in social and political sphere. For instance, any human being as any social primates has genetic inclination to adaptation, domination, subjugation. In case with «Homo Sapiens» this has a form of genetic and social adaptation, political domination and subjugation. The inclination to the domination from one side to the subjugation to another side is genetically «imprinted» in to the nature of the «Homo Politicus». However it is important to be mentioned that nevertheless the «Homo Sapiens» shares inclination of social primates for hierarchical social organization, at the same time he developed capabilities which are unique in animal world, such as: language, culture and morale. Thus, ideas and values created by the human being commenced changing of his behavior in social and political sphere. Author's definitions: «Political man» as an individual with innate properties of the brain and the psyche that affects his social and political behavior can be adjusted in the process of socialization and education and change in accordance with the challenges of the twenty-first century. Biopolitics as a new evolutionary paradigm of contemporary political science that explores the «political man» as a biological species with an emphasis on psycho-physiological mechanisms of political behavior and their influence on the political process. Biopower as a new model of power relations, enshrined at the legislative level, designed to protect life in all its forms and manifestations. Biocentrism is aimed at protecting life in all spheres, understanding that a person is only part of the overall biodiversity, and therefore has no right to destroy the biosphere guided by economic benefits. ; Основной целью исследования является концептуализация категориального аппарата биополитики. Основное внимание уделено биоцентризму как одной из основных категорий современного биополитического дискурса. Констатировано, что биополитика сегодня предлагает различные направления исследований и специфический категориальный аппарат, при этом следует отметить колебания в интерпретациях основных терминов и категорий. В качестве основных терминов рассмотрены: «биополитика», «человек политический», биовласть и биоцентризм. Систематизированы имеющиеся в биополитике определения вышеуказанных терминов и предложены авторские определения. Так биополитика рассматривается как новая эволюционная парадигма современной политической науки, которая исследует «человека политического» как биологический вид с акцентом на психофизиологические механизмы политического поведения и их влияние на политический процесс. При этом следует помнить, что «Homo Politicus» - это социальный примат, продукт биологически эволюционного развития, имеет генетическую предрасположенность к биологической адаптации, социальной иерархии, политическому доминированию и подчинению; «Человека политического» отличает самосознание, культура и мораль, способные доминировать над генетическими наклонностями; природа человека является одновременно и рациональной, и иррациональной; на поведение «человека политического» влияют процессы, происходящие в человеческом мозге; развитие технологий, нейрофизиологии и генетики способные изменить «лицо» и сущность «человека политического». Итак, «человек политический» определен как индивид с врожденными свойствами мозга и психики, которые влияют на его социальное и политическое поведение и могут корректироваться в процессе социализации и воспитания и меняться в соответствии с вызовами XXI века. Биовласть рассматривается как новая модель властных отношений, закрепленных на законодательном уровне, призвана защищать жизнь во всех ее формах и проявлениях. И, наконец, биоцентризм имеет целью защиту жизни во всех его формах и проявлениях, на всех уровнях - от внутригосударственного к международному; понимание того, что человек является всего лишь частью общего биоразнообразия, а следовательно не имеет права уничтожать биосферу, руководствуясь экономической выгодой. ; Основною метою дослідження є концептуалізація категоріального апарату біополітики. Основна увага приділена біоцентризму як одній із основних категорій сучасного біополітичного дискурсу. Констатовано, що біополітика сьогодні пропонує різноманітні напрями досліджень і специфічний категоріальний апарат, при цьому слід відзначити коливання в інтерпретаціях основних термінів і категорій. В якості основних термінів розглянуто: «біополітику», «людину політичну», біовладу та біоцентризм. Систематизовано наявні в біополітиці визначення вищезазначених термінів та запропоновано авторські визначення. Так біополітика розглядається як нова еволюційна парадигма сучасної політичної науки, що досліджує «людину політичну» як біологічний вид з акцентом на психофізіологічних механізмах політичної поведінки та їх впливом на політичний процес. При цьому варто пам'ятати, що «Homo Politicus» – це соціальний примат, продукт біологічно-еволюційного розвитку, що має генетичну схильність до біологічної адаптації, соціальної ієрархії, політичного домінування і підкорення; «людину політичну» відрізняє самосвідомість, культура та мораль, що здатні домінувати над генетичними схильностями; природа людини є одночасно й раціональною, й ірраціональною; на поведінку «людини політичної» впливають процеси, що відбуваються у людському мозку; розвиток технологій, нейрофізіології та генетики здатні змінити «обличчя» і сутність «людини політичної». Отже, «людину політичну» визначено як індивіда з вродженими властивостями мозку і психіки, які впливають на його соціальну та політичну поведінку, можуть корегуватись в процесі соціалізації та виховання і змінюватись відповідно до викликів ХХІ ст. Біовлада розглядається як нова модель владних відносин, закріплених на законодавчому рівні, що покликана захищати життя у всіх його формах і проявах. І, нарешті, біоцентризм має на меті захист життя у всіх його формах і проявах, на всіх рівнях – від внутрішньодержавного до міжнародного; розуміння того, що людина є всього лиш частиною загального біорізноманіття, а отже не має права знищувати біосферу, керуючись економічною вигодою.

Not Available ; India is an agrarian economy with rich resources of traditional indigenous knowledge, biodiversity and human capital. It has a huge potential for promoting agri-based innovations that promise solutions to many of the current challenges faced by the sector. Till recently agricultural innovations of Indian has mainly been driven by public sector. The National Agricultural Research and Education System (NARES) is a major stakeholder in agricultural research with a focus on technology creation and its delivery to other stakeholders such as farmers, producer groups, retailers, corporations, civil societies and private players. The current needs of the stakeholders warrant NARES to transform into a more pluralistic innovation system addressing the needs of the consumers. The success of these technologies can also enhance incomes of the stakeholders including farmers. It is important that these innovative technologies, processes and products from the NARES system utilize in such a way that efficiency in agri-economic system is significantly enhances. The NARES, therefore is, gradually started shifting from 'a supply-driven to demand driven and market-led' agricultural innovation system, involving different stakeholders. In this transition, issues of technology transfers through commercialization from public research, gaps of knowledge in new product development (NPD) processes for the markets by attracting agri-entrepreneurs through agri incubators have started to emerge. Incubators are recognized as "technology-led and knowledge-driven enterprises" as they help in speedy commercialization of innovations and research outputs. Technology business incubators not only help in growth of technology based new enterprises but also improve survival rate of the agri entrepreneurs who are not only required to act as innovator but also for economic growth and job creation. They have immense potential to improve the livelihoods of stakeholders in agri-production and consumption systems in rural regions. The incubators help in mustering support services for start-ups with respect to technology refining, validation, business services including strategy, planning and scale up operations, IP services, help in finding funds etc. Compared to other sectors like engineering, pharmaceuticals, ICT, machinery, consumer goods etc., this concept is at an early stage in the agriculture and food sector. Even at the global level, there is start of evolution of a variety of agribusiness incubators and many are still at early stage levels. The processes of technology transfer from academic institutions to industry have emerged during the last two decades following the "Bayh-Dole Act of 1980", an amendment to the patent code of United States. It paved way to claiming ownership in intellectual property on research funded by U.S. Government. Soon this led to similar initiatives in India. In the Indian NARES, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) had taken the stewardship of technology commercialization through the promulgation of IP and technology commercialization policy in 2006. The IP&TM scheme launched during 2008 can be seen as a driver towards implementation of the policy. Under this scheme, Institute Technology Management Units (ITMUs) were established across all ICAR institutes. These initial steps of ITMU scheme grants led to the building of vibrant IP ecosystem in the NARES. In terms of visible gains, the numbers of filings under various IP categories have increased significantly. To upscale the process 22 of BPDs in NARES were established with National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP). The overall objective of the project grants was to initiate this new mode in NARS and internalize the scope of incubation into the system. Units under BPD projects sought to provide a wide range of services ranging from incubation facilities, research support and business services such as office space, access to Information and Communication Technology (ICT) services, advisories on management, and marketing, technical, legal and financial issues. The work in this project also evolved new partnerships between NARES institutes and technology seeking companies through technology validation, technology transfer and enterprise development processes. The impact of units under the BPD project can also be gauged through concerted efforts of nurturing and skill development of entrepreneurs along with commercialization of technologies. Ninety one incubates graduated from these centers during the project period. The project also helped the entrepreneurs to commercialize their business ideas using research facilities of the institutes and provided pilot level production facilities for the prospective entrepreneurs. The initial success achieved in the ITMU scheme for initiation of technology transfer process and later through the achievements through the BPD units established under the NAIP laid the basis for providing a continuum in the NARES for technology commercialization, incubation and entrepreneurship development. The experience in these two projects led to the new thinking across policy makers and NARS leading to development of National Agricultural Innovation Fund. Under the component I it is clear that IPTM scheme is now into the next phase to provide a continuum of early work. Under the component II of the NAIF, a target of 50 agribusiness incubators has been envisaged. Till date, 24 ABIs have been granted. These incubators have together helping in more than 150 agri-entrepreneurs from different backgrounds including some companies. With the recent announcement of start-up India policy and startup definition, about 100 entrepreneurs who can be defined as agri-startups supported by ICAR Agri-business incubation centers. This compendium AgRIM (Agri-startups: Reflections ICAR technologies in Market) is the overview of the efforts of these 24 Agri-Business Incubators of ICAR to bring these startups to the market for enhancing the efficiency in the value chain of different agricultural sectors. This compendium is expected to create more network across the canvas of emerging agri-startups. Consolidation of efforts across diverse centers encourage cross learning within each sector. ; Not Available

Sportif müsabakaların adil oyun çerçevesinde skor ve gidişatında büyük etkisi olduğuna inanılan hakemlerin fizyolojik ve psikolojik durumlarının yanı sıra kural bilgisi ve tecrübelerinin de verdikleri kararlar üzerindeki etkisi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu kapsamda çalışmamızda, müsabakanın yürütülmesinde vazgeçilmez bir unsur olan voleybol hakemlerinin öz yeterlik düzeyleri ve karar verme becerileri arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmaya 2017/2018 voleybol sezonunda faal olan çeşitli klasman (A, B, C ve KD) ve seviyede (aday, il, ulusal ve uluslararası), 106 erkek, 82 kadın olmak üzere toplam 188 voleybol hakemi katılmıştır. Çalışmaya katılan hakemlere Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Hakem Öz Yeterlik Ölçeği, Genel Öz Yeterlik Ölçeği ve Melbourne Karar Verme Ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında toplanan anket verileri SPSS for Windows 23.0 paket programına aktarılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Ölçekler arasındaki ilişkiler Spearman korelasyon analizi ile, gruplar arası farklılık incelemesini içeren araştırma sorularında ise iki grup arasındaki farklar Mann-Whitney U testi, ikiden fazla grup arasındaki farklar ise Kruskal Wallis-H testi ile irdelenmiştir. Analiz sonuçları güven aralığında değerlendirildi ve "p<0.05" değeri istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık kabul edildi. Hakemlerin öz yeterlik seviyeleri ve dikkatli karar verme stili arasında güven düzeyinde anlamlı ve pozitif bir korelasyon ilişkisi tespit edildi. (r=0.210) Hakemlerin öz yeterliliği artıkça dikkatli karar verme eğilimi de artmakta, kaçıngan, erteleyici ve panik karar verme eğilimi azalmaktadır. (p<0.05) Hakemlik klasmanı ve hakemlik yılı arttıkça, karar vermede özsaygı ve dikkatli karar verme stillerinde pozitif yönde, kaçıngan, erteleyici ve panik karar verme stillerinde negatif yönde ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir. 1-5 yıl arasında mesleki tecrübeye sahip hakemlerin; 6-10 yıl ve 16 yıl ve üzeri hakemlik tecrübesine sahip hakemlerden anlamlı oranda hakem öz yeterliliği, oyun bilgisi ve karar verme alt boyutundan daha düşük, kaçıngan ve panik karar verme stillerinde daha yüksek düzeyde oldukları tespit edilmiştir. (p<0.05) Aday hakemlerin ulusal ve uluslararası seviyedeki hakemlerden daha yüksek kaçıngan karar verme eğiliminde oldukları, ayrıca il, ulusal ve uluslararası seviyedeki hakemlerden daha yüksek panik karar verme eğiliminde oldukları tespit edilmiştir. (p<0.05) Daha önce voleybol oynayan hakemlerin, oynamayanlara oranla fiziksel yeterlilik öz yeterliliği bakımından daha yüksek düzeyde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. (p<0.05) Sonuç olarak elde edilen bulgular voleybol hakemlerinin öz yeterlikleri ve öz güvenleri, doğru ve yerinde karar vermelerinde önemlilik arz ettiği bu nedenle öz yeterlik ve öz güven düzeylerinin geliştirilmeleri için erken yaşlarda hakemlik eğitime başlanması, hakemliğin üniversitelerde ders olarak okutulması, hakemlere uygulamaya dönük eğitimlerin arttırılması gerektiği kanaatine varılmıştır. ; For Referces who are believed to have big imparet on scores and the process of the matches in fair play frames ,physical and psychological states have very important effects to make decisions as well as their knowledge of rules of the games and experiences. In this context in our research, we aimed to analyse the self sufficeney level and deciding ability of volleyball referees who are indispencible elements to start the game according to the rules and gaming process. In our research we included 106 male , 82 female and in total 188 referees who are still actıve in 2017/2018 volleyball season from different divisions (A,B,C and KD) and level capprentice, province, natiomal and international. Personal information form self sufficieney scale for refereas, general self sufficiency scale and Melbourne decision making scale have been applied to the referees whom we have included in our research. In the context of our research, the date gathered have been transferred to SPSS for Windows packate programme and evalvated by this way. The relationships between the scales have been studied spearman corelatıon,the research guestion which includes the Differences between groups and tho groups have been studied mann –whitney U test, the differences between the groups which are more than two have bean studied Kruskal Wallis-H test.The results of the analyse have been evaluated between 95% confidence interval and p< 0,05 valve have been accepted as meoningful difference statistically. A meaningful and positive corelation has been spotted between referees selfsufficiency level and accurate decision style on 95% confidence level.(r=0.210) As the level of self sufficiency of referees increases, the tendency of accurate decision increases, avoidant, dilatory and panicked decision making tendeney decreases, though. As the referee ranking and referce years increase, a positive relation has been confirmed on selfesteam on decision making and accurate decision making styles but a negative relation has been confirmed on avoidant, dilatory and panicked decision making. Referees who have 1-5 year experience have been confimed that they have meaningfully less referee self sufficrency, knowledge of game and subdimension of decision making than the refereas who have 6-10 years experience or 16 years or more (p<0.05). Apperntice referees tend to give more avoidant decisions than the referees who are national or international levels. Besides this. Apprentice referees tend to give more panicked decisions than provincal, national or international level referees (p<0.005). A statistically meaning ful difference hasn't been found between the referees from different branches or actives and inactive referees about referee self sufficiency and subdimen tions (p<0.05). Make referees have been confirmed that they have higher self sufficiony about decision making,knowledge of game and referees self suficiency than female referees (p <0.005). All in all, findings gathered have importance on referees self sufficiency and selfconfidence and right and accurate decision making so we have reached the conclusion that starting the referee education at early ages, teaching referees at universities and increasing the tendency of working in the field as a referee are important to improve referees self –sufficiency and self confidence.

The purpose of the article is to study the characteristics of the market for the services for the examination of cultural values and the formation of a new paradigm of cultural industry. Research methodology consists in application of methods of analysis and synthesis, terminological and source study approaches as well as comparative and analytical methods. Taken together, these methodological approaches have allowed to reveal the essence of the functioning of the market of services for the examination of cultural values in terms of practical cultural studies, to determine its dynamics and generate proposals for its innovative development. Scientific novelty consists in determining the characteristics of public policy services for the examination of cultural values. The problem was first studied from the standpoint of the existing legislation and through the example of its practical application. It has been found that conceptually while developing the legislation in the field of cultural practices, the law drafters relied on the experience of government agencies. However, in Ukraine the private market for examination of cultural values has emerged. It is working, but it is not settled. This resulted in appearance of black market for cultural values assessment and significant financial losses for the state budget. In Ukraine there is no state body for expert examination, and such authority is given to a large number of institutions and organizations. There is no control over the availability of specialized experts in such institutions. The positions of the state in this market are weak due to the wrong way of organization of cultural values examination process. Conclusions. Cultural practices in the services for the examination of cultural values can be seen as a modern phenomenon. In this sense, these issues have not yet become the subject of independent scientific research in practical culturology and open new opportunities for scientific research. Innovations in this area consist in introduction of licensing experts, control over the level of objectivity of the examination, informational support of the process, formation of a single state body for assessment of cultural values and depriving other agencies of the unusual to them functions. It appears necessary to strengthen the professional training of the experts in art education institutions. ; Цель работы заключается в проведении исследования особенностей возникновения рынка предоставления услуг по экспертизе культурных ценностей и формирования новой парадигмы культурной индустрии. Методология исследования заключается в применении методов анализа, синтеза, терминологического, источнико- ведческого подходов, сравнительного, аналитического методов. В совокупности указанные методологические подходы позволили раскрыть сущность особенностей функционирования рынка предоставления услуг по экспертизе культурных ценностей с точки зрения практической культурологии, определить его динамику и сформировать предложения по инновационному развитию. Научная новизна заключается в определении особенностей государственной политики предоставления услуг по экспертизе культурных ценностей. Проблема исследуется впер- вые с позиций существующего законодательства и на примере его практического применения. Выяснено, что концептуально при формировании законодательства в этой сфере культурной практики разработчики опирались на опыт государственных учреждений. Однако в Украине сформировался и действует частный рынок предостав- ления услуг по экспертизе культурных ценностей, он не урегулирован. Это привело к возникновению теневого рынка услуг по оценке культурных ценностей и значимым потерям для государственного бюджета. В Украине не создан государственный орган по проведению экспертизы, а предоставлены такие полномочия в значительном количестве учреждений и организаций. Контроль за наличием в таких организациях профессиональных экспертов отсутствует. Позиции государства на этом рынке слабые через ошибочный способ организации порядка проведения экспертизы культурных ценностей. Выводы. Культурные практики в сфере услуг по экспертизе культурных ценностей могут рассматриваться как новейший феномен. В этом смысле эта проблематика еще не становилась предметом самостоятельного научного поиска в практической культурологии, что открывает новые возможности для научного исследования. Инновации в этой сфере заключаются во введении лицензирования деятельности экспертов, установлении контроля за уровнем объективности экспертизы, информатизации самого процесса, а также в образовании единого государственного органа по оценке культурных ценностей и в лишении других учреждений несвойственных им функций. Представляется необходимым усиление профессиональной подготовки экспертов в высших учебных заведениях художественного направления. ; Мета роботи полягає у проведенні дослідження особливостей виникнення ринку надання послуг з екс- пертизи культурних цінностей та формування нової парадигми культурної індустрії. Методологія дослідження полягає в застосуванні методів аналізу, синтезу, термінологічного, джерелознавчого підходів, порівняльного, аналітичного методів. У сукупності зазначені методологічні підходи дали змогу розкрити сутність особливостей функціонування ринку надання послуг з експертизи культурних цінностей з точки зору практичної культурології, визначити його динаміку та сформувати пропозиції з інноваційного розвитку. Наукова новизна полягає у визначенні особливостей державної політики надання послуг з експертизи культурних цінностей. Проблема досліджується вперше з позицій існуючого законодавства та на прикладі його практичного застосування. З'ясовано, що концептуально у формуванні законодавства у цій сфері культурної практики розробники спи- рались на досвід державних установ. Проте в Україні сформувався і діє приватний ринок надання послуг з експертизи культурних цінностей, який ще не врегульовано. Це призвело до виникнення тіньового ринку по- слуг з оцінки культурних цінностей та значних фінансових втрат для державного бюджету. В Україні не ство- рено державний орган із проведення експертизи, а надано такі повноваження значній кількості установ та організацій. Контроль за наявністю у таких організаціях фахових експертів відсутній. Позиції держави на цьому ринку слабкі через хибний спосіб організації порядку проведення експертизи культурних цінностей. Висновки. Культурні практики у сфері послуг з експертизи культурних цінностей можуть розглядатися як новітній феномен. У цьому значенні ця проблематика ще не ставала предметом самостійного наукового по- шуку у практичній культурології і це відкриває нові можливості для наукового дослідження. Інновації у цій сфері полягають у запровадженні ліцензування діяльності експертів, встановленні контролю за рівнем об'єктивності експертизи, інформатизації самого процесу, а також в створенні єдиного державного органу з оцінки культурних цінностей і в позбавленні інших установ невластивих їм функцій. Вбачається за необхідне посилення фахової підготовки експертів у вищих навчальних закладах мистецького спрямування.

Mención Internacional en el título de doctor ; While connecting end-users worldwide, the Internet increasingly promotes local development by making challenges much simpler to overcome, regardless of the field in which it is used: governance, economy, education, health, etc. However, African Network Information Centre (AfriNIC), the Regional Internet Registry (RIR) of Africa, is characterized by the lowest Internet penetration: 28.6% as of March 2017 compared to an average of 49.7% worldwide according to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) estimates [139]. Moreover, end-users experience a poor Quality of Service (QoS) provided at high costs. It is thus of interest to enlarge the Internet footprint in such under-connected regions and determine where the situation can be improved. Along these lines, this doctoral thesis thoroughly inspects, using both active and passive data analysis, the critical aspects of the African Internet ecosystem and outlines the milestones of a methodology that could be adopted for achieving similar purposes in other developing regions. The thesis first presents our efforts to help build measurements infrastructures for alleviating the shortage of a diversified range of Vantage Points (VPs) in the region, as we cannot improve what we can not measure. It then unveils our timely and longitudinal inspection of the African interdomain routing using the enhanced RIPE Atlas measurements infrastructure for filling the lack of knowledge of both IPv4 and IPv6 topologies interconnecting local Internet Service Providers (ISPs). It notably proposes reproducible data analysis techniques suitable for the treatment of any set of similar measurements to infer the behavior of ISPs in the region. The results show a large variety of transit habits, which depend on socio-economic factors such as the language, the currency area, or the geographic location of the country in which the ISP operates. They indicate the prevailing dominance of ISPs based outside Africa for the provision of intracontinental paths, but also shed light on the efforts of stakeholders for traffic localization. Next, the thesis investigates the causes and impacts of congestion in the African IXP substrate, as the prevalence of this endemic phenomenon in local Internet markets may hinder their growth. Towards this end, Ark monitors were deployed at six strategically selected local Internet eXchange Points (IXPs) and used for collecting Time-Sequence Latency Probes (TSLP) measurements during a whole year. The analysis of these datasets reveals no evidence of widespread congestion: only 2.2% of the monitored links experienced noticeable indication of congestion, thus promoting peering. The causes of these events were identified during IXP operator interviews, showing how essential collaboration with stakeholders is to understanding the causes of performance degradations. As part of the Internet Society (ISOC) strategy to allow the Internet community to profile the IXPs of a particular region and monitor their evolution, a route-collector data analyzer was then developed and afterward, it was deployed and tested in AfriNIC. This open source web platform titled the "African" Route-collectors Data Analyzer (ARDA) provides metrics, which picture in real-time the status of interconnection at different levels, using public routing information available at local route-collectors with a peering viewpoint of the Internet. The results highlight that a small proportion of Autonomous System Numbers (ASNs) assigned by AfriNIC (17 %) are peering in the region, a fraction that remained static from April to September 2017 despite the significant growth of IXPs in some countries. They show how ARDA can help detect the impact of a policy on the IXP substrate and help ISPs worldwide identify new interconnection opportunities in Africa, the targeted region. Since broadening the underlying network is not useful without appropriately provisioned services to exploit it, the thesis then delves into the availability and utilization of the web infrastructure serving the continent. Towards this end, a comprehensive measurement methodology is applied to collect data from various sources. A focus on Google reveals that its content infrastructure in Africa is, indeed, expanding; nevertheless, much of its web content is still served from the United States (US) and Europe, although being the most popular content source in many African countries. Further, the same analysis is repeated across top global and regional websites, showing that even top African websites prefer to host their content abroad. Following that, the primary bottlenecks faced by Content Providers (CPs) in the region such as the lack of peering between the networks hosting our probes and poorly configured DNS resolvers are explored to outline proposals for further ISP and CP deployments. Considering the above, an option to enrich connectivity and incentivize CPs to establish a presence in the region is to interconnect ISPs present at isolated IXPs by creating a distributed IXP layout spanning the continent. In this respect, the thesis finally provides a four-step interconnection scheme, which parameterizes socio-economic, geographical, and political factors using public datasets. It demonstrates that this constrained solution doubles the percentage of continental intra-African paths, reduces their length, and drastically decreases the median of their Round Trip Times (RTTs) as well as RTTs to ASes hosting the top 10 global and top 10 regional Alexa websites. We hope that quantitatively demonstrating the benefits of this framework will incentivize ISPs to intensify peering and CPs to increase their presence, for enabling fast, affordable, and available access at the Internet frontier. ; Programa Oficial de Doctorado en Ingeniería Telemática ; Presidente: David Fernández Cambronero.- Secretario: Alberto García Martínez.- Vocal: Cristel Pelsser

Background. In the last years, an increasing number of students diagnosed with high functioning autistic spectrum disorders (HFASD) was able to attend mainstream high schools in both France and Quebec. Despite international studies and governmental recommendations to involve directly youth with HFASD in research, their own perspective is rarely taken into account in francophone research settings. Yet, their singular perception of the world and their difficulties with social understanding can be obstacles for their academic and social fulfillment, especially during adolescence. Objective. Grounded in an ecological approach where participants are acknowledged as experts and knowledge co producers, our work aims at understanding how they cope with mainstream education in high schools. Methods. 26 teenagers with HFASD (13-17) and their parents collaborated in this research, in France (n=17) and in Quebec (n=9). Both youth and parents took part in semi-structured in-depth interviews and completed questionnaires (Adolescents: Friendship Qualities Scale (FQS) and Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents (SPPA); Parents: Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and personal information sheet). Results. Questionnaire analysis. Cluster analysis identified three adolescent profiles for friendship representations, mainly distinguished regarding two dimensions: companionship and help/aid from the friend. Three dimensions (social acceptance, close friends and physical appearance) differentiate self-perception into a 4-group typology (SPPA). Moreover, the presence of a teaching assistant in class and the social skills training support (individual or group sessions) are correlated positive with self and friendship representations. Despite moderate to high scores of impact and parental burden (SDQ), results indicate that satisfying parental representations are positively correlated with adolescent' prosocial behaviors, full-time job for mothers and diagnosis of ASD in parents. Thematic analysis of teenagers' interviews. Managing school sensory aspects, perceived immature behaviors from their peers and tiredness resulting from to important workload are identified as the main obstacles for their wellbeing in high school. On the contrary, being included in an intensive or international academic program, being driven by a passion or a clear objective and having a friend in the school environment appear to be important enablers for inclusion success. Although strongly dependent of peers' representations, the autistic identity is generally well lived and accepted, especially outside of high school. Prospects. Transition from adolescence to adult life will constitute one of the major challenges for youth with HFASD in the next few years and has to be anticipated as soon as possible. This preparation would allow the adolescents to gain autonomy and practical skills to understand their needs and strengths and be able to speak for themselves in a professional environment. Finally, our work highlights the urge for moving from a deficit-led approach to a neurodiversity paradigm, promoting empowerment of individuals and considering ASD as a valuable contribution to human diversity. ; Contexte. Depuis dix ans, en France comme au Québec, le nombre d'adolescents présentant un trouble du spectre de l'autisme sans déficience intellectuelle [TSA SDI] en milieu secondaire ordinaire s'est considérablement accru. Alors que les études internationales et les plans d'action gouvernementaux soulignent la nécessité d'impliquer directement ces jeunes dans les protocoles de recherche, leur parole est très rarement prise en compte dans le milieu francophone. Or, leur appréhension du monde singulière et leurs difficultés de compréhension sociale peuvent constituer des obstacles à leur épanouissement social et scolaire, particulièrement à l'adolescence. Objectif général. Ancré dans une approche écologique où les participants sont reconnus comme experts et coproducteurs de la connaissance, ce travail a pour objectif de comprendre leur vécu de l'inclusion scolaire au secondaire. Méthodologie. 26 adolescents avec TSA (de 13 à 17 ans) et leurs parents ont collaboré à cette recherche, en France (n=17) et au Québec (n=9). Tous ont participé à un entretien semi-dirigé et complété des questionnaires (Échelle des qualités des relations amicale (EQRA) et Profil des perceptions de soi à l'adolescence (PPSA) pour les jeunes ; Questionnaire des forces et difficultés (SDQ) et fiche signalétique pour les parents). Résultats. Analyse des questionnaires. L'analyse par regroupements hiérarchiques a mis en évidence trois profils de représentations amicales (EQRA) se distinguant principalement au niveau de la camaraderie et de l'aide reçue par l'ami. Concernant la perception de soi (PPSA), ce sont majoritairement les dimensions sociale, amicale et corporelle qui différencient les 4 profils d'adolescents. De plus, la présence d'une aide humaine en classe et les accompagnements visant l'amélioration des compétences sociales (séances de groupe ou individuelles) apparaissent corrélés aux représentations de soi et des relations amicales. Malgré des scores d'impact et de fardeau parental jugés modérés à élevés, l'analyse des 4 profils parentaux (SDQ) montre que les comportements prosociaux du jeune, le fait pour la mère de travailler à temps plein et le fait d'avoir soi-même un diagnostic de TSA sont corrélés à des représentations parentales plus satisfaisantes. Analyse thématique des entretiens avec les adolescents. La gestion des aspects sensoriels, le comportement jugé immature de leurs pairs et la fatigue liée à charge de travail importante sont identifiés comme les principaux obstacles au bien vécu de l'inclusion. À l'inverse, la participation à un programme d'études internationales, le fait d'être guidé par une passion et la présence d'un ami dans l'établissement sont jugés particulièrement aidants. Bien que fortement dépendante du regard des pairs, leur identité autistique est généralement bien assumée, notamment en dehors du milieu scolaire. Perspectives. Ainsi, la transition des jeunes TSA vers la vie adulte constitue l'un des enjeux majeurs pour les années à venir et doit être anticipée très en amont. Il s'agit de permettre aux adolescents d'acquérir l'autonomie et les compétences nécessaires pour plaider leur propre cause dans l'environnement postsecondaire puis professionnel. Ce travail souligne enfin l'importance d'abandonner l'approche centrée sur les déficits au profit d'une approche capacitante, qui favorise l'empowerment des adolescents et aborde les TSA sous l'angle de la neurodiversité.

Hoy es casi imposible negar que las capacidades interactivas presentadas por los nuevos medios y soportes han despertado un debate cada vez más intenso sobre la participación de los lectores, oyentes y telespectadores en los medios (Kelly, 2009, Rheingold, 2008, Carpentier & de Cleen, 2008). Desde la política hasta la cultura, pasando por la economía o la educación, la dimensión de la participación se relaciona, en muchas ocasiones, con el periodismo, especialmente en un momento en que el desarrollo de las tecnologías avanzadas de la información y la comunicación facilitan la interacción mediática. En este sentido, nos parece evidente señalar el papel central que la 'participación en torno a los medios' (Pérez-Tornero, 2009) ha cosechado para la reconfiguración del discurso en las producciones de los medios, no sólo a nivel del entretenimiento, sino también de la información, La intervención de los individuos en este sentido ha sido presentada como uno de los pilares constituyentes de la nueva cultura interactiva. Pero no sólo en el nuevo discurso mediático nuestro concepto principal adquiere especial relevancia. Esencial igualmente en el campo de la alfabetización mediática, la 'participación' recoge algunos de los principales ejes que intervienen en la transformación generalizada de la lógica del funcionamiento de los medios (Winocur, 2006, Pinto, 2009), ofreciendo los más variados formatos participativos a las audiencias – a través del chat, el correo electrónico, el móvil-, en sustitución de los antiguos teléfonos o las cartas enviadas a las redacciones. Esta comunicación pretende invertir el dibujo recurrente de los estudios sobre la participación de los ciudadanos en los medios, un aspecto que tradicionalmente se ha asociado con la salud democrática y la cohesión social (Dahlgren, 2006). Así, este trabajo procurará desvelar, desde otras perspectivas del debate, qué piensan las organizaciones mediáticas sobre este tema, cuáles son los motivos que legitiman la creación y difusión un poco generalizada de estos programas en los cuales la intervención del público es la fuerza motriz. Para la consecución de este objetivo, llevaremos a cabo, entre otras acciones, diferentes entrevistas con los responsables de dos programas de opinión pública en España – Tengo una pregunta para usted de la cadena de televisión publica española RTVE y Banda Ampla, de la cadena catalana TV3 –, con el fin de obtener respuestas sobre los verdaderos motivos que justifican la apertura de los medios a la participación. Apoyados en algunos estudios que ya han trabajado sobre esta cuestión, intentaremos desvelar hasta qué punto la intención de apertura de los canales participativos es una verdadera intención de promover una mayor interacción entre públicos y los medios, o bien si esta nueva estrategia es una maniobra más de marketing mediático. En cualquier caso, la realidad es que estos espacios de participación, con independencia de su auténtica intención, forman parte de un entorno social y cultural en el que los medios de comunicación social asumen un papel importante. ; Nowadays it is almost impossible to neglect all interactive possibilities that have been presented by new media and new interfaces. They have captivated one possible space for a wide and intense discussion regarding citizens' engagement, whether in a readers', listeners' or viewers' point of view (Kelly, 2009, Rheingold, 2008, Carpentier & de Cleen, 2008). From politics to culture, notwithstanding education or economics, the concept of participation is connected, several times, with journalism, especially in a landscape where we are facing an increasing and unbelievable development of new ways in which people interact with media. In this regard, it is likely to think that 'participation around media' (Pérez-Tornero, 2009) has reached one important step in which we can observe that media have been taking into account peoples' contributes to their own work, not only in the entertainment domains, but also in the information scope. Citizen's engagement in media has been presented as a key factor to the construction of what we might call 'a new interactive culture'. Our main concept does not have a special importance just in the new media discourse. We can also work this question under the lenses of the so-called 'media literacy', however 'participation around media' has the ability to gather several approaches in the generalized transformation of the ways of media are working presently (Winocur, 2006, Pinto, 2009), offering audiences diverse means to participate - chat, email, mobile – replacing the old role of telephones or letters sent to media bureaus. This paper aims to draw a gap in the usual debate about the studies on citizens' participation in the media', one key element that has been linked to the democratic health of a community (Dahlgren, 2006). In this framework, this will be an attempt to unveil other perspectives around this subject, for instance, what is the objective of media institutions when they choose to propose programmes of public opinion to audiences. To achieve this goal we intend to focus our attention in two Spanish programmes based on peoples' participation- Tengo una pregunta para usted from public television RTVE and Banda Ampla, belonging to the public Catalonian television TV3. Supported by some studies in this range, our purpose is to discuss in which point we can justify this behaviour of opening the gates to participation to the public, by media institutions, in a sense of media marketing or a real and genuine determination of media organizations to let people say what they think. Apart from all the theoretical assumptions, we insist that programmes of public opinion can assume an important social role in the media domain.

The music in the Collegio dei Cantori e degli Innocenti (College of Chorists and Innocents) in Turin between 1575 and early sixteenth century and the beginnings of Botto Brothers as organ builders. The Collegio degli Innocenti (i. e. 'College of Innocents', the choirboys) in the Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist in Turin, an institution founded in 15th century but whose documentation has come down to us from 1499, was a self-sufficient entity. Beside that, there was a staff of adult male singers. This study is a part of a wider study about this institution. The author has devoted himself to the prior period (1500-1575) and to the following one (1600-1650) in two specific articles. In this article he focuses how in the last quarter of 16th century, the music in this institution was influenced by two important processes: on one side Turin became the capital city of the Savoy; on the other side recent Counter-Reformation's trends were implemented also in the field of church music (repertories, organs, etc.), not strongly as in Milan and in the rest of Italy but anyway significantly. With respect to the political aspects of this change, one of the most important relic owned by the Duke of Savoy - the Holy Shroud - served as both political and religious symbol, since it was publicly exhibited sometimes between 1578 and 1586, in circumstance where music was present. Furthermore, it became increasingly ordinary that court musicians appeared among the musicians in the Cathedral, as Claude Vyosses, music master at the court (from 1562) and moreover master of the choirboys in the Cathedral (from 1575). As consequence of the post-Trent Council measures and the foundation and diffusion of centers for the spiritual education of youth, in these twenty-five years also in Turin the Seminar became definitively the place in which the pueri resided. Instead, about the musicians of the religious institutions, the article focuses the following chapel masters as Giorgio Borgia and especially Simon Boyleau (who taught from 1583 to 1586), having been paid for his compositions: it is supposed that one of these pieces could be O sacrum convivium in I-Tn, transcribed in the article, a short piece with a characteristic opening vocalize and a central section in triple time, having the effect of greater fluency. A look to the chief Simeon Cocquard and to the maestri di cerimonia (i. e. 'ceremony masters') concludes the span here investigated. Some episodes in the early life of the organ built by Benedetto Antegnati - started in 1567 and ended in 1573 - are reconstructed, especially the complex events of budget assignments by the Chapter house in order to complete the payments (the final one was prolonged until 1578) and also the first maintenance works by Graziadio Antegnati or the removal and rehang of the instrument in the spring of 1587 by Giovanni Battista Stagnoli. A restoration to the bellows of the Antegnati in 1600 is the first organ building work by Giovanni Giorgio Botto, member of a family of theretofore cabinetmakers. He and his brother Pietro realized that Piedmont was becoming a fertile terrain to install a business of organ construction and assistance, so they took the know-how from more famous organ builders Vitani brothers from Pavia and in the following fifteen years they built several instruments in medium-sized cities in Piedmontese provinces. The author retraces the repositioning of the organ from the previous location (that he deduces upon the wall of the today no-longer-existing ancient choir) to the new one (on the southern wall of the transept). The repositioning was wanted by the Duke, in view of the baptism of his son - and connected Ostension of the Holy Shroud. Organists were Giovanni Pietro Cottone (from 1570 to 1573 and also in the following years, with another span then between 1582 until his death in 1593), spaced out by Frediano Frediani (from 1576 to 1582: Frediani stood in Turin for some year). In those years purchasing of musical prints increased, as marked in the archival accounts, here transcribed and annotated: music of Magnificat and motets by italian - and to a lesser extent french - composers, today no longer preserved in the archives. It is worth considering that instead some musical editions of spanish composers have been conserved. This can be connected with the close relationships between Carlo Emanuele Duke of Savoy and the Kingdom of Spain, sealed with the marriage (1585) to Catalina Micaela, daughter of Philip II. These authors are Francisco Guerrero and Tomás Luis de Victoria, whose Magnificat and Hymni of 1581, as well as Officium defunctorum of 1585 are preserved in Turin Cathedral archives. Victoria dedicated to Carlo Emanuele the Motecta Festorum Totius Anni (Rome, Ex tipographia Dominici Basae, 1585): parts of the significant dedication and of an epigram (probably written by Giovenale Ancina, also friend of Victoria) are translated and discussed. From them, the author concludes that Victoria maybe aimed at an important position in court or church music at the court of Savoy. Other musicians of Iberian origins sung sometimes in the choir, among them the castrato singer Francisco Garcia: from December 1587 to July 1589, the same period when Boyleau composed O sacrum convivium: maybe the opening vocalize may have been written to stand out his ability. The paper ends with the plague of 1599. In a final tabel an accurate chronological list of chapel masters, organist, chorists, choirboys, grammar masters and musicians is given, together with their geographical provenance and salary. In the appendix (pp. 97-119) full documents from Archivio Capitolare (℅ Archivio Arcivescovile in Turin) are transcribed and commented.

Annexes disponibles sur demande ; Background. In the last years, an increasing number of students diagnosed with high functioning autistic spectrum disorders (HFASD) was able to attend mainstream high schools in both France and Quebec. Despite international studies and governmental recommendations to involve directly youth with HFASD in research, their own perspective is rarely taken into account in francophone research settings. Yet, their singular perception of the world and their difficulties with social understanding can be obstacles for their academic and social fulfillment, especially during adolescence. Objective. Grounded in an ecological approach where participants are acknowledged as experts and knowledge co producers, our work aims at understanding how they cope with mainstream education in high schools. Methods. 26 teenagers with HFASD (13-17) and their parents collaborated in this research, in France (n=17) and in Quebec (n=9). Both youth and parents took part in semi-structured in-depth interviews and completed questionnaires (Adolescents: Friendship Qualities Scale (FQS) and Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents (SPPA); Parents: Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and personal information sheet). Results. Questionnaire analysis. Cluster analysis identified three adolescent profiles for friendship representations, mainly distinguished regarding two dimensions: companionship and help/aid from the friend. Three dimensions (social acceptance, close friends and physical appearance) differentiate self-perception into a 4-group typology (SPPA). Moreover, the presence of a teaching assistant in class and the social skills training support (individual or group sessions) are correlated positive with self and friendship representations. Despite moderate to high scores of impact and parental burden (SDQ), results indicate that satisfying parental representations are positively correlated with adolescent' prosocial behaviors, full-time job for mothers and diagnosis of ASD in parents. Thematic analysis of teenagers' interviews. Managing school sensory aspects, perceived immature behaviors from their peers and tiredness resulting from to important workload are identified as the main obstacles for their wellbeing in high school. On the contrary, being included in an intensive or international academic program, being driven by a passion or a clear objective and having a friend in the school environment appear to be important enablers for inclusion success. Although strongly dependent of peers' representations, the autistic identity is generally well lived and accepted, especially outside of high school. Prospects. Transition from adolescence to adult life will constitute one of the major challenges for youth with HFASD in the next few years and has to be anticipated as soon as possible. This preparation would allow the adolescents to gain autonomy and practical skills to understand their needs and strengths and be able to speak for themselves in a professional environment. Finally, our work highlights the urge for moving from a deficit-led approach to a neurodiversity paradigm, promoting empowerment of individuals and considering ASD as a valuable contribution to human diversity. ; Contexte. Depuis dix ans, en France comme au Québec, le nombre d'adolescents présentant un trouble du spectre de l'autisme sans déficience intellectuelle [TSA SDI] en milieu secondaire ordinaire s'est considérablement accru. Alors que les études internationales et les plans d'action gouvernementaux soulignent la nécessité d'impliquer directement ces jeunes dans les protocoles de recherche, leur parole est très rarement prise en compte dans le milieu francophone. Or, leur appréhension du monde singulière et leurs difficultés de compréhension sociale peuvent constituer des obstacles à leur épanouissement social et scolaire, particulièrement à l'adolescence. Objectif général. Ancré dans une approche écologique où les participants sont reconnus comme experts et coproducteurs de la connaissance, ce travail a pour objectif de comprendre leur vécu de l'inclusion scolaire au secondaire. Méthodologie. 26 adolescents avec TSA (de 13 à 17 ans) et leurs parents ont collaboré à cette recherche, en France (n=17) et au Québec (n=9). Tous ont participé à un entretien semi-dirigé et complété des questionnaires (Échelle des qualités des relations amicale (EQRA) et Profil des perceptions de soi à l'adolescence (PPSA) pour les jeunes ; Questionnaire des forces et difficultés (SDQ) et fiche signalétique pour les parents). Résultats. Analyse des questionnaires. L'analyse par regroupements hiérarchiques a mis en évidence trois profils de représentations amicales (EQRA) se distinguant principalement au niveau de la camaraderie et de l'aide reçue par l'ami. Concernant la perception de soi (PPSA), ce sont majoritairement les dimensions sociale, amicale et corporelle qui différencient les 4 profils d'adolescents. De plus, la présence d'une aide humaine en classe et les accompagnements visant l'amélioration des compétences sociales (séances de groupe ou individuelles) apparaissent corrélés aux représentations de soi et des relations amicales. Malgré des scores d'impact et de fardeau parental jugés modérés à élevés, l'analyse des 4 profils parentaux (SDQ) montre que les comportements prosociaux du jeune, le fait pour la mère de travailler à temps plein et le fait d'avoir soi-même un diagnostic de TSA sont corrélés à des représentations parentales plus satisfaisantes. Analyse thématique des entretiens avec les adolescents. La gestion des aspects sensoriels, le comportement jugé immature de leurs pairs et la fatigue liée à charge de travail importante sont identifiés comme les principaux obstacles au bien vécu de l'inclusion. À l'inverse, la participation à un programme d'études internationales, le fait d'être guidé par une passion et la présence d'un ami dans l'établissement sont jugés particulièrement aidants. Bien que fortement dépendante du regard des pairs, leur identité autistique est généralement bien assumée, notamment en dehors du milieu scolaire. Perspectives. Ainsi, la transition des jeunes TSA vers la vie adulte constitue l'un des enjeux majeurs pour les années à venir et doit être anticipée très en amont. Il s'agit de permettre aux adolescents d'acquérir l'autonomie et les compétences nécessaires pour plaider leur propre cause dans l'environnement postsecondaire puis professionnel. Ce travail souligne enfin l'importance d'abandonner l'approche centrée sur les déficits au profit d'une approche capacitante, qui favorise l'empowerment des adolescents et aborde les TSA sous l'angle de la neurodiversité.

Since the first European Directive on EIA was transposed into German national law in 1990, projects with potentially harmful consequences must undergo an EIA before approval is granted. Since than, it has developed and established as a central tool of environmental policy. Furthermore, as of 2004, relevant plans and programs must undergo a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). For Environmental Assessments (EIA & SEA) a wide range of data and documents is gathered, processed, and produced. The results of an EIA/SEA are documented in an environmental report, which together with other project documents builds a basis for approval decisions by planning authorities. An integral part of any Environmental Assessment (EA) is statutory public participation. Discussions about the why, when, and how to integrate participation in the planning process of projects, plans and programs have dominated the debate regarding fair and effective participation. Albeit, one essential aspect has been underrepresented in Germany: Participation needs information. Kofi Annan (1997) pointed out that knowledge equals power. Information in this context is liberating and education is the premise of progress in every society. Information is not only a prerequisite for a successful democracy, but can affect perceptions in advance of a decision and foster the planning process at all levels and stages. Consequently, the provision of information for the public increases the fairness in public participation by greater transparency, empowerment to participate, and creating environmental and societal awareness. Besides general provision and accessibility of EA documents and process information (e.g. public hearing transcripts), aspects like 'fair notice', 'time to prepare', and the 'readability' of documents play an important role. International practice examples have shown an increasing use of web-based EA registries or project websites to provide information. They inform when participation is possible, provide the relevant documents, and increase the accessibility and continued availability of information. The goal of this PhD thesis has been to generate, improve and communicate a common understanding of the requirements and functions of web-based systems to provide information for fair and effective public participation in EA processes. It analyzed current practice, existing legal requirements and perceived barriers, ending with conclusions on how to overcome existing shortcomings by implementing a meta-information system in Germany. The findings indicate that progressively more German responsible agencies at federal and state level use the Internet to provide information. But, there is still a great lack of enforcement of legal minimum requirements when it comes to the active provision of environmental information in the context of EA and barely any effort to provide information exceeding legal requirements. If information is provided, it is often scattered across manifold lead agency websites and varying scope from case to case. Through comparison with international practice examples, it becomes apparent that there is a great potential to improve the German planning and decision-making practice through web-based information systems and the way how they are run and maintained. The amended European Directive 2014/52/EU and the obligation to implement central portals providing the public with easy and electronic access to relevant information is an initial step fostering the active provision of information. But as research has shown, there is a wide interpretation what, how, and by which means information should be provided. Instead of proving the legally required minimum, this research offers suggestions for the active information provision in support of participation for the four functions: 1. Notice of projects and status updates; 2. provision of documents; 3. additional services to support participation; and 4. e-participation. ; Die Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung wurde 1990 als Umsetzung europäischer Umweltpolitik eingeführt. Seit dem hat sie sich zentrales umweltpolitisches Instrument in Deutschland etabliert und ist Standard-Prüfverfahren zur Umweltfolgenabschätzung umweltrelevanter Projekte. Des Weiteren sind Pläne und Programme seit 2004 einer strategischen Umweltprüfung (SUP) zu unterziehen. Im Rahmen der Umweltprüfungen (UVP & SUP) wird ein breites Spektrum an Daten und Dokumenten gesammelt, verarbeitet und produziert. Die Ergebnisse der Umweltprüfung werden in der Umweltverträglichkeitsstudie/Umweltbericht erfasst und dienen, zusammen mit den weiteren Antragsunterlagen, als Grundlage für die Zulassungsentscheidung der zuständigen Genehmigungsbehörde. Ein integraler Bestandteil der Umweltprüfungen ist die gesetzlich vorgeschriebene Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung. Diskussionen darüber, warum, wann und wie die Beteiligung bei der Planung vom Projekten, Plänen und Programmen integriert werden kann, haben die Debatte über faire und wirksame Beteiligung bisher dominiert. Ein zentraler Aspekt wird bei der zunehmenden Diskussion zur Verbesserung der Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung im konkreten Kontext der Umweltprüfungen in Deutschland jedoch noch wenig diskutiert: Beteiligung braucht Information. Wie schon Kofi Anan (1997) betonte, kann Wissen Macht bedeuten. Information ist befreiend und Bildung is die Vorraussetzung für Fortschritte in jeder Gesellschaft. Information ist nicht nur eine Voraussetzung für eine erfolgreiche Demokratie, sie kann auch die Wahrnehmungen schon im Vorfeld einer Entscheidung und somit den Planungsprozess auf allen Ebenen und in allen Schritten beeinflussen. Folglich führt die Bereitstellung von Informationen für die Öffentlichkeit zu einer deutlichen Verbesserung der Transparenz, einer verbesserten Möglichkeit, sich zu beteiligen, und zur Schaffung von Umweltbewusstsein. Neben der allgemeinen Bereitstellung und Zugänglichkeit von Dokumenten und Prozessinformationen der Umweltprüfung (z.B. Protokolle von öffentlichen Anhörungen), spielen auch Aspekte wie eine "faire Bekanntmachung", "Zeit zur Vorbereitung" und die "Lesbarkeit" von Dokumenten eine wichtige Rolle. Internationale Praxisbeispiele zeigen eine zunehmende Verwendung web-basierter Register oder Projektwebseiten zur Bereitstellung von Informationen. Diese informieren darüber, wann Beteiligung möglich ist, stellen Dokumente bereit, erhöhen die Zugänglichkeit und die kontinuierliche Verfügbarkeit von Informationen. Das Ziel dieser Dissertation war es, ein Verständnis für die Anforderungen und Funktionen web-basierter Informationssysteme für eine faire und effektive Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung im Umweltprüfungsverfahren zu generieren, verbessern und zu kommunizieren. Im Rahmen der Arbeit wurden die aktuelle Praxis, bestehende gesetzliche Anforderungen und Barrieren untersucht. Sie endet mit Schlussfolgerungen wie die bestehenden Mängel durch die implementierung eines Meta-Informationssystems in Deutschland überwunden werden können. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass zunehmend mehr deutsche Genehmigungsbehörden auf Bundes- und Länderebene das Internet nutzen, um Informationen zur Verfügung zu stellen. Allerdings gibt es, besonders bei der aktiven Informationsbereitstellung in der Umweltprüfung, immer noch ein großes Vollzugsdefizit und wenige Bemühungen mehr als die gesetzlichen Mindestanforderungen umzusetzen. Werden Informationen bereitgestellt, sind diese über die vielen Webseiten der informationspflichtigen Stellen verstreut und variieren im Umfang von Fall zu Fall. Im Vergleich mit internationalen Praxisbeispielen wird deutlich, dass in der Einführung (zentraler) web-basierter Informationssysteme, der Art wie diese Systeme umgesetzt und gepflegt werden, ein großes Potential für die Verbesserung der deutschen Planungs- und Genehmigungspraxis liegt. Die Änderungsrichtlinie 2014/52/EU und die damit verbundene erforderliche Umsetzung zentraler Portale, die der Öffentlichkeit einen einfachen und elektronischen Zugang zu den relevanten Informationen eröffnen soll, ist ein wichtiger Schritt zur Förderung der aktiven Informationsbe-reitstellung. Aber die Forschungsergebnisse dieser Dissertation haben gezeigt, dass es vielfältige Interpretationsmöglichkeiten gibt, welche Informationen, wie und mit welchen Mitteln zur Verfügung gestellt werden sollen. Statt lediglich den gesetzlich vorgeschriebenen Mindestanforderungen zu entsprechen, bieten die vorgestellten Forschungsergebnisse Anregungen für die Informationsbereitstellung zur Unterstützung der Beteiligung für die vier Funktionen: 1. Bekanntgabe laufender Planungen und Status-Updates, 2. Bereitstellung von Dokumenten, 3. Zusatzleistungen zur Unterstützung der Beteiligung und 4. Online-Beteiligung.

Contemporary environmental problems represent complex societal challenges, and as these problems become increasingly global, the international diffusion of environmental technologies is essential. One way to diffuse technologies internationally is through export. Despite the potential benefits from the adoption of environmental technologies, their export is stifled by externalities and free-rider problems. From this background, the aim of this thesis is to analyse how to stimulate the diffusion of environmental technologies through export. This aim is operationalised using four research questions, which focus on governmental initiatives to promote environmental technology export and their perceived effectiveness among targeted firms, obstacles to and drivers for export among municipally owned companies, the use of international city networks to facilitate environmental technology export and components of business concepts for environmental technology export. These questions are explored in the Swedish context using document analyses, interviews and internet surveys in a compilation thesis which consists of a cover essay and an appendix of five scientifically peer-reviewed and published journal articles. The conclusions are that governmental export promotion initiatives are often generic for all kinds of exporters, including environmental technologies, and comprise financial support, information provision, education and training, and trade and mobility-related programs, often with little incorporation of the specific characteristics of environmental technologies which many exporters perceive as ineffective. Municipally owned companies experience different barriers to and drivers for engaging in international activities compared to privately owned companies, and are often involved in international projects which are not always commercial export. International city networks serve as important arenas for bi-directional information sharing and learning regarding market characteristics, environmental challenges and potential solutions, building legitimacy for technologies and their suppliers. Regarding components of business concepts for the export of environmental technologies, regulation, legitimacy and private-public partnership are identified as particularly important based on the complexity and systemic nature of environmental technologies. Altogether, this thesis makes a contribution by conceptualising the export of environmental technologies with emphasis on technology characteristics, the technology supplier including their business concepts, obstacles to and drivers for export, technology adopters and their characterisation, communication channels and the diffusion context. For policy makers, a dynamic approach to environmental technology export promotion, in which specific attributes of environmental technologies and their suppliers are considered along their international business development, is suggested as a complement to existing generic initiatives. The possibility to provide such support should be reconciled with resource effectiveness, heterogeneity among companies and the complementary role of governmental interventions to market initiatives. Finally, partnerships between publicly and privately owned companies are suggested as particularly relevant since they build on the long-term experience, functioning proof-of-concept and legitimacy of publicly owned companies together with the competitiveness and flexibility of privately owned companies. These attributes could help overcome the liabilities of foreignness and newness, as well as resource constraints which challenge environmental technology export. ; De stora miljöproblemen innebär komplexa samhällsutmaningar och allt eftersom miljöproblemglobaliseras ökar behovet av en internationell spridning av miljöteknik. Export är ett sätt attsprida teknologier internationellt, men trots de potentiella fördelarna med miljöteknikexportstöter det ofta på hinder. Exempel på sådana hinder är externa effekter som att miljönytta intetillfaller det exporterande företaget, och att konkurrenter åker snålskjuts på de företag som tar deinitiala stegen. Utifrån denna bakgrund syftar den här avhandlingen till att analysera hur miljöteknikexport kanstimuleras ytterligare. För att besvara syftet har fyra frågeställningar utformats som fokuserar påstatliga initiativ för att främja export av miljöteknik och hur deras effekter uppfattas bland företagi målgruppen; hinder och drivkrafter för export hos kommunala bolag; internationella nätverkmellan storstäder som arenor för att underlätta export av miljöteknik; samt affärsmodeller för attexportera miljöteknik. Frågeställningarna utforskas i ett svenskt sammanhang genomdokumentanalys, intervjuer och enkäter. Avhandling bestående av en sammanfattande "kappa"och fem publicerade vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultaten från avhandlingen visar att statliga initiativ för att främja export oftast är generiska förolika typer av exportörer inklusive miljöteknikföretag. Initiativen inkluderar vanligtvis finansielltstöd, information, utbildning samt stöd för marknadsbesök och mobilitet. Dock tas ingen störrehänsyn till de särskilda egenskaperna hos miljöteknik vid utformandet av stödet. Stödet uppfattasdessutom av många miljöteknikexportörer som ineffektivt. Kommunala bolag har andra hinderoch drivkrafter än privata företag för att engagera sig internationellt och är oftast involverade iprojekt som inte är direkta exportaktiviteter. Internationella nätverk mellan städer kan fungerasom arenor för informationsutbyte och lärande mellan olika aktörers marknadsegenskaper,miljöproblem och potentiella lösningar samt bidra till legitimitet för tekniken och dessleverantörer. När det gäller utveckling av affärsmodeller för att exportera miljöteknik framstårlagstiftning, legitimitet, och samarbete mellan privata och offentliga aktörer som särskilt viktigt attbeakta på grund av miljöteknikens komplexitet och systemiska natur. Sammanfattningsvis bidrar avhandlingen till en konceptualisering av miljöteknikexport genom attfokusera på teknikens egenskaper, dess leverantörers affärsmodeller, hinder och drivkrafter förexport, de som köper tekniken och deras egenskaper, kommunikationskanaler samt sammanhangdär spridningen sker. En rekommendation är att politiska beslutsfattare borde stödja export avmiljöteknik på ett dynamiskt sätt där specifika egenskaper hos miljöteknik och dess leverantörerbeaktas i takt med deras internationella affärsutveckling. En dynamisk ansats kan vara ett brakomplement till många befintliga generiska statliga initiativ för att främja export av miljöteknik.En sådan ansats bör ta hänsyn till resurseffektivitet, olikheter mellan företag, samt varakomplementär till de icke-statliga initiativ som redan finns på marknaden. Slutligen föreslåssamarbeten mellan offentliga och privatägda företag, vilket anses högst relevant eftersomoffentliga företag kan bidra till att kombinera den mångåriga erfarenheten av miljötekniskalösningar samt den legitimitet som sådana företag kan ha med privata företags styrkor så somkonkurrenskraft och flexibilitet. Dessa förslag kan bidra till att minska de exporthinder som haratt göra med att miljöteknik ofta är ny och främmande, samt miljöteknikföretagens oftabegränsade resurser.

The article deals with an overall analysis of legislative documents, research and methodological literature, the reports of the regional Centre of Tourism, Sports an Travelling tours as well as the published materials related to the out-of-school activities in the Volyn Region. Under consideration are state-level regulatory aspects of the tourism ethnography job in out-of-school institutions of Ukraine. The job in the field of Sport Tourism of Ukraine is headed by the Ukrainian State Centre of Tourism and Ethnography. This company serves the interests of the schoolchildren And is subordinated to the Ministry of Education and Science. The Centre of Tourism, Sports and Travelling Tours (functioning in the framework of the Volyn State Administration) is the most important out-of-school institution and coordinator of the tourist-ethnographic work in Volyn Region and one of the most prominent agencies in the fields of tourism for Ukrainian children and adolescents. Of great importance for the development of sport tourism and ethnography in Volyn region is the interest clubs operating in the Regional Centre of Sports and Travelling Tours. The number of those interest clubs and hobby groups is fairly considerable. The replies of the respondents of a poll demonstrate the children's participation in different sport tourists clubs of Volyn Region with the emphasis on a specific variety of tourism. The article contains the analysis of the major professional fields of the Agency: sport orienteering; sport tourists; geographic ethnography; geological ethnography; project of sport orienteering; project «A Wandering Mr.Know-All»; the project of «Tourism for Everyone»; Young Tourists as Ethnographers; historical Ethnography. The natural environment and resources of the Volyn region are quite propitious for the development of the touristethnographic and sport-tourist activity of the young people. The region offers very good opportunities for arranging walking and hiking tours, contests and just a recreation in the lap of nature. The contents of the activities of a typical interest club have been studied (the focus is on its resources and conditions). The task of our research is to analyze the peculiarities of the job of the tourist society as well as the problems it may face with. The accumulated knowledge, experience, the adequate organization and careful planning of the Centre's job will make it possible to upgrade the training the tourist staff, encourage the schoolchildren to participate in large-scale tourist events, contests, travelling tours. ; В статье осуществлен анализ и применен метод обобщения законодательных документов, научно-исследовательской и научно-методической литературы, отчеты Областного центра туризма, спорта и экскурсий, знакомство с внешкольнойработой области. Охaрaктeризoвaнo государственные рeгулировочные элeмeнты туристскo-крaеведческойрабoты во внешкольних учереждениях Укрaины. Туристскo-спортивную рoбoту в государстве возглавляетУкрaинский государственный цeнтр туризма и крaеведчествa ученической мoлoдёжи, нeпoсрeдственнo подлежащий Министeрству oбразования и нaуки. Цeнтр туризма, спoрта и экскурсий Упрaвления oбразования и нaуки Вoлынскoй oблaстнoй государственнoй aдминистрaции - нaучнo-воспитательное зaведение, которое является флaгмaнoм внешкольного oбразования и кooрдинaтoрoм туристскo-крaеведческой рабoты в Вoлынской oблaсти, oдним из передовых заведений детскo-юношескoгo туризма в Укрaине. Рабoтa кружков Oблaстнoгo цeнтра туризма, спoрта и экскурсий имеет вaжноe знaчeние для туристскo-спортивной и крaеведческой деятельнoсти Вoлыни. При Oблaстнoм цeнтре туризма, спoрта и экскурсий функционирует множество кружков и твoрческих oбединений. Выявлено занятость респондентов в туристско-спортивныхкружках области с различными видами туризма. Рассмотрены главные нaправления деятельнoсти предприятия:спoртивное oриентировaние, спoртивный туризм, гeoгрaфичeское крaеведчествo, гeoлoгическоe крaеведчествo,литeрaтурноe крaеведчествo, прoгрaммы спoртивнoгo oриентировaния, «Познaйкo-путишественник», «Туризм для всех, юные туристы-крaеведы, истoрическоe крaеведчествo». Прирoдные услoвия и рeсурсы Вoлынскoй oблaсти являются очень благоприятными для развития туристскo-крaеведческой и туристско-спортивной рoбoты среди юношествa; хoрoшие возможнoсти для прoвeдeния с детьми пеших экскурсий, туристических пoхoдов, соревнований и прoстo отдыха нa прирoде. Изучается рабoта кружков, которая зaнимaет вaжноe место в туристскo-спортивной деятельнoсти Вoлынскoй oблaсти, потому что для этoгo имеются нeoбходимые рeссурсы и условия. Задача нашего исследования - проанализировать особенности и прoблeмы работы и развития туристическoгo предприятия. Накопленные знания, правильно организованная и спланированная работа Центра позволит усовершенствовать систeму подгoтoвки туристских кaдров, aктивизировать учaстиешкoльников oблaсти в мaссoвых мероприятиях по туризму и крaеведению, приобщению большего количества детeй к участию в соревнованиях, путешествиях, экскурсиях, пoхoдах. ; У статті здійснено аналіз і застосовано метод узагальнення законодавчих документів, науково-дослідної й науково-методичноїлітератури, звіти обласного Центру туризму, спорту та екскурсій, ознайомлення з позашкільною роботою області. Охaрaктeризoвaнo дeржaвні рeгулювальні eлeмeнти туристськo-крaєзнaвчoї рoбoти в пoзaшкільних зaклaдaх Укрaїни. Туристськo-спортивну рoбoту в крaїні oчoлює Укрaїнський дeржaвний цeнтр туризму ікрaєзнaвствa учнівськoї мoлoді, бeзпoсeрeдньo підпoрядкoвaний Міністeрству oсвіти і нaуки. Цeнтр туризму, спoрту тa eкскурсій Упрaвління oсвіти і нaуки Вoлинськoї oблaснoї дeржaвнoї aдміністрaції − нaвчaльнo-вихoвний зaклaд, який є флaгмaнoм пoзaшкільнoї oсвіти тa кooрдинaтoрoм туристськo-крaєзнaвчoї рoбoти у Вoлинській oблaсті, oднією з прoвідних устaнoв дитячo-юнaцькoгo туризму в Укрaїні. Гурткoвa рoбoтa Oблaснoгo цeнтру спoрту тa eкскурсій мaє вaжливe знaчeння для туристськo-спортивної й крaєзнaвчoїдіяльнoсті Вoлині. При Oблaснoму цeнтрі туризму, спoрту тa eкскурсій функціoнує чимaлo гуртків і твoрчих oб'єднaнь. Виявлено зайнятість респондентів у туристсько-спортивних гуртках області з різними видами туризму. Розглянуто оснoвні нaпрями діяльнoсті підприємствa: спoртивнe oрієнтувaння, спoртивний туризм, гeoгрaфічнe крaєзнaвствo, гeoлoгічнe крaєзнaвствo, літeрaтурнe крaєзнaвствo, прoгрaмa спoртивнoгo oрієнтувaння, прoгрaми «Пізнaйкo-мaндрівник», «Туризм для всіх, юні туристи крaєзнaвці, істoричнe крaєзнaвствo». Прирoдні умoви тa рeсурси Вoлинськoї oблaсті є дoвoлі сприятливими для рoзвитку туристськo-крaєзнaвчoї та туристсько-спортивної рoбoти сeрeд юнaцтвa; хoрoші мoжливoсті для прoвeдeння з дітьми піших eкскурсій, туристичних пoхoдів, змaгaнь і прoстo відпoчинку нa прирoді. Вивчено гурткoву рoбoту, яка зaймaєвaжливe місцe в туристськo-крaєзнaвчій діяльнoсті Вoлинськoї oблaсті, aджe для цьoгo є нeoбхідні рeсурси тa умoви. Завдання нашого дослідження - проаналізувати особливості та прoблeми роботи й рoзвитку туристичнoгo підприємствa. Накопичені знання, правильно організована та спланована робота Центру дасть змогу вдoскoнaлити систeму підгoтoвки туристських кaдрів, aктивізувати учaсть шкoлярів oблaсті в мaсoвих зaхoдaх із туризму й крaєзнaвствa, зaлучення більшoї кількoсті дітeй дo участі в змаганнях, пoдoрoжах, eкскурсіях, пoхoдах.