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Written from within the best traditions of ecocritical thought, this book provides a wide-ranging account of the spatial imagination of landscape and seascape in literary and cultural contexts from many regions of the world. It brings together essays by authors writing from within diverse cultural traditions, across historical periods from ancient Egypt to the postcolonial and postmodern present, and touches on an array of divergent theoretical interventions. The volume investigates how our spatial imaginations become'wired, 'looking at questions about mediation and exploring how various traditions compete for prominence in our spatial imagination. In what ways is personal experience inflected by prevailing cultural traditions of representation and interpretationCan an individual maintain a unique and distinctive spatial imagination in the face of dominant trends in perception and interpretationWhat are the environmental implications of how we see landscapeThe book reviews how landscape is at once conceptual and perceptual, illuminating several important themes including the temporality of space, the mediations of place that form the response of an observer of a landscape, and the development of response in any single life from early, partial thoughts to more considered ideas in maturity. Chapters provide suggestive and culturally nuanced propositions from varying points of view on ancient and modern landscapes and seascapes and on how individuals or societies have arranged, conceptualized, or imagined circumambient space. Opening up issues of landscape, seascape, and spatiality, this volume commences a wide-ranging critical discussion that includes various approaches to literature, history and cultural studies. Bringing together research from diverse areas such as ecocriticism, landscape theory, colonial and postcolonial theory, hybridization theory, and East Asian Studies to provide a historicized and global account of our ecospatial imaginations, this book will be useful for scholars of landscape ecology, ecocriticism, physical and social geography, postcolonialism and postcolonial ecologies, comparative literary studies, and East Asian Studies.

Foucault makes clear in his later lectures that the notion of parrhesia has a long and varied history, which he merely sketches in his investigations of ancient politics and philosophy. Recent research extends and modifies Foucault's genealogy of parrhesia as an aspect of the practice of the adviser or counsellor of a monarch or prince, showing how parrhesia informed notions of counsel at other times: in later antiquity, the middle ages as well as early modern Europe. Here we seek to show that the ancient notion of parrhesia reappears as a graft in another domain of modern truth telling: that of bureaucracy in Brit-ain, with the debates over the organisation of the offices of government, with the middle years of the nineteenth century a decisive moment of rupture. We consider the fate of bu-reaucratic frank counsel in our own era. Interpreters of Foucault's later lectures on govern-mentality have analysed the consequences of neoliberal rule for the government of public servants, during the era of Margaret Thatcher. Presenting a reappraisal of the era in which neoliberalism first took shape as a practical programme for the government of Civil Service bu-reaucrats, we show how important counter - discourses also emerged in this era, bringing the ethics of office to the fore. Civil servants argued for the formal codification of bureaucratic ethics, includ-ing frank counsel, as they tried to defend their professional ethics. Our discussion therefore ad-dresses a key, early moment in the emergence of the ideal of codifying frank counsel and bureau-cratic ethics. We consider the consequences of codification arguing that a deep ambivalence now characterises the way in which political authorities seek to govern this domain of ethical practice – an ambivalence anticipated by the arguments of the Conservative's critics of the 1980s.

The starting point for the exhibition Memory Game at Villa Lontana is a nineteenth century chest of drawers comprising numerous colored marble samples used during the Roman Empire. The object is part of the Fondazione Santarelli Collection, which is treated as an archive to develop the curatorial projects of Villa Lontana. Each sample comes from a different quarry and location within the extended colonies of the Roman Empire: Afghanistan, Algeria, Egypt, France, Greece, Italy, Jordan, Libya, Macedonia, Spain, Syria, Tunisia and Turkey. The chest of drawers, together with the Enciclopedia dell'Arte Antica Treccani are presented in Villa Lontana's garage space alongside works by Tauba Auerbach, Cyprien Gaillard, Susan Hiller, Thomas Hutton, John Latham, Charlotte Moth, Rosalind Nashashibi + Lucy Skaer, Olu Ogunnaike and Giorgio Orbi. The chest of drawers is an object that provokes us to think about geographies and memory games in conjunction with the political, economic and geographic expansion of the ancient Roman Empire. "Those who still wander around the Palatine Hill, the Forums, the ruins of the baths and other monuments, will see small flakes and fragments of various kinds of colored marble, standing out among the stones and the loose earth, especially after the rain. These fragments are not stones originating from the soil of Rome, but come from all parts of the Empire." This passage comes from the seminal text Marmora Romana, written by Raniero Gnoli in 1971 after his visit to all the main places and monuments of the Mediterranean basin where there are ancient marbles, retracing the paths of Faustino Corsi. Memory Game presents different ways in which contemporary artists respond to geography, history, trade and economies: craft, tradition and re-invention, geopolitical structures and networks of power, transaction and exchange, economies and histories.

The article covers epigrams specifics that were published on the pages of the newspaper "Literaturna Ukraina" ("Literary Ukraine") during the last two years. The process of an epigram emergence and development in Ukrainian literature and journalism is comprehended on the basis of the delicate factual material, theoretical developments in the field of genre studies. Historical conditions of the literature development in Ukraine determined its continuous connection with the high artistic culture of the antiquity era — the cradle of European civilization. Through the translated literature of Byzantine and Bulgarian origin, the scribes of Kyivan Rus had information about ancient mythology, philosophy and literature, the fact of which were epigrammatic texts. The article briefly reveals the genesis of the epigram in Ukraine from ancient times to the present day. The emphasis is placed on the fact that in journalism an epigram was started on the pages of "Shershen" (1906), the first Ukrainian-language satirical magazine in the Russian Empire. Epigrams regularly appeared in Ukrainian periodicals of Soviet times. Genre features of an epigram are refined as structural integrity with the established laws and mechanisms of internal processes. The analysis showed that on the pages of "Literaturna Ukraina" during 2017-2018 epigrams were regularly published in the headings "Ostap Vyshnya Club", "Vyshnyak" and "Epigrams of the Week". About a hundred epigrams were published. Mostly these were political epigrams. Among the most active authors were S. Borschevskyi, V. Combel, V. Shulha, M. Strelbytskyi. Partly, there appeared texts of this genre, belonging to the world literature classics, such as R. Burns. The genre typology of epigrams, published in the newspaper "Literaturna Ukraina", differs from the political "addressless", to epigram-obituary to "spring sketching" (a combination of lyrical and satirical jets in one two-axis). The study of the organizational and publishing history of the "Literaturna Ukraina" newspaper and ...

The continuity or decline of democracy in the Hellenistic world is still a matter of contro­versy in contemporary historiography on the Ancient World. That is not the case in the His­tory of the Ideas, where the Athenian model represents the core of every theory on ancient democracy. Thus, political philosophies on Hellenistic democracies, as compared to those on Athens, are characterized by a retreat or fading of the popular involvement. However, in the light of recent scholarship, it is necessary to treat as relative the level of decline of de­mocracy in the Hellenistic world, as well as its place in political thought as a whole, and par­ticularly in that of Polybius. Book 2, in which it is described the history of the Achaean Confederation, is full of references to democra­cy and it seems to indicate that it still has a central place in Polybius' political ideas. ; La continuidad o decadencia de la democracia en el mundo helenístico es objeto aún hoy de contro­versia dentro de la historiografía moderna sobre el mundo antiguo. No así en la Historia de las Ideas donde el modelo ateniense constituye el centro de toda teoría de la democracia antigua. Por tanto, en filosofía política las democracias helenísticas, en comparación con Atenas, se carac­terizan por un retroceso u agotamiento de la par­ticipación popular. Sin embargo, a la luz de estu­dios recientes, es necesario relativizar el grado de decadencia de la democracia en el mundo helenís­tico y el lugar que ocupa en el pensamiento políti­co en general, y en el de Polibio en particular. El libro 2, en que se describe la historia de la Confe­deración aquea, es abundante en referencias a la democracia y parece indicar que ella ocupa un lugar central en las ideas políticas de Polibio.

This paper traces the history of nineteenth-century restoration in the UK by high-lighting the events, theories and documents that will lead for the first time in Eu-rope at the maturation of the restoration discipline. The world of architecture and the possibility of a physical survival of monuments found a professional and ethi-cal dimension that can be considered sustainable in many subjects. The confusing and arbitrary stylistic restoration, with all its contradictions and unruly, is recog-nized as a deleterious practice to the conservation of ancient buildings. Some architects addressing the restoration to the stylistic unity became the target of a growing collective movement that challenged the scraping and demolition, and upholds the principle of "minimal intervention" by John Ruskin. Just the ideas of the writer and philosopher and his suggestions for the restoration of monuments will generate a need for clear rules. The negative evaluations expressed by many critics, historians, politicians and scientists demonstrate that interventions were not sustainable from many points of view: procedural (absence of a methodological approach), technical (destructiveness), economic (high costs for drastic measures), and social (no respect for the authenticity and deception of style). The Papers on the Conservation of Ancient Monuments and Remains (1865) will be adopted to contain the vast controversy generated by the outcome of the stylistic restoration. The document contains the guidelines approved by the Royal Institute of British Architects, designed with the innovative conservative approach; it must be pointed out that some of the most current meanings attributed to the term "sus-tainability" are perceptible in its articles. The essay will demonstrate how the principle of "minimum intervention", the re-spect for the historical stratigraphy, and the fundamental interdisciplinary contribu-tion of chemical science had already become the characteristics of "sustainable" restoration in the UK in the nineteenth century.

Women today are struggling with all their passion and all their strength day and night for the creation of a new history of a democratic country. Today in the streets, men, women, the old, the young, everyone stops to listen to the women.———Nam Hyǒn-sǒ, "Women of a New Country," January 1947In Korea from ancient times, the master of the home was thought to refer to the husband … we now realize that the master of the home must be the woman, that is, the wife or mother.———Chang Chǒng-suk, "The New Home and Housewife," October 1947All social revolutions in modern history, from the Russian Revolution of 1917 to the Cuban one of 1959, have attempted to address the status of women as a critical element of social change.1North Korea was no different. With Japan's defeat in World War II, Korea was liberated from its thirty-five-year colonial rule, and as in many postcolonial nations after the war, revolution was in the air.2When the Cold War came early to the peninsula, Korea took two divergent paths. Divided at the 38th parallel into separate occupation zones, with the United States in the south and the USSR in the north, social reforms were carried out swiftly in the north, aided and abetted by the Soviets, while in the south, the American occupiers saw most Korean political movements as too radical and suppressed them. In what follows, I focus on the formative years of early North Korean history, the five-year period between the end of Japanese colonial rule in 1945 and the start of the Korean War in 1950. I show how North Korea from the outset attempted to meld the old and the new through the figure of the revolutionary mother as a uniquely feminine revolutionary subjectivity. This sets the North Korean case apart from other historical examples of social revolutions and their handling of "the woman question."

Abstract
Chinese scholars just began to study Arabic literature since Reform and Opening-up of China in 1979, though Arabic language began to be taught in Peking University since 1951. Chinese scholars' studies on Arabic literature studies at that time were at the edge of studies of world literature. Articles on Arabic literature just issued on Arab World. It was still difficult for professors of Arabic literature to issue their articles at the journals such as Foreign Literature Review, Literature Abroad, Foreign Literature Studies, Foreign Literature and Contemporary Foreign Literature in 1980s. These journals preferred to issue papers on western literature and Russian literature during that period. In recent years, studies on Arabic literature developed rapidly in China. The Chinese intellectuals do not study on ancient Arabic literature only, but study on modern and contemporary Arabic literature also. They published books on Arabic literature such as On Arabian Nights: Mythology and Reality,Singing for Love: A Study on Kuwait Poetess Souad al-Sabah,Sufism in Modern Arabic Literature, Modern Arabic Literature During the Cultural Changes,Arabic Poetry in the Context of Globalization: A Study on Egyptian Poet Farouk Guweidah, and Comparative Study of Chinese and Arabic Literature. They also wrote histories of Arabic literature, for example, History of Arabic Literature, History of Modern Arabic Literature and General History of Arabic Literature are available in Chinese book market in these years. Professor Zhong Jikun won Appreciation Award of Egypt Ministry of Higher Education in 2005, won Sheikh Zayed Book Award's Cultural Personality of the Year in 2011 and in the same year won King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz International Prize for Translation. These prizes and awards show us that studies on Arabic literature have moved from the edge of China to the center of Arab world.

The Tour of Spain José Luis Velázquez de Velasco was the first attempt to catalog the antiquities of the nation, for later use in a new history of Spain. Powered by the Crown, which made available to the administrative apparatus, to use later obtained documentation on the issue of the Regional Board against the Papacy. It was the first time that ancient monuments were drawn, as had happened in other nations of the time. The political upheavals of the reign of Fernando VI involved the suspension of political and economic support to Valdeflores, who managed to finish the trip at his expense. Despite the significance that the work was unpublished documents originated in the archives of the Royal Academy of History, where it survives today.Despite the importance of the work was unpublished documents in the archives of the Royal Academy of History, where it survives today. ; El viaje de España de Luis José Velázquez de Velasco fue el primer intento de catalogar las antigüedades de la nación, para su posterior utilización en una nueva Historia de España. Impulsado por la Corona, que puso a su disposición el aparato administrativo, para utilizar posteriormente la documentación conseguida en la cuestión del Patronato Regio frente al Papado. Se trató de la primera ocasión en que se dibujaron los monumentos antiguos, como ya había ocurrido en otras naciones de la época. Las convulsiones políticas del reinado de Fernando VI conllevaron la suspensión del apoyo político y económico a Valdeflores, quien consiguió terminar el viaje a su costa. A pesar de la importancia que tenía el trabajo, la documentación quedó inédita en los archivos de la Real Academia de la Historia, donde se conserva en la actualidad.

When Rome was at its height, an emperor`s male beloved, victim of an untimely death, would be worshipped around the empire as a god. In this same society, the routine sexual exploitation of poor and enslaved women was abetted by public institutions. Four centuries later, a Roman emperor commanded the mutilation of men caught in same-sex affairs, even as he affirmed the moral dignity of women without any civic claim to honor. The gradual transformation of the Roman world from polytheistic to Christian marks one of the most sweeping ideological changes of premodern history. At the center of it all was sex. Exploring sources in literature, philosophy, and art, Kyle Harper examines the rise of Christianity as a turning point in the history of sexuality and helps us see how the roots of modern sexuality are grounded in an ancient religious revolution. While Roman sexual culture was frankly and freely erotic, it was not completely unmoored from constraint. Offending against sexual morality was cause for shame, experienced through social condemnation. The rise of Christianity fundamentally changed the ethics of sexual behavior. In matters of morality, divine judgment transcended that of mere mortals, and shame--a social concept--gave way to the theological notion of sin. This transformed understanding led to Christianity`s explicit prohibitions of homosexuality, extramarital love, and prostitution. Most profound, however, was the emergence of the idea of free will in Christian dogma, which made all human action, including sexual behavior, accountable to the spiritual, not the physical, world.

Books reviewed:Anthropology and historyHare, Tom, Remembering Osiris: number, gender, and the word in ancient Egyptian representational systemsHarlan, Jack R., The living fields: our agricultural heritageInomata, Takeshi & Stephen D. Houston (eds), Royal courts of the ancient Maya. Vol. 1: theory, comparison, synthesisLockwood, Matthew, Fertility and house– hold labour in Tanzania: demography, economy, and society in Rufiji district, c.1870–1986Pollock, Susan, Ancient Mesopotamia: the Eden that never was (Case Stud. early soc.)Quijada, Mónica, Carmen Bernand & Arnd Schneider, Homogeneidad y nación: con un estudio de caso: Argentina, siglos XIX y XX (Coll. tierra nueva e cielo nuovo 42)Anthropology of religionAssayag, Jackie & Gilles Tarabout (eds), La possession en asie du sud: parole, corps, territorie / Possession in South Asia: speech, body, territoryKlass, Morton & Maxine K. Weisgrau (eds), Across the boundaries of belief (Contemp. issues in anthr. relig.)Rakotomalala, Malanjaona, Sophie Blancy & Françoise Raison–Jourde, Madagascar: les ancêtres au quotidien: usages sociaux du religieux sur les Hautes–Terres MalgachesDevelopmentBierschenk, Thomas, J.–P. Chaveau & J.–P. Olivier de Sardan (eds), Courtiers en développement: les villages africains en quête de projets (Collection 'Hommes et Sociétés')Zerner, Charles (ed.), People, plants, and justice: the politics of nature conservationGeneralArmbrust, Walter (ed.), Mass mediations: new approaches to popular culture in the Middle East and beyondDupont, Veronique, Emma Tarlo & Denis Vidal (eds), Delhi: urban space and human destiniesKing, Victor T. (ed.), Rural development and social science research: case studies from Borneo (Borneo Res. Counc. Proc. 6)Privratsky, Bruce G., Muslim Turkistan: Kazak religion and collective memoryVan Beek, Martijn, Kristoffer Brix Bertelsen & Poul Pedersen (eds), Ladakh: culture, history, and development between Himalaya and Karakoram (Recent research on Ladakh 8)Winzeler, Robert L. (ed.), Indigenous architecture in Borneo: traditional patterns and new developments (Borneo Res. Counc. Proc. 5)Human evolutionAgustí, Jorge, Lorenzo Rook & Peter Andrews (eds), The evolution of Neogene terrestrial ecosystems in Europe (Hominoid Evol. clim. chge Eur 1)Curtiss, Garniss, Carl Swisher & Roger Lewin, Java man: how two geologists changed the history of human evolutionde Bonis, Louis, George Koufos & Peter Andrews (eds), Phylogeny of the Neogene hominoid primates of Eurasia (Hominoid Evol. clim. chge Eur. 2)Ghiglieri, Michael P., The dark side of man: tracing the origins of male violenceLegal anthropologyJust, Peter, Dou Donggo justice: conflict and morality in an Indonesian societyKahn, Paul W., The cultural study of law: reconstructing legal scholarshipNiezen, Ronald, Defending the land: sover– eignty and forest life in James Bay Cree society (Cult. Surv. Stud. Ethn. Chge)Peterson, Nicolas & Will Sanders (eds), Citizenship and indigenous Australians: changing conceptions and possibilities (Reshaping Australian Institutions ser.)MethodGuneratne, Katharine Bjork, In the circle of the dance: notes of an outsider in NepalMihesuh, Devon A. (ed.), Natives and academics: researching and writing about American IndiansMukherji, Partha Nath (ed.), Methodology in social research: dilemmas and perspectives: essays in honour of Ramkrishna MukherjeeNewman, Paul & Martha Ratliff (eds), Linguistic fieldworkSocial anthropologyFonseca, Isabel, Bury me standing: the Gypsies and their journeyForshee, Jill, Between the folds: stories of cloth, lives, and travels from SumbaHua, Cai (transl. Asti Hustvedt), A society without fathers or husbands: the Na of ChinaJackson, Peter, Michelle Lowe, Danielle Miller & Frank Mort (eds), Commercial cultures: economies, practices, spaces (Leisure, consumption and culture)McKnight, David, People, Countries, and the Rainbow Serpent: systems of classification among the Lardil of Mornington Island (Oxford studs. in anthrop. ling. 12)Palerm Viqueira, Jacinta & Tomás Martínez Saldaña (eds), Antologia sobre pequeño riego, Vol. II (Organizaciones Autogestivas)Pottier, Johan, Anthropology of food: the social dynamics of food securitySchmidt, Bettina E. & Ingo W. Schröder (eds), Anthropology of violence and conflict (EASA)Schneider, Arnd, Futures lost: nostalgia and identity among Italian immigrants in ArgentinaSmith–Hefner, Nancy J., Khmer American: identity and moral education in a diasporic communityTheoryDube, Leela, Anthropological explorations in gender: intersecting fieldsKuper, Adam, Among the anthropologists: history and context in anthropologyLatta, Robert L., The basic humor process: a cognitive–shift theory and the case against incongruity (Humor Res. 5)Linke, Uli, Blood and nation: the European aesthetics of raceLittlewood, Roland, Religion, agency, restitution (Wilde Lectures in Natural Religion 1999)Martin, Calvin Luther, The way of the human beingMiller, Dean A, The epic heroStedman Jones, Susan, Durkheim reconsideredTilley, Christopher, Metaphor and material cultureTodorov, Tzvetan (transl. K. Golsan & L. Golsan), Life in common: an essay in general anthropology (European Horizons)Wolf, Eric R., Pathways of power: building an anthropology of the modern world

Plataiai, in SW-Boiotia, is famous above all for the events which took place in its vicinity in the autumn of 479 B.C. This victory of the Greeks over the Persian army, in concert with the Battle of Salamis, was an event of the utmost significance for European history and is often the topic of modern scientific analysis. Nevertheless, the ancient polis which gave its name to the battle has been overlooked by modern historians and all the more by archaeologists, in a rather curious way. The Plataiai Project was consequently inaugurated in 1996 in order to gain a better understanding of the history and chronology of this ancient place. Results from the investigations have made it possible to establish a settlement sequence for Plataiai; this sequence spans seven millennia, from the Middle Neolithic Age to the modern era. Plataiai is situated in a relatively secure location on the lower slopes of Mt. Kithairon where the first settlers established a small hamlet. The site continued to be inhabited in a nearly unbroken sequence into historical times. During the formative period of Classical Hellas Plataiai developed into an independent polis. The town became entangled in the internecine struggles of 6th and 5th century B.C. Greece and suffered accordingly. Plataiai was twice destroyed and depopulated as a result of the wars between Athens, Sparta and Thebes. Only a final shift of the political and strategic focusses under Philip and Alexander helped secure the existence of the town. During Hellenistic times and the time of the Roman Empire Plataiai remained undisturbed. Plataiai's existence during the 6th, 5th and 4th centuries B.C. is documented mainly by way of surface finds and its earliest known fortification. In addition to the discovery of fragmentary dwellings from the 6th century B.C., small scale excavations appear to have uncovered a cult deposit from the same period. The main characteristics of Plataiai in the late 4th century B.C. and beyond consist of an ambitious extension of the settlement, structured internally along an orthogonal grid of urban blocks and roads which was protected by an extended belt of fortifications. Geophysical survey has helped to locate and document the main urban monuments, such as the Agora, the precinct of Dionysos, the Temple of Hera, and other public buildings, in addition to an extended area covered by private dwellings, some of truly impressive size. The evidence of such large buildings confirms, beyond a doubt, that several very wealthy families existed in Plataiai, who made good use of their dwellings to express their social and political status. Late Antiquity seems to have severely curtailed Plataiai's prosperity. Urgent military threats led to the building of an emergency fortification which re-used the building materials of many Hellenistic and Roman structures. Nevertheless, a bishopric at Plataiai, a note in Procopius' de aedeficiis and the remains of several churches at the site prove that the town still existed during the reign of the emperor Justinian, whereas it is possible that the site was abandoned after this time. Only from the 11th and 12th centuries A.D. onwards does the surface material again corroborate the existence of a settlement at the site. The modern village of Kokla was renamed Plataies during the 1920s and thus continues the tradition of the ancient polis right into the 21st century A.D.

The Salvation of Israel investigates Christianity's eschatological Jew, the role and characteristics of the Jews at the end of days in the Christian imagination. It explores the depth of Christian ambivalence regarding these Jews, from Paul's Epistle to the Romans, through late antiquity and the Middle Ages, to the Puritans of the seventeenth century. Jeremy Cohen contends that few aspects of a religion shed as much light on the character and the self-understanding of its adherents as its expectations for the end of time. Moreover, eschatological beliefs express and mold an outlook toward non-believers, situating them in an overall scheme of human history and conditioning interaction with them as that history unfolds.Cohen's close readings of biblical commentary, theological texts, and Christian iconography reveal the dual role of the Jews of the last days. For rejecting belief and salvation in Jesus Christ, they have been linked to the false messiah, the Antichrist, the agent of Satan and the exemplary embodiment of evil. Yet from its inception, Christianity has also hinged its hopes for the Second Coming on the enlightenment and repentance of the Jews; for then, as Paul prophesized, "all Israel will be saved."In its vast historical scope, from the ancient Mediterranean world of early Christianity to seventeenth century England and New England, The Salvation of Israel offers a nuanced and insightful assessment of Christian attitudes toward Jews, rife with inconsistency and complexity, thus contributing significantly to our understanding of Jewish-Christian relations

Intro -- Foreword -- About This Book -- Contents -- About the Author -- Holy Land? Israel? Palestine? -- Part I: Religiosity and Politics -- The Pious, the Zealous and a "Dead" God -- Fundamentalism: A Shield for the Culture? -- Is Zionism Blasphemy? -- Zionism in the Quran? -- Part II: The Holy Land, Religions and Politics -- What Is the Holy Land?-Biblical Borders? -- Why Is the Land Holy? -- To Whom Is the Land Holy? -- Where Is the Land Holy? -- The Jewish Holy Places -- The Christian Holy Places -- The Muslim Holy Places -- How Is the Land Holy? -- By What Means Is the Land Acquired? -- Part III: The History of Changing Ownership -- Whose Possession? Whose Property? -- Names and Power -- The Patriarch Fathers -- Jewish Settlement as "Conquest" -- Kingdom and Kingdoms Come and Go -- Exile, Return and Autonomy -- The Europeanization of the Holy Land -- Christians as Heirs and Owners -- Re-orientalisation: Arabisation, Turkification -- Re-europeanization -- The Return of Islam -- The Return to Zion -- The British in the Holy Land -- The Founding of Israel: Palestine Becomes Jordan -- "Greater Israel": Jewish or Democratic? Of Federations and Confederations -- Injustice for Injustice-Conclusion-Solution? -- Chronology -- Recommended Reading -- Indispensible Religious Texts -- Helpful Encyclopediae -- Atlases -- Basic Reading -- Recommended Documentaries -- Ancient Mesopotamia -- Persian Empire -- Roman Empire -- Byzantium -- Islam and Jews -- Prof Bernard Lewis Lecture -- Mongolian Empire -- Mamluks -- Arab-Israeli Conflict.

International audience ; Der Artikel zeichnet nach, wie die polnischen Intellektuellen G.E.Groddeck und Joachim Lelewel politische Geschehnisse analysierten, die sie mit Athens Niederlage im Peloponnesischen Krieg verknüpften. Anhand dieser Beispiele kann die Veränderung im Umgang mit dem antiken Athengezeigt werden, die in der polnischen Literatur und Kultur nach 1795 erfolgte, nachdem die Königliche Republik der polnischen Krone und des Großfürstentums Litauen ihre Unabhängigkeit verloren hatte und von der europäischen Landkarte verschwunden war. So erklärt sich der Übergang hin zur Interpretation der griechischen Geschichte als eines Modells für Polens nationale Identität in der Moderne, allerdings erst, nachdem Polen bereits besiegt war. Die Niederlage Athens war somit von hohem Interesse für die polnische Wissenschaft, und Gelehrte wie Groddeck und Lelewel bewerteten ihre Bedeutung für die neue Situation Polens grundlegend verschieden. ; This article describes how the Polish intellectuals G.E. Groddeck (1763–1825) and Joachim Lelewel (1786–1861) referenced and analysed events connected with the fall of Athens in the Peloponnesian War. It aims to show how treatments of ancient Athens changed after 1795, when the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ceased to be an independent country and disappeared from the map of Europe. This transition resulted in the promotion of Greek history as a model for Poland's modern national identity, but only in the period after Poland had already been defeated. The defeat of Athens was therefore a topic of great interest for Polish scholarship, and scholars such as Groddeck and Lelewel disagreed fundamentally about itssignificance for Poland in this situation.