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This book examines how the United States adopted and contributed to the practices of international society--the habits and practices states use to regulate their relations--during the nineteenth century. Expert contributors consider America's "entry" into international society and how independence forced it to enter into diplomatic relations with European states and start a permanent engagement with a society of states. Individual chapters focus on U.S. perceptions of the international order and its place within it, the U.S. position on international issues of that period, and how America's perceptions and positions affected or were affected by the habits, practices, and institutions of international society. This volume will serve as an invaluable text for undergraduate courses focusing on international relations theory and U.S. foreign policy. It will also appeal to established scholars in international relations, diplomacy, and international history and historical sociology.

Information and communication technology strategy can be said to have emerged as a road map for capitalizing on the use of information and technology as a key enabler of the government's transformation in the realms of new diplomacy. The recent information and communication technological development, in both developed and developing countries, has increased the high-speed interactive digital network for multilingual voice, video, print, data communication worldwide, revolutionizing how nation states communicate with one another in the international system. There is no doubt that in the contemporary international system information technology (IT) is fundamentally transforming the way we live, work, govern and communicate. The global digital network and the growing power of communication have created a new foundation of diplomacy in the international arena. Therefore, this article examines the sweeping changes in the global system, high-speed interactive network with adequate bandwidth for multilingual voice, video, print and data communication vis-à-vis the conduct of diplomacy in the twenty-first century. Furthermore, it should be emphasized that IT is as important as politics, economics and military power, information, communication skills and foreign policy are high national priorities in international relations. The introductory part of this article focuses on the concept of diplomacy and we further analyze the sweeping changes in IT and growing power of communication in the new millennium and the contribution of IT toward the development of diplomacy in the international system.

What kind of skills, competences, attitudes, motivations and attributes an open innovation professional possesses? -- How to recruit, select, train, assess and retain talent for open innovation? : (attracting talent, exploiting skills, intelligence and creativity) -- What is the integrative role of top management towards the creation of a corporate environment ideal for open innovation? -- What is the effect of trust, motivation and leadership on the human side of open innovation? -- How does an individual's position within the organization affect personal involvement in the open innovation process? -- How do you identify and engage the innovative souls within your company? -- Is there a certain personality type that will always be among the contributors? : if yes, what defines this personality? -- Why do the other people hold back from participating? : are there any tips to engage them at all? -- Why and how people engage in their work and what makes them contribute? -- How to develop training curricula for open innovation professionals?

Acknowledgments: The author is extremely grateful to colleagues and the anonymous peer reviewers who offered detailed and insightful feedback on this article prior to publication. Any errors remain my own. Funding: The author is grateful to the Carnegie Trust for funding to examine how the corroboration rule is currently operating in Scottish sexual offence cases. This article arose from some of the research carried out for this funded project. ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF

After the different changes in Criminal Law over recent years, the state's right to punish criminal offenses pursuant to its animal cruelty laws, Ius puniendi, has risen questions and concerns that have not been solved yet. At this point, the criticism comes from different sectors. Not only are there lawyers against Criminal Law punishment in these acts of abuse, but even those in favour can not agree in which has to be the legal right to be protected by the legislator. ; Tras las distintas Reformas realizadas en el Código Penal en los últimos años, lejos de disipar las dudas y cuestiones existentes en torno a la idoneidad de que fuera el Ius puniendi del Estado el encargado de castigar las conductas relativas al maltrato animal, las mismas siguen existiendo en el día de hoy. Así las cosas, no sólo nos encontramos con juristas que critican la idea de que el encargado de sancionar estos actos de maltrato sea el Derecho Penal, sino que dentro de aquellos otros que sí que se muestran favorables a esta idea, divergen enormemente en cual ha de ser el bien jurídico a proteger por parte del legislador.After the different changes in Criminal Law over recent years, the state's right to punish criminal offenses pursuant to its animal cruelty laws, Ius puniendi, has risen questions and concerns that have not been solved yet. At this point, the criticism comes from different sectors. Not only are there lawyers against Criminal Law punishment in these acts of abuse, but even those in favour can not agree in which has to be the legal right to be protected by the legislator.

The scientific concept, forming the basis of this publication, reflects the integrated, classified approach to the research of the process of creation of the ministerial system of governance in Russia in the first third of XIX century, examining this process from the point of view of the actual formation and the completion of the legislation of the ministerial system of governance in Russia.