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This article addresses the challenges facing the child welfare system in general, and child protection practice in particular, in responding to female genital mutilation (FGM) in an Australian context. Policy and programmatic responses to FGM are analysed to identify how child welfare concerns may be addressed in a culturally sensitive manner. PGM is depicted as a multi-dimensional phenomenon, related to a complex of inter-connected cultural, social, economic, religious, gender and migration issues. An appropriate response is one that acknowledges these antecedents through the utilisation of a holistic, multi-disciplinary approach. Legal and child protection responses to FGM are inadequate if operating in isolation and are most effective as adjuncts to community development strategies that are aimed at education, information dissemination and consciousness raising among affected communities. More work needs to be undertaken to develop frameworks for practitioners in a cross-cultural context, particularly in the light of continued settlement within Australia of migrant and refugee communities from countries with different child-rearing practices and beliefs.

Using data for U.S. metropolitan statistical areas, an earlier study of aggregate local geographic research spillovers generated by universities (Anselin et al.1997) was extended to a sectorally disaggregated level. These findings suggest the existence of significant sectoral variation with respect to local university effects on innovation. Apparent differences were found across sectors with respect to the "mix" of applied local knowledge inputs in general, and the extent to which university research plays a role in innovation in particular. The main conclusion is that local university spillovers seem to be specific to certain industries, such that at the two‐digit SIC level, no university spillover effects are at work in the Drugs and Chemicals (SIC28) and in the Machinery (SIC35) sectors. On the contrary, very strong and significant university research spillovers are evidenced in the Electronics (SIC36) and the Instruments (SIC38) industries. These spillovers extend beyond the boundary of the MSA within a 75‐mile range from the central city.

Research on immigrants and the eventual outcomes of immigration processes was at the very foundation of American sociology. But with the exception of a couple of studies on the Mexicans in the United States, such as Paul Taylor' (1932, 1934) monumental work on the life story of Mexican immigrant laborers in the Chicago and Calumet region during the late 1920s and early 1930s, Manuel Gamio' (1971 [1930], 1971 [1931]) anthropological studies of Mexican immigrants in the United States, and Edith Abbott'The Tenements of Chicago, 1908–1935(1936), Latinos were remarkably absent from such studies. Instead, these studies focused on the European immigrant experience and the experience of black Americans as newcomers to America' cities. Scholarship on Latinos (much lessbyLatinos) simply did not put down roots as early as scholarship on Afro-Americans. Perhaps this was partly due to the smaller size of the population back then, coupled with its being largely immigrant—composed of people who thought they would one day return to where they came from.

It is no small task to provide an account of voting rights in both the First and Second Reconstructions. It is hard to think of many with the combined expertise in both fields who could have pulled it off as well as J. Morgan Kousser has inColorblind Injustice(1999).Kousser has long been a historiananda social scientist. In his earlier work , such asThe Shaping of Southern Politics(1974), Kousser was clearly one of the leading proponents and artful innovators in the use of quantitative methods in historical analysis: he did not merely import old ideas from quantitative social scientists. Now, inColorblind Injustice, we see Kousser again combining his thorough and deft historian's touch with insights from social scientific approaches.The key explanatory theme inColorblind Injustice, I believe, is captured in two terse sentences: "Culture is fragile. Institutions are tough" (366). From these premises come Kousser's central ideas about how to explain the progress and retrogression of minority voting rights and why we should care so much about the set of Supreme Court rulings beginning withShaw v.Renoin 1993.

Environmental Taxation and the Double Dividend explores the welfare effects of environmental taxes in a second-best framework. It starts from a benchmark model which reveals that environmental taxes typically exacerbate pre-existing tax distortions, even if the revenues are used to cut other distortionary taxes. Subsequent chapters extend the benchmark model by introducing capital, terms of trade effects, transfers, involuntary unemployment, or environmental feedbacks. Thus, the book reveals several channels through which a double-dividend can be obtained. However, it also shows the trade-offs they induce. Simulations with the models illustrate the importance of these trade-offs for European economies. This book is a useful tool for graduates, post graduates, researchers and staff of universities with fiscal and environmental departments. International organizations such as the IMF, OECD and the World Bank, and policy makers within governments: Ministries of Finance/Economics/Environment. Research Institutes, both private and public will also benefit from this piece of work

In late February 1947, Stalin's trusted troubleshooter Lazar' Kaganovich arrived in Kiev as the Ukrainian Communist Party's new first secretary. Having served consecutively as the Soviet People's Commissar of Railroad Transport, Heavy Industry, and Construction Materials, the notoriously heavy-handed Kaganovich had earned the epithet of zheleznyi narkom ("iron minister"). His tenure at the head of the Ukrainian party organization in March–December 1947 was marked by intensified coercive intervention in the economy and ideological purges in culture and scholarship. In Ukraine, Kaganovich's brief rule is remembered primarily for his relentless attacks on the alleged remnants of "Ukrainian bourgeois nationalism." In the works of post-Soviet Ukrainian historians, the 1947 crusade against "nationalism" appears as a comprehensive campaign masterminded by Stalin, planned by his envoy Kaganovich, faithfully implemented by the servile republican functionaries, and submissively endured by the terrorized Ukrainian intellectuals. Clearly, modern Ukrainian historians have adopted the traditional Western concept of Stalinism as a successful totalitarian dictatorship, in which society was no more than a passive object of an all-powerful state.

On a global scale, the advertising industry spends billions of dollars each year reaching and persuading its target markets through daily bombardment of thousands of advertisements in most developed countries. However, when advertising offends, misleads, or is untruthful, a structure needs to be in place in order to provide protection to all parties and, in most cases, a country's legal system is complemented by a self-regulatory scheme. Australia's scheme was dismantled at the end of 1996 and is currently in a state of flux as the industry formulates and introduces a new system. This breakdown of one of the world's longest established advertising self-regulatory programs in Australia has reopened the twenty year old debate that has taken place in the leading journals concerned with improving the effectiveness of such systems. This article builds on the work of researchers who have provided seven tests, five activities, five recommendations, six tasks, and fifteen rules that should be applied to guide advertisers in developing effective advertising self-regulation programs.

What is the connection between identity and conflict behavior? This article begins by exploring some of the theoretical currents in this area, notably social identity theory, Erikson's work on identity development, Burton's ontological needs, and image theory. The theories differ somewhat in their expectations of the effect of identity development. Two studies were conducted to investigate these differences. The first, a priming experiment, partitioned identity and its effects. The second, a group‐based simulation study, measured actual development of ingroup identity and assessed its effect on conflict behavior. Results from the first study show that identity does affect conflict behavior, but only as it is mediated by levels of insecurity. Increased feelings of security correspond to more cooperative behavior. Positive and negative images of the opponent, on the other hand, did not influence conflict behavior. In the second study, higher levels of ingroup identity resulted in more conflictual behavior. As with the first study, image of the other was not significantly related to conflict behavior.

This article analyzes the evolution of power transition theory from the perspective of Lakatos's methodology of scientific research programs. The authors reconstruct the development of the power transition research program by analyzing its hard core of irrefutable assumptions, its negative and positive heuristics, and exemplary works contributing to its protective belt of testable auxiliary hypotheses. It is argued that some developments (e.g., Lemke's multiple hierarchy model) constitute progressive problemshifts, but other areas of the research program exhibit signs of degeneration. These include the treatment of the timing and initiation of wars associated with power transitions and causal mechanisms driving such wars. Findings show that the evolution of the power transition research program has generally been progressive in Lakatosian terms, but its future vitality will require continued efforts to explain the above-mentioned theoretical and empirical anomalies in a way that is consistent with the hard core of the research program and that generates new testable propositions.

This article accounts for the approaches to women and gender in two types of New Religious Politics: those aimed at taking control of governments, and those targeted at nationalist and territorial goals. The former, which include many Islamist and Christian right movements, usually have conservative, scripturally oriented positions on women and the family. The latter, which include Hindu and other South Asian (Sikh, Buddhist) nationalists and such territorial Israeli groups as Gush Emunim, may not take conservative positions on women, and, insofar as their enemies are Muslim, may even stress their gender-egalitarianism as compared to Muslims. The article also discusses dissimilarities between cultural relativists, who explain gender-inegalitarian trends from inside a culture, and universalists, who defend women's rights as part of universal human rights. Finally, this article explains the appeal of New Religious Politics to many women, for whom it may provide a respectable way to participate in education, work, politics, and other elements of the modern world, while preserving protections found in, or attributed to, older family relations.

Using data from the National Child Development Study (NCDS), Ann Buchanan explores the links between children who have been 'in care' (as they were known pre-Children Act 1989), life satisfaction in adult life, psychological problems at 16 and depression at 33. In adult life, children who had been in care were less satisfied with their lives and were significantly more at risk of psychological problems at age 16 and depression at age 33. Despite this finding, three out of four children did not have psychological problems at 16, and four out of five did not have such problems at 33. Those who were satisfied with their lives were more likely to have qualifications, jobs and partners, but since life satisfaction can relate to out-of-home and out-of-work activities, this paper suggests that creating opportunities for young people to develop these outside interests as they grow up may increase their sense of self-worth and indirectly protect them from later mental health problems.

This article argues for the importance of (homo)sexuality to the criminological enterprise. It traces a course of criminological engagement with homosexuality from the works of Lombroso and the early sexologists, through the 'nuts, sluts and perverts' period of interactionism to gay activism and polemic against homophobic violence and discrimination. Criminology is seen to have lumped both the 'criminal' and the 'homosexual' together in its early manifestation before ceding its interest to medicine and the law. In criminology's mid-period, homosexuality is taken up again as part of the interactionist 'sociology of deviance' project before it is dropped again by radicals more interested in the politics of class and race. Currently in criminology sexuality is slowly being granted to women (the young and black were - sometimes jealously? - assumed to have it already) and homosexuality is increasingly admitted to the list of victims of crime. What might be the scope within criminology for gay empiricism, standpointism or 'queer theory'? Moreover, what might this mean for the 'masculinity' turn in some recent criminology?

"Where once were dispersions, there now is diaspora" (Tölölyan, "Rethinking" 3). The recent diffusion of the word currently applied to countless populations is a phenomenon that warrants analysis. A Greek word, it has been used since antiquity to designate the destiny of the Jewish people after the destruction of the Temple and the annexation of Judea by the Romans. In French, it was capitalized: it was the Diaspora. During the modern period, from the Great Discoveries until about 1968, the term was extended to include the dispersion of Greeks and Armenians outside of Greece and Armenia, and then the Chinese. It had come to designate the condition of a geographically dispersed people who had settled in different political organizations but who maintained, in spite of this dispersion, some form of unity and solidarity. Since 1968, the term has seen a genuine inflation—especially in the United States. It has since designated all forms of population dispersion, until then evoked by the terms expelled, expatriate, exile, refugee, immigrant, or minority.

In the UK and other western countries the financial services sector is seen as offering women better career prospects than most other sectors. Unprecedented numbers of well‐qualified young women are now achieving promotion to first‐line and middle management positions. Companies are represented as progressive employers, committed to promoting equal opportunities. However, a cross‐cultural study of three Turkish and six UK banks and high street financial organisations explores how organisational ideologies and cultures operate to perpetuate inequality, based on managers' gendered conceptions of "the ideal worker". Favoured staff were identified, sponsored, promoted and rewarded, often based on their personal affinity with senior managers rather than objective criteria. This distinction between favour and exclusion operates not only along the traditional lines of gender, class, age, sexual orientation, religion and physical ability, but also along the new dimensions of marriage, networking, safety, mobility and space. Despite local and cross‐cultural differences in the significance of these factors, the cumulative disadvantage suffered by women managers and supervisors in both countries was remarkably similar.

Few topics have received more attention in the management literature of recent years than that of virtual organizations. Articles abound on the possibilities of virtual meetings, work teams, offices, factories, firms, and alliances. Given the burgeoning interest in this emerging phenomenon, it is surprising that very little empirical research exists on virtual organizations. Especially lacking are studies of communication processes within virtual organization settings. To help remedy this situation, this special issue provides an early window into several important communication processes that occur in virtual contexts. We are pleased to provide readers with a compendium of six articles that, collectively, advance current knowledge of communication processes for virtual organizations. Both single and multifirm studies are included here, with analyses covering such diverse topics as communication content, communication structure and effectiveness, tradeoffs in electronic and face-to-face relationships, and the use of communication in formation of organizational identity. All of the studies include rigorous analysis and careful measurement of communication, and all take place within naturally occurring organizational contexts, not laboratory settings.