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International audience The paper begins by sketching out a short history of telecom policy, pointing to the prejudicial consequences of centralization from a political perspective, as incumbent ISPs turn into network gatekeepers, fostering their commercial interests by exerting greater control over users' communications. Based on our fieldwork and qualitative interviews, the paper then moves on to describing WCN, presenting the main characteristics of these grassroots attempts at bringing about a "subversive rationalization" of the last-mile network infrastructure. This second section outlines the motivations underlying the deployment of WCN, together with their technical features and innovative, commons-based models of governance, which all strongly contrast with the dominant, commercial model for Internet access provision. The third and last section assesses the impact of WCN on telecom regulation and the new power dynamics it entails, with regard to both the private sector and the public sector. The paper concludes that current telecom regulation significantly overlooks the contribution of community networks to fostering political and socio-economic objectives associated with broadband policy and proposes a number of policy recommendations to overcome this gap.

International audience ; From its beginnings, urban thought was determined by the question of power and made the physical city a device producing meaning for its inhabitants. City and power were inseparable; more accurately, the urbanization and the city's structure were explicitly conceived as tools of power. This process was closely linked to the emergence of new princely powers and to the "State" conceived as the new leading actor of political life. ; Dès ses débuts la pensée de la ville est innervée par la question du pouvoir, et fait de la ville un dispositif producteur de sens impliquant directement les habitants. Ville et pouvoir sont inséparables ; mieux, urbanisation et structuration de la ville sont explicitement pensées comme des instruments de pouvoir. Ce processus est étroitement lié à l'émergence des nouveaux pouvoirs princiers et de l' « État » pensé comme le nouveau protagoniste de la politique.

International audience ; From its beginnings, urban thought was determined by the question of power and made the physical city a device producing meaning for its inhabitants. City and power were inseparable; more accurately, the urbanization and the city's structure were explicitly conceived as tools of power. This process was closely linked to the emergence of new princely powers and to the "State" conceived as the new leading actor of political life. ; Dès ses débuts la pensée de la ville est innervée par la question du pouvoir, et fait de la ville un dispositif producteur de sens impliquant directement les habitants. Ville et pouvoir sont inséparables ; mieux, urbanisation et structuration de la ville sont explicitement pensées comme des instruments de pouvoir. Ce processus est étroitement lié à l'émergence des nouveaux pouvoirs princiers et de l' « État » pensé comme le nouveau protagoniste de la politique.

International audience ; From its beginnings, urban thought was determined by the question of power and made the physical city a device producing meaning for its inhabitants. City and power were inseparable; more accurately, the urbanization and the city's structure were explicitly conceived as tools of power. This process was closely linked to the emergence of new princely powers and to the "State" conceived as the new leading actor of political life. ; Dès ses débuts la pensée de la ville est innervée par la question du pouvoir, et fait de la ville un dispositif producteur de sens impliquant directement les habitants. Ville et pouvoir sont inséparables ; mieux, urbanisation et structuration de la ville sont explicitement pensées comme des instruments de pouvoir. Ce processus est étroitement lié à l'émergence des nouveaux pouvoirs princiers et de l' « État » pensé comme le nouveau protagoniste de la politique.

International audience ; From its beginnings, urban thought was determined by the question of power and made the physical city a device producing meaning for its inhabitants. City and power were inseparable; more accurately, the urbanization and the city's structure were explicitly conceived as tools of power. This process was closely linked to the emergence of new princely powers and to the "State" conceived as the new leading actor of political life. ; Dès ses débuts la pensée de la ville est innervée par la question du pouvoir, et fait de la ville un dispositif producteur de sens impliquant directement les habitants. Ville et pouvoir sont inséparables ; mieux, urbanisation et structuration de la ville sont explicitement pensées comme des instruments de pouvoir. Ce processus est étroitement lié à l'émergence des nouveaux pouvoirs princiers et de l' « État » pensé comme le nouveau protagoniste de la politique.

"With a view to becoming a gas hub, since the early 2000s Turkey has embarked on important structural reforms of its internal energy markets. Traditionally, only geopolitical analyses are used to describe the Turkish gas hub. After recalling the main regional energy issues, this article provides an analysis of the internal situation in Turkey and then puts into perspective the contradictions and potential impacts of ambivalent economic and political regulation of the natural gas sector by the ruling party. This scalable and thematic decentment ultimately complements and reassesses the relevance of this concept of hub applied to the Turkish case." ; International audience ; "With a view to becoming a gas hub, since the early 2000s Turkey has embarked on important structural reforms of its internal energy markets. Traditionally, only geopolitical analyses are used to describe the Turkish gas hub. After recalling the main regional energy issues, this article provides an analysis of the internal situation in Turkey and then puts into perspective the contradictions and potential impacts of ambivalent economic and political regulation of the natural gas sector by the ruling party. This scalable and thematic decentment ultimately complements and reassesses the relevance of this concept of hub applied to the Turkish case." ; "Dans l'optique de devenir un hub gazier, depuis le début des années 2000, la Turquie a engagé d'importantes réformes structurelles de ses marchés énergétiques internes. Traditionnellement, seules des analyses géopolitiques servent à décrire le hub gazier turc. Après un rappel des principaux enjeux énergétiques régionaux, cet article propose une analyse de la situation interne à la Turquie puis met en perspective les contradictions et les potentiels impacts d'une régulation économique et politique ambivalente du secteur gaz naturel de la part du parti au pouvoir. Ce décentrement scalaire et thématique permet au final de compléter et de réévaluer la pertinence de cette notion de hub appliquée au cas ...

International audience; An important question arises when mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for genetically correlated traits: is the correlation due to pleiotropy (a single QTL affecting more than one trait) and/or close linkage (different QTLs that are physically close to each other and influence the traits)? In this article, we propose the Close Linkage versus Pleiotropism (CLIP) test, a fast, simple and powerful method to distinguish between these two situations. The CLIP test is based on the comparison of the square of the observed correlation between a combination of apparent effects at the marker level to the minimal value it can take under the pleiotropic assumption. A simulation study was performed to estimate the power and alpha risk of the CLIP test and compare it to a test that evaluated whether the confidence intervals of the two QTLs overlapped or not (CI test). On average, the CLIP test showed a higher power (68%) to detect close-linked QTLs than the CI test (43%) and a same alpha risk (4%).

International audience Three French geographers interviewed Edward Soja in 2010 about his role in the emergence of the idea of spatial justice, the influence of Henre Lefbvre and his « right to the city » and the articulation of theory and practice in urban research. ; Document en version bilingue disponible à l'url de la page. Trois géographes français ont interviewé Edward Soja en 2010 sur son rôle dans l'émergence de l'idée de justice spatiale, l'influence de Henri Lefebvre et de son "droit à la ville" et l'articulation de la théorie et de la pratique dans la recherche urbaine.

International audience ; The notion of subversion that interests me in this article, should not therefore be understood in its political revolutionary meaning but rather more literally as version or view, in the sense that both novels present the reader with two versions from the underground, two versions from homeless voices, victims of exclusion. The reader is left wondering about the version of the world voiced out. The versions that emerge, – the subversions of the topside – need to be rewritten so as to fit reality and truth. On the whole, it is the very process of emerging that is at the source of both Ripley and Treefrog's respective re-creations, as if their Irish identities first needed to take shape through a subversive voice before being given a chance to emerge newly and fully bloom out in the open.

The evolution of the Internet has come to a point where almost at the same time, governments all around the world feel the need for legislation to regulate the use of the Internet. In preparing the legislation, consultations were called by various governments or by the corresponding regulation bodies. We describe in this paper the various consultations as well as the background related to the Net Neutrality question in each case. Rather than describing the answers to each consultation, which are available and which have already been analyzed, we focus on comparing the consultations and the statistical figures related to the participation in them. ; L'évolution de l'Internet est arrivé à un point où presque simultanément, des gouvernements au tour du globe ont senti le besoin de légiférer pour réguler l'usage de l'Internet. En préparant ces législations, des consultations publiques ont été proposées par les autorités. Nous décrivons dans cet article plusieurs consultations ainsi que les circonstences liées à la question de la Neutralité dans chaque cas. Au lieu de décrir les réponses, déja connues et analysées, nous nous focalisons sur la comparaison entre les consultations et sur les données statistiques qui en sont liées.

The major changes in the organisation of economic space seem to call into question the concept of centrality and its applications, particularly at city level, city networks and the globalised economy. Urban sprawl gives rise to a diffuse, multifaceted centrality. Globalisation combines tangible and intangible flows and redistributes economic power to the benefit of global cities. A precise analysis of the terms 'centre' and 'centrality' and the phenomena they cover shows that traditional, suitably adapted patterns remain relevant at city level, but that new patterns of centrality are emerging globally, mainly on a reluctant basis. /The major changes of economic space organisation to cast twice over the concept of Centrality and its applications, at the city, city network and global economy scales. URBAN sprawl froes rise to a diffuse or multiple Centrality. Economic globalisation reorganises material and immaterial flows, and redistributes economic power to the advantage of global cities. A previous analysis of the terms center and Centrality and of the phenomena they are returning to show that the classified patterns, if they are well adapted, relevant at the urban scale, but that new Centrality patterns are emerging at the world scale, on a detailed basis. ; Les mutations majeures de l'organisation de l'espace économique semblent remettre en question le concept de centralité et ses applications tout particulièrement à l'échelle de la ville, des réseaux de villes et de l'économie globalisée. L'étalement urbain fait émerger une centralité diffuse, multiple. La globalisation recompose les flux matériels et immatériels, et redistribue le pouvoir économique au bénéfice des villes globales. Une analyse précise des termes « centre » et « centralité » et des phénomènes qu'ils recouvrent permet de montrer que les schémas classiques, convenablement adaptés, restent pertinents à l'échelle des villes, mais que de nouveaux schémas de centralité apparaissent bien au niveau mondial, essentiellement sur une base réticulaire. ...

The article assumes that neoliberalism, which has developed in Western Europe since the mid-1970s, is less a penalty for social housing than it requires a change in its function. In support of that argument, I am following Michel Foucault, defining neoliberalism, not as a withdrawal of public action from the market, as a more 'hard' liberalism, but as a new way of composing economic and political affairs. Neoliberalism requires the use of public authorities, not to facilitate the proper functioning of the market or to compensate for market failures, but to build a framework conducive to competition. Public action is therefore no longer intended to redistribute wealth and create a similar society, but to retain individuals as territories in the register of 'equal inequality', which makes competition precisely because there is no exclusion. Social housing is an integral part of these policies to combat exclusion: it is increasingly aimed at rewarding involvement in the world of work, as in the time of the Trento Glorieux, but is increasingly becoming a tool to combat exclusion. This change seems to us to explain the changes in social housing policies in the European countries which had seen a significant increase in their housing stock from the 1950s to the 1970s, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark and Sweden. ; International audience ; The article assumes that neoliberalism, which has developed in Western Europe since the mid-1970s, is less a penalty for social housing than it requires a change in its function. In support of that argument, I am following Michel Foucault, defining neoliberalism, not as a withdrawal of public action from the market, as a more 'hard' liberalism, but as a new way of composing economic and political affairs. Neoliberalism requires the use of public authorities, not to facilitate the proper functioning of the market or to compensate for market failures, but to build a framework conducive to competition. Public action is therefore no longer intended ...

Der Artikel untersucht das Markt-, Innovations- und Arbeitsplatzpotenzial der so genannten Creative Industries (CIs) in Wien. Dazu gehören die Bereiche Architektur, Audiovisueller Bereich, Bildende Kunst und Kunstmarkt, Darstellende Kunst und Unterhaltungskunst, Grafik, Mode, Design, Literatur und Verlagswesen, Multimedia/Software/Spiele/Internet, Museen und Bibliotheken, Musikwirtschaft sowie Werbung. In einem ersten Schritt werden die Wiener CIs in einem Überblick hinsichtlich der Beschäftigungssituation und ihrer Unternehmensstruktur dargestellt. Die Stärke der CI-Unternehmen liegt im hohen künstlerisch-kreativen Potenzial, in der Ausbildung, in der Wissenschaft und Forschung. In Wien existiert ein sehr ausgeprägtes urbanes und kunstkulturelles Milieu, eine hohe Dichte an Ausbildungsstätten und eine gut ausgebaute Forschungslandschaft, sowohl im universitären als auch im außeruniversitären Bereich. Ein weiteres spezifisches CI-Merkmal ist die wirtschaftliche Interdependenz zwischen Teilen der Wiener Creative Industries-Unternehmen und der öffentlichen Kunst- und Kulturfinanzierung. Die Schwächen der Wiener CIs liegen in der Verwertung, in der geringen Umsetzung des kreativen Potenzials in ökonomische Aktivitäten und im Export. Zurückzuführen ist dies auf die kleinteilige Unternehmensstruktur, die Kapitalschwäche und Managementdefizite. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden in einem zweiten Schritt die Hauptstoßrichtungen für die Entwicklung des CI-Standorts Wien herausgearbeitet, die für alle Sektoren - wenn auch nicht immer im gleichen Umfang - von Bedeutung sind. So umfasst eine nachhaltige Strategie zur Verbesserung des CI-Standorts Wien vier Unternehmens-Dimensionen: (1) eine Wachstumsstrategie, (2) Internationalisierung, (3) Clusterorientierung sowie (4) die Entwicklung von Governancestrukturen. (ICG2)