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Abstract
The article argues that despite the evident link between political environment and security of energy supply, political elements are not sufficiently represented in contemporary scientific literature, namely in indexes that are designed for the assessment of security of energy supply. In an attempt to fill this gap, the article presents an innovative methodology for quantitative assessment of the political vulnerabilities on security of energy supply and applies it to the analysis of the Baltic States.
The proposed index determines the plausibility of the occurrence of threats of a political nature on the security of energy supply and defines it as political vulnerability. The application of index methodology to an analysis of the Baltic States has revealed that the overall political vulnerability on security of energy supply is the highest in Lithuania, considerably lower in Latvia, and the lowest in Estonia. The analysis has shown that political vulnerability has increased in Lithuania due to the closure of Ignalina NPP and an increase in energy import quantities from politically unstable countries, such as Russia. On the contrary, political vulnerabilities on the security of the energy supply have decreased in Latvia and Estonia due to the increase of consumption of indigenous energy. However, preliminary calculations show that political vulnerabilities should decrease considerably in 2015 in Lithuania due to the diversification of the natural gas supply.

Maģistra darba "Latvijas dzelzceļa pārvaldes sistēma no 1990. līdz 1992.gadam" mērķis ir izpētīt, kā, atjaunojot Latvijas Republikas valstiskumu, tiek atgūta kontrole pār dzelzceļa nozari, sadalās PSRS Ceļu satiksmes ministrijas pakļautībā esošais Baltijas dzelzceļš un izveidojas Valsts Uzņēmums (VU ) "Latvijas dzelzceļš". Darbā analizēts pārejas periods, galvenās problēmas dzelzceļa neatkarīgas pārvaldes sistēmas veidošanās procesā un pirmajos pastāvēšanas gados. Dzelzceļa nozares pārņemšana norisinājās ar Latvijas neatkarības atjaunošanu saistīto politisko, ekonomisko un sociālo procesu kontekstā. To ietekmēja gan sākotnēji neparedzamā politisko notikumu gaita, gan jukas un nestabilitāte saimnieciskajā darbībā, gan neatkarīgam un patstāvīgam uzņēmumam būtisko normatīvo aktu un sadarbības līgumu trūkums, vēsturiskā kontinuitāte. ; Main goal of the master's degree thesis "Latvian raillway administration structure, 1990-1992" is to research the revival process of national railways after Latvia regained it's independence, explore the division of USSR Road Department's Baltic railway branch and birth of the state owned enterprise "Latvijas dzelzceļš". This paper analyzes main issues the national railway administration dealt with during the first years of the independence. The takeover of railway sistem is closely tied with the revival of Republic of Latvia and it's political, economical and social processes after the independence was regained. It was heavily influented by unpredictability of political situation, instability of economic activity and the lack of cooperation agreements, laws and regulations important for independent enterprises

Автор анализирует особенности историографической ситуации в современной Латвии. Выявлены основные особенности развития исторических исследований транзитных обществ. Проанализированы системные черты и особенности развития латышской историографии как формы академических исторических исследований и развития исторической национальной памяти в контексте «больших нарративов». «Большие нарративы» в современной латышской историографии анализируются как основная форма развития исторического знания. Показана взаимозависимость развития политического национализма и исторической науки. Проанализированы основные формы и направления развития исторических исследований в Латвии в контексте общих трансформаций исторического знания. Показана роль истории в развитии национальной идентичности и актуализации национализма. ; The author analyzes features of historiographical situation in the present-day Latvia. The basic features of the development of historical studies in transit societies are analyzed. The system features and characteristics of the Latvian historiography as a form of academic historical studies and the development of historical memory in the context of the national "grand narratives" are also discussed. The "grand narratives" in contemporary Latvian historiography are analyzed as the main form of historical knowledge. The relationships of political nationalism and historical science are studied in the article. The basic forms and directions of development of historical studies in Latvia in the context of the general transformation of historical knowledge are also discussed. The role of history in the development of national identity and nationalism actualization is also studied.

The excellence in public governance and education and training are very closely interconnected. A special role plays the preparation of new doctors in public administration and management - their qualification promotes excellence. The aim of this article is to show how excellence could appear in public administration and management and to analyse the Doctoral Studies Programme in Administration and Management at the University of Latvia and to show the directions of its development. The article includes main principles of the European Good Administrative Practice Code, which could be regarded as a background of excellence in public administration, goals of doctoral studies in the field of administration and management at the University of Latvia, general framework of the studies programme, contents of pro¬gramme and its organisation, as well as proposals forits further development. ; Meistriškumas viešajame valdyme ir valstybės tarnautojų mokymas bei kvalifikacijos tobulinimas tarpusavyje susiję. Šiuo aspektu ypač svarbus viešojo administravimo ir vadybos daktarų rengimas -jų kvalifikacija sudaro prielaidas didinti viešojo valdymo meistriškumą. Šio straipsnio tikslas - pateikti viešojo valdymo meistriškumo formas, atskleisti Latvijos universiteto Viešojo administravimo ir vadybos doktorantūros programos ypatybes, parodyti jos svarbą viešojo valdymo meistriškumui didinti, pateikti jos plėtojimo kryptis. Straipsnyje teigiama, kad plėtojant Latvijos universiteto Viešojo administravimo ir vadybos doktorantūros programą galima remtis Europos gero administravimo patirties kodu, kuris apskritai gali tarnauti kaip meistriškumo viešajame valdyme pagrindas.

In this dissertation, the experience of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania during the crisis in 2008-2010 is analysed. Its aim is to find out why the Baltic countries chose and were able to implement the strategy of "internal adjustment", i.e. kept fixed exchange rates and achieved fiscal sustainability via fiscal consolidation. Furthermore, it asks why Estonia was able to handle the crisis most successfully. Based on the theories of currency crises and fiscal consolidation, a theoretical model is constructed. The empirical investigation relies on both qualitative and quantitative (statistical) methods. It is found in the dissertation that conventional theories cannot adequately explain the Baltic situation during the crisis. Therefore, non-conventional factors are investigated. The Baltic willingness to defend the fixed exchange rates can be attributed to certain economic factors (high flexibility and indebtedness in foreign currencies), continuity in economic policy, causal beliefs, and non-economic functions of fixed exchange rates. The implementation of a very large fiscal consolidation package was possible due to weak trade unions, a high degree of centralization, causal beliefs about appropriate economic policies, weak interest groups and lack of societal mobilization capacity. Estonia's better performance was due to better informal institutions, namely a higher trust in government, which allowed Estonia to collect more taxes during the crisis than Latvia and Lithuania.

In this dissertation, the experience of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania during the crisis in 2008-2010 is analysed. Its aim is to find out why the Baltic countries chose and were able to implement the strategy of "internal adjustment", i.e. kept fixed exchange rates and achieved fiscal sustainability via fiscal consolidation. Furthermore, it asks why Estonia was able to handle the crisis most successfully. Based on the theories of currency crises and fiscal consolidation, a theoretical model is constructed. The empirical investigation relies on both qualitative and quantitative (statistical) methods. It is found in the dissertation that conventional theories cannot adequately explain the Baltic situation during the crisis. Therefore, non-conventional factors are investigated. The Baltic willingness to defend the fixed exchange rates can be attributed to certain economic factors (high flexibility and indebtedness in foreign currencies), continuity in economic policy, causal beliefs, and non-economic functions of fixed exchange rates. The implementation of a very large fiscal consolidation package was possible due to weak trade unions, a high degree of centralization, causal beliefs about appropriate economic policies, weak interest groups and lack of societal mobilization capacity. Estonia's better performance was due to better informal institutions, namely a higher trust in government, which allowed Estonia to collect more taxes during the crisis than Latvia and Lithuania.

In this dissertation, the experience of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania during the crisis in 2008-2010 is analysed. Its aim is to find out why the Baltic countries chose and were able to implement the strategy of "internal adjustment", i.e. kept fixed exchange rates and achieved fiscal sustainability via fiscal consolidation. Furthermore, it asks why Estonia was able to handle the crisis most successfully. Based on the theories of currency crises and fiscal consolidation, a theoretical model is constructed. The empirical investigation relies on both qualitative and quantitative (statistical) methods. It is found in the dissertation that conventional theories cannot adequately explain the Baltic situation during the crisis. Therefore, non-conventional factors are investigated. The Baltic willingness to defend the fixed exchange rates can be attributed to certain economic factors (high flexibility and indebtedness in foreign currencies), continuity in economic policy, causal beliefs, and non-economic functions of fixed exchange rates. The implementation of a very large fiscal consolidation package was possible due to weak trade unions, a high degree of centralization, causal beliefs about appropriate economic policies, weak interest groups and lack of societal mobilization capacity. Estonia's better performance was due to better informal institutions, namely a higher trust in government, which allowed Estonia to collect more taxes during the crisis than Latvia and Lithuania.

In this dissertation, the experience of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania during the crisis in 2008-2010 is analysed. Its aim is to find out why the Baltic countries chose and were able to implement the strategy of "internal adjustment", i.e. kept fixed exchange rates and achieved fiscal sustainability via fiscal consolidation. Furthermore, it asks why Estonia was able to handle the crisis most successfully. Based on the theories of currency crises and fiscal consolidation, a theoretical model is constructed. The empirical investigation relies on both qualitative and quantitative (statistical) methods. It is found in the dissertation that conventional theories cannot adequately explain the Baltic situation during the crisis. Therefore, non-conventional factors are investigated. The Baltic willingness to defend the fixed exchange rates can be attributed to certain economic factors (high flexibility and indebtedness in foreign currencies), continuity in economic policy, causal beliefs, and non-economic functions of fixed exchange rates. The implementation of a very large fiscal consolidation package was possible due to weak trade unions, a high degree of centralization, causal beliefs about appropriate economic policies, weak interest groups and lack of societal mobilization capacity. Estonia's better performance was due to better informal institutions, namely a higher trust in government, which allowed Estonia to collect more taxes during the crisis than Latvia and Lithuania.

In this dissertation, the experience of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania during the crisis in 2008-2010 is analysed. Its aim is to find out why the Baltic countries chose and were able to implement the strategy of "internal adjustment", i.e. kept fixed exchange rates and achieved fiscal sustainability via fiscal consolidation. Furthermore, it asks why Estonia was able to handle the crisis most successfully. Based on the theories of currency crises and fiscal consolidation, a theoretical model is constructed. The empirical investigation relies on both qualitative and quantitative (statistical) methods. It is found in the dissertation that conventional theories cannot adequately explain the Baltic situation during the crisis. Therefore, non-conventional factors are investigated. The Baltic willingness to defend the fixed exchange rates can be attributed to certain economic factors (high flexibility and indebtedness in foreign currencies), continuity in economic policy, causal beliefs, and non-economic functions of fixed exchange rates. The implementation of a very large fiscal consolidation package was possible due to weak trade unions, a high degree of centralization, causal beliefs about appropriate economic policies, weak interest groups and lack of societal mobilization capacity. Estonia's better performance was due to better informal institutions, namely a higher trust in government, which allowed Estonia to collect more taxes during the crisis than Latvia and Lithuania.

In this dissertation, the experience of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania during the crisis in 2008-2010 is analysed. Its aim is to find out why the Baltic countries chose and were able to implement the strategy of "internal adjustment", i.e. kept fixed exchange rates and achieved fiscal sustainability via fiscal consolidation. Furthermore, it asks why Estonia was able to handle the crisis most successfully. Based on the theories of currency crises and fiscal consolidation, a theoretical model is constructed. The empirical investigation relies on both qualitative and quantitative (statistical) methods. It is found in the dissertation that conventional theories cannot adequately explain the Baltic situation during the crisis. Therefore, non-conventional factors are investigated. The Baltic willingness to defend the fixed exchange rates can be attributed to certain economic factors (high flexibility and indebtedness in foreign currencies), continuity in economic policy, causal beliefs, and non-economic functions of fixed exchange rates. The implementation of a very large fiscal consolidation package was possible due to weak trade unions, a high degree of centralization, causal beliefs about appropriate economic policies, weak interest groups and lack of societal mobilization capacity. Estonia's better performance was due to better informal institutions, namely a higher trust in government, which allowed Estonia to collect more taxes during the crisis than Latvia and Lithuania.

In this dissertation, the experience of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania during the crisis in 2008-2010 is analysed. Its aim is to find out why the Baltic countries chose and were able to implement the strategy of "internal adjustment", i.e. kept fixed exchange rates and achieved fiscal sustainability via fiscal consolidation. Furthermore, it asks why Estonia was able to handle the crisis most successfully. Based on the theories of currency crises and fiscal consolidation, a theoretical model is constructed. The empirical investigation relies on both qualitative and quantitative (statistical) methods. It is found in the dissertation that conventional theories cannot adequately explain the Baltic situation during the crisis. Therefore, non-conventional factors are investigated. The Baltic willingness to defend the fixed exchange rates can be attributed to certain economic factors (high flexibility and indebtedness in foreign currencies), continuity in economic policy, causal beliefs, and non-economic functions of fixed exchange rates. The implementation of a very large fiscal consolidation package was possible due to weak trade unions, a high degree of centralization, causal beliefs about appropriate economic policies, weak interest groups and lack of societal mobilization capacity. Estonia's better performance was due to better informal institutions, namely a higher trust in government, which allowed Estonia to collect more taxes during the crisis than Latvia and Lithuania.

In this dissertation, the experience of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania during the crisis in 2008-2010 is analysed. Its aim is to find out why the Baltic countries chose and were able to implement the strategy of "internal adjustment", i.e. kept fixed exchange rates and achieved fiscal sustainability via fiscal consolidation. Furthermore, it asks why Estonia was able to handle the crisis most successfully. Based on the theories of currency crises and fiscal consolidation, a theoretical model is constructed. The empirical investigation relies on both qualitative and quantitative (statistical) methods. It is found in the dissertation that conventional theories cannot adequately explain the Baltic situation during the crisis. Therefore, non-conventional factors are investigated. The Baltic willingness to defend the fixed exchange rates can be attributed to certain economic factors (high flexibility and indebtedness in foreign currencies), continuity in economic policy, causal beliefs, and non-economic functions of fixed exchange rates. The implementation of a very large fiscal consolidation package was possible due to weak trade unions, a high degree of centralization, causal beliefs about appropriate economic policies, weak interest groups and lack of societal mobilization capacity. Estonia's better performance was due to better informal institutions, namely a higher trust in government, which allowed Estonia to collect more taxes during the crisis than Latvia and Lithuania.

Maģistra darba mērķis ir, izpētot ilgtspējīgas attīstības un investīciju šādā attīstībā tendences Latvijā un pasaulē, izstrādāt priekšlikumus situācijas pilnveidei Latvijā, kā arī izveidot minētajiem kritērijiem atbilstošu investīciju portfeli no Baltijas fondu biržā kotētajām akcijām. Investīcijas ilgtspējīgā attīstībā ir investīcijas uzņēmumos, kas darbojas nekaitējot videi, ievērojot sociālo taisnīgumu un labu uzņēmējdarbības praksi. Autores veiktā pētījuma rezultātā izveidots ieguldījumu portfelis, kas atbilst ilgtspējīgas attīstības kritērijiem un ienesīguma ziņā ir konkurētspējīgs ar citiem ieguldījumu veidiem. Lai mudinātu sabiedrību un uzņēmumus rīkoties, jāizmanto valsts politikas instrumenti, kā arī sabiedrības izglītošana un izvēles stimulēšana caur informatīvām kampaņām, iesaistoties arī nevalstiskajām organizācijām. ; The purpose of this thesis is by studying trends of sustainable development and investments in this field in Latvia and other countries, to elaborate suggestions for further sustainable development in Latvia and also to make a sustainable investment portfolio of stocks listed on Baltic stock exchange. Basically investments in sustainable development mean investing in companies that acts according to social, environmental and good business standards. During research done by author, investment portfolio that agrees with sustainable development criteria and is competitive by its profitability to other similar investment options was made. To stimulate society and companies to act according to principles of sustainability, government politics need to be used as well as educating and motivating of society through informative campaigns of NVOs.

Pēc iestāšanās Eiropas Savienībā, Baltijas valstīs bija vērojams straujš kreditēšanas pieaugums. Maģistra darba mērķis bija analizēt patērētāju uzvedību kredītu bumu laikā Latvijā, Lietuvā un Igaunijā. Maģistra darba viens no uzdevumiem bija literatūras avotu analīze par kredītu bumu būtību un tos ietekmējošiem faktoriem. Maģistra darbā tika analizēta straujā kreditēšanas attīstība Baltijas valstīs un to ietekmējošos faktorus. Aptaujājot Baltijas valstu iedzīvotājus, autore izpētīja faktorus, kas ietekmēja patērētāju uzvedību kredītu tirgū pēc 2004.gada. Secinājums ir tāds, ka Baltijas valstu patērētāju uzvedība kredītu bumu laikā lielākoties ir bijusi līdzīga, tomēr pastāvēja arī atsevišķas atšķirības. Atslēgas vārdi: kreditēšana, kredītu bums, patērētāju uzvedība. ; The Baltic States has experienced rapid credit growth after joining European Union. The aim of the thesis is to analyze consumer behaviour in credit boom period in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. The objective of the thesis was analyzing literature about nature of credit booms and factors that influence rapid credit growth. This thesis also analyzes rapid lending development in the Baltic States and factors that influenced it. The analysis about Baltic consumer behaviour after year 2004 is based on a survey performed in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. The authoress finding is that Baltic States consumer behaviour in the credit boom period was mostly similar, but there were also some differences. Key words: lending, credit boom, consumer behaviour.

The article discusses the correspondence relationship between Jonas Šliūpas and Andrius Domaševičius in 1896. Šliūpas was asked to represent the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party (LSDP) at the international socialist congress, scheduled for 1896 summer in London. The establishment of the LSDP in May 1 (1896) is associated with this event. The article also shows that Šliūpas as an independent socialist played a pioneer role by establishment of the Lithuanian first newspaper, specialized for working- class (Nauja gadynė, 1894–1896). On the other hand Šliūpas raised for Lithuanian statehood demand, the entire decade before the offi­cial creation of the LSDP. Šliūpas wanted to separate Lithuanian lands from Russia and Germany, and prefered a federation with Latvia. In 1887 it expressed the idea of federation of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia as a possible version in the future. In addition, Šliūpas not rejected a possible federal version with Poland, if the Poles refuse their imperialism. The political players, who at the earliest raised Lithuania's statehood demand after the 1863/64 Uprising, was J. Šliūpas, A. Moravskis, A. Domaševičius. These Lithuanians of the socialist / social democratic orientation was related in youth to the largest city in northern Lithuania – Šiauliai. The article fi­nally highlights the pioneering role Šliūpas by raising the question of Lithuania in the non-Lithuanian press in the West at the end of the 19th century.